Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes

Part I: Millennium Approaches

Part II: Perestroika

BCKSEET Productions
Audience Guide
Table of Contents
Our Production................................2 Compiled and Created by
Tony Kushner Information................3 Michael Durkin, Dramaturg
Production History...........................5
Health Related Terms.......................7
AIDS information.............................9
AIDS Historical Timeline.................10
Mormonism.....................................18
Angel Mythology.............................20
Politics and Historical Information...26

1
 Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes
Part I: Millennium Approaches
Part II: Perestroika

Directed by Andrew Borthwick-Leslie

With
Kate Brennan...........................Harper Pitt/Martin
Michael Byrne........................Roy Cohn/Prior 2
G. DeCandia...............................Prior Walter
Paul Felder....................Joe Pitt/ Prior 1
*James iJames.................................Mr. Lies/Belize
Brendan Norton..............................Louis Ironson
Catherine Palfenier............................The Angel/Sister Ella Chapter/Emily
*Catherine Rush.........Hannah Pitt/Ethel Rosenberg/Rabbi Chemelwitz/Alexii

*Member of Actor’s Equity Organization

Greg DeCandia..........Artistic Director Kate Brennan.............Co-Artistic Director

Tara Gruber.........Props Designer/Managing Director Michael Durkin.......Dramaturg/Outreach Coordinator
Shawn Elise Tierney.....Marketing Director
Steve Heitz ......Lighting Design Maura Roche........Scenic Designer
Peggy Walsh.......Costume Designer Andrew Morris.....Sound Designer/Original Music
Natalie Ross..........Stage Manager Madeline Shapiro.....Assistant Stage Manager

All performances playing in the Red Room at Society Hill Playhouse 507 2. 8th Street
October 28-November 28
www.bckseet.com

2
 Tony Kushner

Tony was born in 1956 in New York, and moved to Lake Charles, Louisiana. In high school he was
involved in his debate team and that is where his passion for politics and theatrics had started. He eventually
would go to Columbia University in 1974 and received a degree in Medieval Studies. He studied directing
at New York University and received his master’s degree in 1986.
His plays usually follow an episodic structure, borrowing elements from Bertolt Brecht, William
Shakespeare, the classic Greek playwrights, George Bernard Shaw, and Henrik Ibsen. Combining politics,
humor, realism, magic, condensed heightened dialogue and spirituality Kushner has developed his own
unique style. Some of his topics he writes about include: AIDS epidemic, Afghanistan and the West, the rise
of capitalism, racism and civil rights movement in the south. His plays have been performed and translated
throughout the world. He wants his readers and viewers to move forward and question.
Most notable achievement is his political stance. Being a homosexual Jew he is in constant pursuit of Photo: Roy Zipstein

having both identities preserved. He is an advocate for the state of Israel and the Jewish culture, having
written and spoken on the subject. He is also a strong civil rights activist who isn’t afraid to speak his mind,
and march along side his brothers. He has also been a strong supporter for the Democratic Party, having
been campaigning and urging everyone to vote and make his or her voice heard. Tony and his partner, Mark
Harris got married in 2003.
Mr. Kushner is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama; two Tony
Awards for Best Play; two Obie Awards for Best Play; a Whiting Writer's Fellowship; an Arts Award from the
American Academy of Arts and Letters; the PEN/Laura Pels Award for a Mid- Career Playwright; a Spirit of
Justice Award from the Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders; and a Cultural Achievement Award from
The National Foundation for Jewish Culture.

