ME 2143-1

MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS (EA-03-06)

SEMESTER 4 2011-2012

Group Members: LAKSHMI BALASUBRAMANIAM NISHANT JALGAONKAR SIDDHARTH RAJGOPALAN Lab Date: 18th January 2012

A0074550J

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Objective To be familiar with the wiring and basic characteristics of the following motors: i) ii) iii) D.C Series Motor D.C Shunt motor A.C. 3 Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

To examine the relationship between Torque, Speed, Voltage and Current for various types of motor connections in no-load and loaded configurations Results: DC Series Motor DC Series Motor Test Results (Constant-Load) Volts (V) Speed (rpm) Current (A) 180.4 2650 0.469 160.6 2400 0.462 140.4 2155 0.451 120.6 1860 0.447 100 1500 0.442 79.9 1198 0.425 59.6 855 0.422 DC Series Motor Test Results (Loaded) Speed (rpm) Torque (Nm) 2625 0.04 2387 0.10 2137 0.20 1875 0.30 1690 0.40 1537 0.50 1423 0.60 1339 0.70 1278 0.80 1204 0.90

Volts (V) 180.8 179.9 179.2 178.3 176.9 176.5 175.5 175.2 174.6 173.8 4.3 Questions

Current (A) 0.460 0.518 0.583 0.667 0.746 0.818 0.893 0.953 0.997 1.082

a) Why must a DC Series motor be always started under load and gives examples in your answer.

A no load condition causes load current to fall to a minimum, which reduces the amount of back EMF. This reduced back EMF on the armature in addition to a no load condition on the motor shaft, creates an increase in the armatures rotational speed. A higher rotational speed results in high centrifugal force which causes removal of armature windings and leads to mechanical failure. An example of DC series motor is the starter motor used to start an automobile engine. In this case, the load is the engine. b) What is the relationship between Torque and Current for a DC Series motor?

The equation gives the relationship between the torque developed by the motor and current in the armature . is the magnetic flux produced in the stator and K is a machine constant that depends on the winding and structural details of the motor. Taking K(machine constant) and (flux strength) as constant, we observe that torque and current are directly proportional to each other. c) Try your best to briefly explain the shape of the Torque vs Speed graph obtained in this experiment. From the graph, we see that as the speed decreases the torque reduces showing that the Speed is inversely proportional to Torque. The rate of speed increases as Torque nears zero. Examining the given DC motors equation further confirm our conclusion. Given that: - (1) EA = Km - (2) VT = RAIA + RFIF + EA - (3) Substituting (2) in (3), we have Km = VT - RAIA - RFIF - (4) Rearranging (4) and taking field current(IF) and resistance(RF) into account,

- (5)

Combining (5) and (1), we get:

DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Motor Test Results (No Load) Volts (V) 240.3 220.3 200.4 180.3 160.1 140.2 119.8 100.6 79.4 60.7 Speed (rpm) 1506 1447 1392 1330 1270 1203 1129 1045 935 797.1 Field Current, IF (A) 0.169 0.155 0.141 0.127 0.112 0.099 0.085 0.071 0.056 0.043 Line Current, IL (A) 0.347 0.336 0.328 0.324 0.324 0.320 0.326 0.342 0.362 0.402

DC Shunt Motor Test Results (Loaded) Volts (V) 241.4 240.2 239 237.7 236.7 235.8 234.7 234.1 233 231.5 230.8 Speed (rpm) 1562 1546 1506 1484 1443 1415 1382 1361 1343 1321 1300 Torque (Nm) 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Field Current, If (A) 0.170 0.168 0.167 0.166 0.165 0.165 0.163 0.163 0.162 0.161 0.160 Line Current, It (A) 0.341 0.384 0.466 0.525 0.612 0.682 0.771 0.832 0.899 0.984 1.055

5.3

Questions

a) Explain how speed is regulated in a DC Shunt motor and give examples The speed of DC Shunt motor can be regulated in 2 ways. One method is to regulate the current to the field windings and the second, to regulate current into the armature windings. In the first method, a field rheostat is connected in series with the field windings. When the field current is decreased, the armature rotated faster in order to maintain the back EMF essential to keep the load running. When the current is increased, the armature rotates slower to maintain the same amount of back EMF. This method causes a 10-20% change in rpm when it rotates at full speed.

Examples of a shunt DC motor include the CNC Lathe machine. The Lathe machine will always maintain a certain rpm regardless of the load applied. b) From no-load to full-load, explain in your own words why there is little speed variation over this range? There is little speed variation of the motor as the load varies due to characteristics of the armature and shunt field. As the motor starts to rotate the armature produces a back EMF which is used to maintain its high speed (rpm). When the load increases slightly it will cause the armatures shaft to slow down thus lower back EMF is produced causing the difference between the back EMF and applied voltage to become larger hence increasing line current. This increase in current provides the motor with torque to regain its rpm when the load is increased. c) Try your best to briefly explain the shape of the Torque vs Speed graph obtained in this experiment. The graph obtained shows that torque is inversely proportional to speed. When torque increase, speed will decrease and vice versa. The only difference between the Shunt and Series motor is that the field winding is connected parallel to the armature winding, we can use the equation: - (1) EA = Km - (2) VT = RAIA + EA - (3) Substituting (2) in (3), we have Km = VT - RAIA - (4) Rearranging (4)

- (5)

Combining (5) and (1), we get:

AC Three Phase Induction Motor AC Three Phase Motor @ 400VAC Results Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Line Current (A) 0.03 1473 0.26 0.10 1465 0.27 0.20 1450 0.28 0.30 1436 0.29 0.40 1427 0.31 0.50 1415 0.33 0.60 1406 0.35 0.70 1394 0.37 0.80 1387 0.39 0.90 1370 0.41 1.00 1360 0.44

Volts (V) 400 400 399 399 399 399 399 399 399 399 400