Math 2040: Matrix Theory and Linear Algebra II Solutions to Assignment 1 Section 4.

1 Vector Spaces and Subspaces

4.1.2. Problem Restatement: Let W be the union of the rst and third quadrants in the xy x plane. That is W = { : xy 0}. y a. If u is in W and c is any scalar, is cu in W ? Why? b. Find specic vectors u and v in W such that u + v is not in W . This is enough to show that W is not a vector space. Final Answer: a. cu is in W for all u in W and scalars c. Proof in work below. b. Let u = 0 1 and v = 1 , say, but there are many other possibilities. 0 cx so cu W just in case cxcy 0. But cy c2 0, it follows that c2 xy 0. Therefore, + 1 0 = 1 1 is not in W .

Work: a. Let u =

x W and c R. cu = y xy 0 since u W . Also cxcy = c2 xy . Since cxcy 0 as required; that is, cu W . 0 1 0 b. and are each in W , but 1 0 1

4.1.6. Problem Restatement: Determine if the set {p(t)|p(t) = a + t2 , a R} is a subspace of P2 . Justify. Final Answer: The set {p(t)|p(t) = a + t2 , a R} is not a subspace of P2 since the zero vector 0 = 0 + 0t + 0t2 is not in the set. 2t 4.1.10. Problem Restatement: Show the set H of all vectors of the form 0 is a subspace t 3 of R by nding a spanning set. 2 Final Answer: H = Span{ 0 }, so H is a subspace by Theorem 1. 1 Work: None required. Work: None required.

 a + 1 4.1.16. Problem Restatement: Let W be the set of all vectors of the form a 6b , where 2b + a a and b are arbitrary scalars. Either nd a set of vectors S spanning W or give a counter example to show W is not a vector space. Final Answer: W is not a subspace because 0 / W. a + 1 0 a 6b 0 . Then a = 1, so a 6b = 0 implies b = 1 = whereas Work: Suppose 6 2b + a 0 2b + a = 0 implies a contradictory result that b = 1 . Other counter examples are possible. 2 4.1.32. Problem Restatement: Let H and K be subspaces of a vector space V . The intersection of H and K , written H K , is the set of v V such that v H and v K . Show H K is a subspace of V . Give an example in R2 to show that the union of two subspaces is not, in general, a subspace. Final Answer: To prove H K is a subspace of V we must show it contains 0 and is closed under addition and multiplication by scalars. This is done in the work section below where 1 0 we also show the union of Span{ } and Span{ } is not a subspace of R2 . 0 1 Work: 1. (Zero) Since 0 H and 0 K it follows that 0 H K . 2. (Addition) Let u, v H K . Then u, v H so u + v H since H is closed under addition. Also, u, v K so u + v K since K is closed under addition. Therefore, u + v H K . Therefore, H K is closed under addition. 3. (Scalar multiplication) Let u H K and let c R. u H , so cu H . As well, u K , so cu K . Therefore, cu H K and it follows that H K is closed under multiplication by scalars. 1 0 4. (Union example) Let W = Span{ } Span{ }. W is not closed under addi0 1 1 0 1 0 1 tion since W and W , but + = / W. 0 1 0 1 1

Section 4.2 Null, Column Spaces and Linear Transformations 5 5 21 19 4.2.2: Problem Restatement: Determine if w = 3 is in N ul(A), where A = 13 23 2 . 2 8 14 1 Final Answer: w N ul(A) 0 25 63 + 38 65 69 + 4 = 0 . Work: Aw = 40 42 + 2 0

b 5d 2b 4.2.12: Problem Restatement: Let W = { 2d + 1 d theorem to show W is a vector space, or nd a Final Answer: W b 5d 2b Work: If 2d + 1 d this value for d

: b, d R}. Either use an appropriate specic example to the contrary.

is not a vector space since it does not contain 0. 0 = 0 , then d = 0 from the forth coordinate. But upon substituting 0 into the third coordinate, we get 1 = 0, a contradiction. 1 3 5 0 . Find a nonzero vector in each of 0 1 4 2

4.2.22: Problem Restatement: Let A = Col(A) and N ul(A).