3
 Original Works Include:

A Bright Room Called Day (1987)

Slavs! (1991)
Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1991)
Angels in America: Perestroika (1992)
Homebody/Kabul (1999)
Caroline, or Change with Jeanine Tesori (2003)
Munich Screenplay (2005- Co-written with Eric Roth)
Tiny Kushner (2008, a collection of short works)
The Intelligent Homosexual’s Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures (2009)

Adaptations
The Illusion (1988)- of the drama by Corneille
A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds (1997)- of the classic Yiddish tale
Brundibar (An opera, co-conceived with Maurice Sendak)
Mother Courage (2006)- of the drama by Brecht

4
 Significant Production History

1991: Eureka Theatre (San Francisco) and Mark Taper Forum (Los Angeles), Millennium Approaches
*World Premiere*
Directed by David Esbjornson
With Stephen Spinella, Joe Mantello, and Kathleen Chalfant

1992: Mark Taper Forum, a Co-production with Eureka Theatre, Perestroika

Directed by Oskar Eustis and Tony Taccone

1992: Royal National Theatre (London)

Directed by Declan Donellan
With Daniel Craig, Susan Engel, and Jason Isaacs

1993-1994: Walter Kerr Theatre (Broadway Premiere), Produced by Public Theater

Millennium Approaches in Repertory with Perestroika
Directed by George C. Wolfe
With Kathleen Chalfant, Marcia Gay Harden, Stephen Spinella, Joe Mantello, David Marshall Grant and Jeffrey Wright
Tony/ Drama Desk Award for Best Play 1993,1994; Pulitzer Prize for Drama (Millennium)

2000: HBO Film Version

Directed by Mike Nichols
With Al Pacino, Meryl Streep, Emma Thompson, Mary Louise Parker, Jeffrey Wright

2004: Theatre du Chatelet (Paris)

Opera Version
Music by Peter Eotvos, Libretto by Marl Mezei

2010: Upcoming Signature Theatre (Off-Broadway Revival of Both Parts in Rep)

Directed by Michael Greif

5
 Daniel Craig, and Jason Isaacs

Stephen Spinella (Right), Ellen McLaughlin (Left)

Photo: Sarah Krulwich

Mary Louise Parker, Jeffrey Wright

Stephen Spinella, Photo: Swartz/Thompson

6
 Health Related Terms and Definitions

Pneumocystis Pneumonia
This was what the “disease” was diagnosed as, there was a lack of t-cells and patients began to lose weight. This is a rare kind of
pneumonia that occurs in the lungs of persons with weak immune systems. Cases in Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco in the
early 1980’s had reported numerous cases of this disease in their homosexual population.

Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)

It is a rare cancer like disease of the body, mostly in response to a person with Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8). KS develops
lesions throughout the body primarily on the mouth, abdomen, and feet. The development on the feet will cause the person extreme
discomfort in walking. Over 20% of people with HIV/AIDS will suffer a form of KS. This is the most visual evidence of an inflicted
HIV/AIDS person.

GRID
The “disease” had been termed GRID (Gay related immune deficiency), or Gay Cancer in the city populations. Not only did this
term tarnish the homosexual population, but had wrongly associated the disease. Attached to this term were homosexuals that used
poppers, drugs, and participated in the bathhouses in San Francisco. This was the early 1980’s where AIDS was known to be spread to
heterosexuals, women, and children, as well as hemophiliacs, and drug users.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

This term was coined in 1982 where it was voted on by the National Institute of Health. This not only gave a name to this
mysterious disease, but also combated other assumptions of what this disease was.

7
 HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
This was found to be the cause for persons with AIDS. HIV affects and destroys T-cells in the body and significantly
lessens the strength of the immune system. HIV is transmitted and spread through bodily fluid exchange and blood-to-blood
contact. Persons can live throughout their life with HIV without getting AIDS, but persons with AIDS have had HIV first.
This was discovered by the Institut Pasteur in France, and later by Dr. Robert Gallo in the United States. One of the
proposed origins of the virus is from the common Chimpanzee in Africa. This virus is a worldwide epidemic. HIV-2, a less
common strain of the virus, HIV-2 is primarily contained in West Africa. Outside of that area there are vaccines that will
prevent, or suppress the virus. In these remote areas in Africa, there aren’t enough vaccinations to quell the virus. This virus
is directly associated to the AIDS disease. An old-world monkey is the known origin of this virus.

AZT
Azidothymidine (AZT) was the first drug treatment for persons with HIV. AZT doesn’t destroy HIV condition, but
only slows it’s progression. Side effects include nausea, changes in body fat, discoloration of fingernails, anemia, and bone
marrow suppression. At the initial conception in the 1980’s this was monumental because it gave the person options, and
was something to slow the process down. AZT was later proven to have little effects on the treatment of HIV.

8
 Origins of Disease
-     It was deduced that a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) disease was exactly like HIV and was spread
through contact from a human to the animal in the Congo.

- The disease started in Africa and then was spread into Haiti in the 1970’s and 80’s had a spread of the
disease and carried it over to the U.S. in the Miami area. Contamination of needles, sex-workers, or
zoonosis (the transferring of substances from primate to man) all can be attributed to the abundance of
disease in Africa.

-     People in the major cities started to develop a rare case of pneumonia called, Pneumocystis Pneumonia. 
The virus attacks weak immune systems and would cause early deaths within weeks of diagnosis. Patients Patient with Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) les i o n s

with this mysterious disease had also had Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), or lesions found throughout the body.

-     The Bathhouse culture in highly populated cities such as New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco were
targeted and shut down to stop the spread of disease.  The bathhouses were a place homosexuals could
freely have sexual encounters with one another.  This is where the term, GRID (Gay Related Immune
Deficiency) came from.

-     A more improbable origin, but popular in the early 1980’s was the Patient Zero myth.  This myth was
before any significant scientific research was conducted, and was latter deemed false. A French-Canadian
flight attendant named Gaetan Dugas, known as Patient Zero, had the disease and when traveling would
have sex with men and spread the disease.  Over 240 cases of the disease had resulted from people coming
in contact with Gaetan. Gaëtan Dugas, Alleged Patient Zero

-     Drug Users, blood donors/receivers were also victims of the disease due to the blood-to-blood contact. 
This further proved that not just homosexual males could get the disease.  Everyone was at risk. There was
also a blood bank scare where people were receiving tainted blood.  This not only spread the disease, but
once halted disabled anyone from receiving much needed blood.

-     In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi of the French medical facility, Institut Pasteur
discovers that HIV is directly the cause of AIDS; the two diseases became synonymous.  Later in the U.S.
Dr. Robert Gallo also deduces that HIV is the cause of AIDS.

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, From the

Institut Pasteur. Photo: Michel Clement

9
 Related Timeline
1978
- Cases in United States, Haiti, Sweden and Tanzania all show signs of what would eventually be called AIDS

1981
- First reported case of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (origins) was reported in Los Angeles
- The CDC reports that over 26 homosexual males had acquired Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) and 8 had died within 2 months
of diagnosis
- 234 deaths were reported at the end of 1981 from related diseases

1982
- CDC links new disease to blood
- AIDS is used for the first time in public during a briefing with Reagan’s Press Secretary, Larry Peakes

KS lesions - Gay Men’s Health Crisis is founded in New York City

- Number of deaths now at 853

1983
- CDC warns blood banks of a possible problem with the blood supply due to donations of AIDS inflicted persons
- Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi Institut Pasteur in France finds virus HIV
- Number of deaths climbs to 2,304

Institut Pasteur, Paris France

10
 1984
- Dr. Robert Gallo further researches and determines that HIV is the cause of AIDS
- Number of deaths 4251, including Gaetan Dugas (Supposed Patient Zero)

1985
- FDA approves first HIV anti-body test
- First International Conference on AIDS is held in Atlanta
- AmFAR (AIDS related research organization) is founded in Los Angeles by Elizabeth Taylor
- AIDS has now been reported on every continent and 51 countries
- Ryan White is barred from his school because he has HIV, he begins a campaign against discrimination of people with HIV/AIDS
- Reagan mentions AIDS for the first time in public (3 years after being president)
Dr. Robert Gallo
- Fear, Misconceptions, and stereotyping begins in the United States
- Number of deaths: 5,636 including celebrity Rock Hudson which makes AIDS a household name

1986
- In West Africa, HIV-2 is discovered in sex workers
- National Institutes for Health begins trials for AZT
- Each year about $2 Billion is needed to support care and research in HIV/AIDS groups
- Total deaths up until this point jumps to 24, 559 throughout the world

1987
- Liberace dies of AIDS
- US Surgeon General Everett Koop calls for Sex Education in public schools as well as encourages use and distribution of condoms
Actor, Rock Hudson
- AZT becomes approved by FDA and the pill needs to be taken every 4 hours around the clock in order to calm the pace of the development of HIV
- National Awareness Campaign is Launched by the CDC geared towards the general public
- A family of four including 3 sons with HIV are chased out of their home in Florida, thus summing up how ill-informed most the US is on HIV/
AIDS
- Reagan calls HIV/AIDS threat number 1
- AIDS memorial quilt is started in San Francisco
- The US shuts its doors to immigrants with HIV/AIDS, a ban that wouldn’t be lifted until 2009
- And the Band Played On is published by Randy Shilts recalling the history of the AIDS epidemic
- Number of deaths reaches 40, 849

11
 1988
- US bans discrimination against federal workers with HIV
- US mails out 107 million copies of AIDS related pamphlet, Understanding AIDS
- Sterile syringes are distributed across the country to help prevent the spread of the disease among blood donation
centers
- ACT UP protests slow drug approvals and stages a demonstration of tallying the number of people that are dying
every hour
- World Health Organization designates December 1 as World Aids Day
- Number of death reaches 61,816

AIDS Quilt
1989
- Haiti stops spread of blood related products
- AIDS has become a universal disease infecting not just homosexual males, but females, children, and heterosexuals.
- amFar and other organizations have raised over 10 million dollars in support of AIDS epidemic
- Total deaths: 89, 343

1990
- Ryan White dies
- Retail products start to donate proceeds to AIDS research
- Americans with Disabilities Act is passed making discrimination of people with disabilities including HIV/AIDS
illegal, and also gives them protection
- AIDS prevention in Africa begins to help prevent the further spread of the virus and to cut down the number of deaths
in South Africa.
- Minority women in America and the hardest hit with the disease, representing 72% of all women diagnosed

Ryan White - The total of deaths due to AIDS is double than what was lost in the Vietnam War
- Total deaths: 120, 453

12
 1991 Freddy Mercury
- Freddy Mercury dies
- Magic Johnson develops HIV, and is forced out of Basketball, he begins education and awareness to all his people who look
up to him
- The total number of Americans infected hits 1 Million
- Red Ribbon makes its debut as national symbol of AIDS awareness
- World Health organization says 10 million people are infected worldwide
- HIV has hit almost every hemophiliac born after 1985
- Total deaths: 156, 143
1992
- FDA speeds up drug approvals, so more treatments can be tried out and distributed
- Robert Reed dies
- President Clinton establishes Office of National AIDS policy
- Total deaths: 194, 476
1993
Earvin “Magic” Johnson
- FDA approves the female condom
- Four Frenchmen are sent to prison for allowing tainted blood to be distributed to bloodbanks
- Research has shown that early drug, AZT has no known benefits
- Tennis player, Arthur Ashe dies
- Nepal begins awareness and prevention
- Total deaths: 234, 225
1994
- Randy Shilts dies
- Film, Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks as a gay man dying of AIDS receives immense buzz
- Sports, Entertainment and Music Industries all lend their support for AIDS research and awareness
- Total deaths: 270, 870

Tom Hanks in Philadelphia

1995
- AIDS has become number 1 killer of Americans age 25-44
- President Clinton establishes President’s Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS
- Combination therapy is approved by FDA known as the triple cocktail that helps slow down the process of HIV. This
treatment is expensive and needs to be taken for the person’s full life in order to see affects
- Total deaths: 319, 849

13
 1996
- Dr. David Ho, developer of the Aids Cocktail is named TIME’s Man of the Year
- First home HIV test is approved
- Over 20 million people are infected with HIV in the world
- This is the first time that AIDS deaths have dropped from previous years
- African Americans are the number 1 target for AIDS in the US
- Total Deaths: 362, 004

1997
- Research and Grants for AIDS vaccines begins by amFar
- While deaths seem to decrease, infections continue to rise
- Total deaths: 390, 692
Dr. David Ho
1998
- amFar raises $1.5 Million in research grants
- Studies show that HIV-1 has been around since the 1940’s and are still determining their specific origins
- African American Community ask that it be declared a state of emergency for their community
- Significant advances in vaccinations occurred by creating a 3-D image of the virus
- Despite all of the prevention methods, HIV cases have increased by 10%
- Total Deaths: 410, 880

14
 1999
- T-20, a new fusion inhibitor for HIV treatment begins clinical trials
- AIDS in underdeveloped countries is rapidly spreading, significant amounts of treatment and effort is put into stopping this
- In prisons the AIDS is more abundant than out of prisons, steps are taken to combat this
- AIDS has also struck Native American tribes, and an outbreak seems imminent
- Total Deaths: 425, 825

2000
- Adult Women account for 23% of the inflicted
- United Nations declare AIDS a threat on Global Security
- Sub-Saharan Africa contains the largest amount of people affected with AIDS and there are very little measures being taken to combat this
- UN reports that 22 million people have lost their lives due to HIV/AIDS
- 448, 060 total U.S. Deaths

2001
- Prices for combination therapy in the U.S. is between $10-15, 000 a year, whereas an Indian pharmaceutical company is charging $350 a year to underdeveloped
countries
- Secretary General Kofi Annan calls for a $10 Billion Global AIDS Fund
- Total Deaths: 462, 653

2002
- Global AIDS Fund is established between afflicted areas, private sector, civil society and government
- AIDS is now the number 1 killer for persons ages 15-59
- OraQuick, a rapid HIV-1finger prick test is approved
- 501, 669 total deaths

2003
- President Bush issues a $15 Billion Global AIDS push for Africa and the Caribbean
- Total deaths: 524, 060

15
 2004
- AIDS reaches Eastern Europe and parts of Russia
- AIDS awareness and prevention in Asia has begun
- 15 million children have been orphaned by AIDS

2005
- Kenneth Cole succeeds Dr. Mathilde Krim as Chairman of the Board of amFar
- Nelson Mandela’s son dies from complications of AIDS
- Treatment in underdeveloped countries are more abundant and low-cost
- The CDC reports that 1 million Americans are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS
- 550, 394 total deaths

2006
- HIV cases seems to be leveling out for the first time in the 25 year existence
- FDA approves once-a-day three in one pill for HIV treatment
- CDC urges Americans to get tested on a regular basis
- Total deaths: 565, 927

2007-Today
- Global AIDS fund ramps up treatments
- AIDS estimates have been lowered due to further analysis
- Text messaging programs are offered for prevention questions
- Further treatment and analysis as well as experimentation is practiced.

16
 HIV/AIDS Related Links
AIDS: General Information/Origins
http://www.aidslibrary.org/about/contact.html
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/archive/aids_and_vaccines.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/brochures/index.htm
http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1999/hivorigin.htm
http://books.google.com/books?id=WohtCXJ8i_4C
http://www.avert.org/america.htm (In America)
http://www.avert.org/aids-history-america.htm
www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5021.pdf
http://bit.ly/10oewu

AIDS: Fear/Misconceptions
http://tiny.cc/3fGgb
http://mpetrelis.blogspot.com/2005_06_01_archive.html
http://bit.ly/rhYqA
http://bit.ly/14vCwN (NIR)
http://bit.ly/4B6Wgc
http://bit.ly/4NN6k
http://www.naturalnews.com/book_The_AIDS_War.html
http://bit.ly/gyeAp (Reagan)
http://bit.ly/JRFQy
On AIDS, Buchanan wrote in 1983: "The poor homosexuals -- they have declared war upon nature, and now nature is extracting an awful retribution (AIDS)." (Los Angeles Times, 11/28/86)
Later that year, he demanded that New York City Ed Koch and New York Gov. Mario Cuomo cancel the Gay Pride Parade or else "be held personally responsible for the spread of the AIDS
plague." http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2553

AIDS: Popular Culture

http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-pedro31-2009mar31,0,3353974.story
http://bit.ly/Pmzxa (Magic Johnson)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3935839
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSfy4AhDDnw
http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=65516
http://bit.ly/11Xqar
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/projects/aidspopculture/

17
 Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter-Day Saints (Mormonism)

Major Doctrines
- God is the Father in Heaven, he knows you personally. Jesus Christ is the Son of God and your Savior. His life and teachings are the way to peace and happiness.
- The Heavenly Father has provided a plan of for the peace and happiness called the gospel of Jesus Christ.
- The Heavenly father chooses a prophet to teach the gospel and lead the people, not all of his children obey though.
- After the death of Jesus Christ, many of the followers strayed away from the church and thereby forced the heavenly father to withdraw his church.
- He had called on the prophet, Joseph Smith to restore his message.
- Joseph Smith contains all of the answers of the questions you have, and one must follow what he says
- This Restoration is found in the Book of Mormon.
- Modern Day prophets have final say on to what is supposed to be done and everyone has to follow them
- Obey the Ten Commandments
- Everyone on Earth was at one point a spirit in the pre-existence, and when we die we will either go to Spirit Paradise, or Spirit Prison
- Major Documents:
- The Holy Bible
- The Book of Mormon (Joseph’s Smith’s translation of holy scriptures delivered by the Angel Moroni)
- Doctrines and Covenants (Modern day revelations and inspired declamations given by God through the teachings of Prophet Joseph Smith, and Latter Day
Presidents of the Church)
- The Pearl of Great Price (Joseph Smith’s translation of the Bible, as well as a translation from Egyptian papyri containing the writings of Prophet Abraham and the
Articles of Faith from the Church of the Latter Day Saints)
- Keeping the Law Of Chastity
- Sexual Relations between a Man and a Woman that are legally married
- Forbidden sexuality activity before marriage
- Avoiding pornography and other sexual explicit material
- Abortion, homosexual, and lesbian activity is strictly forbidden
- Keeping the Word of Wisdom
- Proper eating and physical habits are crucial in the upkeep of faith
- These substances should never be consumed: Tobacco, Alcohol, Coffee/Tea, and harmful habit forming drugs.
- The Healthy lifestyle and fitness promote the sense of happiness and well-being

18
 Joseph Smith
Angel Moroni visiting Joseph Smith

19
 Angel Mythology

Mesopotamia (Sumeria)
- 3,000 BC
- Kherub was their version of angels and were the guardians and messengers
of Supreme Being, it was a version of Cherub
- They were also incarnated as part animal and part human
- Archangels of the Christian tradition have similarities to the Sumerian
Archangels.
- Mush (Michael)= Military, Protector
- Nin-Ti (Gabriel)= Female governor of Eden
- En-Lil (Uriel)= Chief God of the Earth represented by atmosphere and air
- Tal-Tal (Raphael)= Healing with the arts
- Rag (Raguel)= sentencing and bringing justice to those who broke laws
- Sar (Sariel)= Punishment of the guilty, guardian of the imprisoned
- Ra-Gaba (Remiel)= messenger of God, bringer of news

20
 Egypt
- 2,500 B.C.
- Isis, their supreme angel is considered an equivalent to the seraphims
- She represents motherhood, nurturance, sovereignty, and stability
- She is the angel of death
- This time was the earliest form of Angel mythology appearing in
hieroglyphics
- Anubis is the guardian of death, and looks after the souls of the lo s t

Isis Anubis

21
 Grecco-Roman
- Wings had been reflected on their version of Angels
- Mercury (Roman), Hermes (Greek) were the messengers of God also
known as “Victories” in Roman, and “Nike” in Greek
- They would slip between reality and fantasy
- Cupids (Eros) were also of this time, and symbolized love and
eroticism
- The Halo was introduced in iconography this time

Victory
Hermes

22
 Judaism
- Part of the Tanakh (Old Testament) Guardian Angels became prevalent
- Book of Daniel= Gabriel (messenger of God) and Michael (God’s
enforcer)
- Cherubs were introduced in Genesis 3:24 and they were strong and
warriors, not like the traditional looking cherub
- Satan was the adversary to HUMANS, not GOD; they were there to
challenge and test people, not to hurt them
- Apocrypha was the hidden texts of Old Testament and most notably was
the Book of Enoch
- Metatron was the super angel

23
 Angel Hierarchy

Jewish Angel Kabbalah Equivalent Christian Equivalent Role

Chayot Ha Kodesh Metatron Seraphim Living creatures

Carriers of Throne of God,

Ophanim Raziel Thrones
wheels of God

Erelim Tzaphkiel Virtues Valiant and Courageous

Hashmallim Tzadkiel Dominions Angel of Fire

Seraphim Khamael Powers Serpents, Burning One

Malakhim Raphael Principalities Messenger Angel

Elohim Haniel Principalities Messenger of God

Bene Elohim Michael Archangel Sons of God

Cherubin Gabriel Cherubin Spirits of God, carriers of light

Human-like, concerned with

Ishim Sandalphon Angel
Humans

24
 Christianity
- Gabriel was the main archangel figure
- The transition from death to heaven was to be an Angelic time
- Angels were incarnate into the four gospels [Matthew (Lion), Mark (Ox), Luke (Man), John
(Eagle)]
- Asmondeus= Satan= takes on evil form
- Michael leads army against Satan
- Different categories of angels= Cherubin, Seraphim, Archangels, Thrones, Dominions,
Authorities, Powers, Principalities
- Milton’s Paradise Lost encapsulates the idea of Angels, where it takes place in Pandemonium
(Hell Capital)

Jacob and the Angel

This happens in the 32nd Chapter of Genesis. This is where Jacob is
preparing for his with Esau one day and while his family departs, Jacob
stays behind and wrestles a creature. At first the creature seemed to be
overpowering, but Jacob hangs on and struggles with him until the
morning. Jacob demanded that this “divine beast” bless him. Eventually
the next day the beast blesses him and renames him Israel. Many believe
that this beast is the Angel of Esau. Jacob was able to stand up to the
mightiest opponents for spiritual tranquility showing how we can
conquer the mightiest of foes.

25
 Moments of the 1980’s

- Television series, Dallas, has viewers asking, “Who shot JR?”

- United States boycotts 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow due to the Soviet appearance in Afghanistan and
resistance to take their troops out. Japan, West Germany, China, Philippines, and Canada joined in the
boycott
- John Lennon is assassinated by Mark David Chapman
- Saddam Hussein launches war against Iran over oil issues
- Ronald Reagan is elected as the 41st president and oldest, and is re-elected in ‘84
- U.S. beats Russia in hockey at the Winter Olympics
- Sandra Day O’Connor becomes first female Supreme Court Justice)
- MTV debuts in 1981, the first 24-hour music network
- John Hinckley attempts to assassinate President Reagan
- Pac-Man is introduced
- Reverend Sun Myung Moon marries 4,150 of his “Moonie” followers in Madison Square Garden
- 1982: Equal Rights Amendment dies, needing 3 states for ratification
- Vietnam Memorial is erected in Washington, DC
- Nancy Reagan’s Anti-Drug campaign, “Just Say No” achieves popularity
- US Embassy is bombed in Beirut, killing 40 people
- The Tylenol murders occur in Chicago
- Apple computer is introduced in ‘84
- 1984: Iran-Contra Nicaraguan Scandal involving Ollie North
- Swedish Premier, Olaf Palme is assassinated
- LIVE AID concert in Philadelphia and London happens
- New Coke is introduced and it’s negative press prompts the soda company to revert back to original Coke
- Gorbachev is the last president of Soviet Union
- Space Challenger explodes
- Chernobyl disaster occurs in Ukraine

26
Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, Photo: Dane
Penland, Smithsonian Institute

Mark David Chapman

27
 Ronald Reagan and the 1980’s
New Deal Conservatism

- He was the first conservatism president the U.S. has had in the last fifty years
- Sprung the U.S. out of the unemployment, inflation and boost the morale of the mid to late ‘70’s from the Carter administration.
- His political promise was to restore the reputation of America, but improving on social and domestic issues
- He sought to end the Communism in Germany and demanded the Wall in Berlin that separated the East and West be torn down.
- Reagan demonstrated a fierce opposition to the Soviet Union, which he labeled the “Evil Empire” and wanted to stop the spread of communism in any way
possible
- He also targeted the communist spread in the Western Hemisphere. He aided the Contras in Nicaragua against the communists, as well as against the guerillas in
El Salvador.
- He invaded Grenada to stop the domination of the Cuban government over the country.
- His “Star Wars” program of rearming the military and developing a strategic defense initiative missile system against other countries garnered praise.
- Reaganomics, a term used to describe Reagan’s economic principles achieved success. These principles included: balancing the federal budget, increasing defense
spending, and cutting income taxes.
- His allegiance with British Prime Minister, and also conservative, Margaret Thatcher helped usher in a global conservatism time to combat inflation and
unemployment.
- Sandra Day O’Connor, appointed by Reagan was the first woman to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

28
 Reagan Failures

- The Iran-Contra Affair would be his darkest hour. After lengthy, nationally televised hearings, a special congressional hearings review board
reported that Reagan authorized the sale of arms to Iran in exchange for help in freeing U.S. hostages in Lebanon. National Security advisers,
Robert McFarlane, John Poindexter, and National Security Council Aide, Oliver “Ollie” North were indicted by a federal grand jury for lying
to Congress.
- April 2, 1987 was the first time Reagan mentioned “AIDS” in public; 6 years after the epidemic had arisen. He was ridiculed for having not
sympathizing with the persons inflicted, nor curbing the prejudice against those inflicted. He had not put any funding towards AIDS
awareness, or research. It was only after his ridicule did he begin to give the disease attention.
- His staunch, conservative attitude prevented any progression of growth or development other than improving the military and aiding foreign
affairs. Most Americans felt that he showed no sympathy for the weak, and would stop at nothing to restore the country to its elitist state. He
was criticized for neglecting the social sectors of the U.S. including: racial groups, and gay-related groups.
- Reaganomics and the Trickle-Down Economy. If the rich do well, benefits will "trickle down" to the rest. Lower taxes on high income or
capital gains will benefit most of the population, etc. Again, an elitist attitude.

29
 Roy Cohn

Roy Marcus Cohn was born in 1927 in New York City. His father was prominent New York Judge and figure in the
Democratic Party, Albert Cohn. As a young child, Roy would go through his father’s court notes, and helped him figure out
some of the cases. He received his schooling at Columbia School of Law, and passed the Bar examination by the age of 21, a
very prestigious feat.
Using his father’s connections he achieved successes at his young age. He became the youngest Assistant U.S.
Attorney in Manhattan. He was instrumental in the trials of eleven leaders of the American Communist Party.
Of his prolific cases, the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was the most famous. The husband and wife were
accused of leaking secrets to the Russian government (a charge that was unjust). The lawyers on the case wanted to put the
couple in jail for life, but Mr. Cohn insisted on the death penalty.
His sharp, piranha-like mentality had impressed Senator Joseph McCarthy and Roy became the senator’s right hand
Cohn in 1960’s
man. From J. Edgar Hoover’s Advice, Senator McCarthy appointed Roy to Chief Counsel of the Government Committee on Photograph: Herman Hiller
Operations of the Senate. This relationship lasting two years where McCarthy and Cohn were under heavy heat by the U.S.
Army. The pair targeted specific members that were supposedly part of the Communist Party. The two parted ways, and
Cohn became a prominent lawyer in New York.
Cohn’s tenure as at a well-known New York law firm lasted about 25 years. He represented such names as the
Gambino family. His later life found him in debt for millions of unpaid taxes. Cohn was disbarred in the early eighties for
unethical and unprofessional conduct. He also was diagnosed with AIDS in 1984, but Cohn wanted to keep this and his
homosexuality under wraps so he disguised the disease as liver cancer. In the 1970’s Cohn led a lavish lifestyle with numerous
affairs, as well as “assistants” to him, all of this took a 180 in the 1980s’ where he lobbied against Gay Rights activists in order
to compensate. Mr. Cohn used his pull in the government to acquire experimental, rare, and expensive drug at the time, AZT.
Roy died in 1986 after a two-year fight with AIDS.

30