7 4 Final Answer: Any column of A provides a nonzero vector in Col(A) and 1 N ul(A). 0 Many other answers are possible as well. 1 3 5 0 1 0 7 6 Work: We have A = , so N ul(A) is described by 0 1 4 2 0 1 4 2 7 6 4 2 x = x3 1 + x4 0 0 1
3

where x3 and x4 are free variables. Putting, say, x3 = 1 and x4 = 0 gives us a vector in N ul(A). 8 2 9 2 4 8 and w = 1 . Determine if w 4.2.24: Problem Restatement: Let A = 6 4 0 4 2 Col(A). Is w N ul(A)? Final Answer: w Col(A) and w N ul(A). 8 2 9 2 2 6 4 8 1 Work: We have [A|w] = 0 4 0 4 2 0 say, then we have w = Ax, so w Col(A). Also, w N ul(A). 5x1 + x2 3x3 = 0 9x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 1 4x1 + x2 6x3 = 9 0 2 0 an 1 2 1 2 1 2 . Therefore, if x = 1 , 0 0 0 easy computation shows Aw = 0 so

4.2.28: Problem Restatement: Consider the following systems of equations 5x1 + x2 3x3 = 0 9x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 5 4x1 + x2 6x3 = 45

Assume the rst system has a solution. Without using row operations argue that the second system has a solution. Final Answer: Each system has thesame coecient matrix. Let this matrix be A. Since the 0 rst system has a solution, 1 Col(A). Col(A) is a subspace of R3 , by Theorem 3 9 0 0 0 0 of section 4.2. Therefore, 5 1 Col(A). But 5 1 = 5 , so 5 Col(A). 9 9 45 45 Therefore, the second system of linear equations has a solution. Work: None required.

Section 4.3 Linearly Independent Sets; Basis 2 1 7 4.3.4: Problem Restatement: Determine if { 2 , 3 , 5 } a basis of R3 . If it is 1 2 4 not a basis, determine if it is linearly independent and if it spans R3 . Final Answer: The set is a basis of R3 . Work: column echelon form (any) matrix to an corresponding the Row reducing gives us 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 2 1 7 2 3 5 2 3 5 0 1 3 3 There are 0 1 0 3 15 1 2 4 2 1 7 0 0 2 three pivot columns, so the three vectors are linearly independent. Therefore, they form a basis of R3 . 4.3.12: Problem Restatement: Find a basis for the set of vectors in R2 on the line y = 5x. 1 }. Other answers are possible. Final Answer: { 5 Work: { Span{ x y : y = 5x with x, y R} = { 1 }. 5 a basis of Col(A ) and a basis of N ul(A) 2 0 4 5 0 5 7 8 . 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 x 5x : x R} = { x 1 5 : x R} =

4.3.14: Problem Restatement: Assuming nd A B, 1 2 5 11 3 1 2 4 5 15 0 2 and B = where A = 1 2 0 0 4 5 3 6 5 19 2 0

Final Answer: Since A B , inspecting B identies columns 1, 3 and 5 of A as a basis of Col(A). Inspecting echelon form of A computed in the work section below the reduced 4 2 1 0 7 gives us { 0 , 5 } as a basis of N ul(A) 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 0 0 0 1 7/5 0 . x and x4 are free, so Work: A B 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
5

x1 = 2x2 4x4 , x2 x3 x4 x5 = x2 + 0 x4 , 7 = 0 x2 + 5 x4 , = 0x2 + x4 , and = 0 x2 + 0 x4 .

1 0 4.3.16: Problem Restatement: Find a basis for the space spanned by the vectors v1 = 0 , 1 6 5 0 2 1 3 3 1 v2 = 1 , v3 = 2 , v4 = 3 , and v5 = 1 . 1 4 1 1 Final Answer: The echelon form, computed in the work section below, of A = [v1 v2 v3 4 v5 ] reveals the rst three columns provide a basis of Col(A). Thus, {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a basis of Span({v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 }). Other answers are possible. Work: 1 2 6 5 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 6 5 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 2 3 1 0 3 7 9 1 1 2 6 5 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 4 0 8 1 2 6 5 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4.3.32: Problem Restatement: Suppose T is a one to one linear transformation, so that T (x) = T (y ) always implies x = y . Show that if the set of images {T (v1 ), T (v2 ), ..., T (vn )} is linearly dependent then {v1 , v2 , ..., vn } is linearly dependent.
6

Final Answer: Assume {T (v1 ), T (v2 ), ..., T (vn )} is linearly dependent, so that there are scalars 1 , 2 , ..., n , not all zero, such that 1 T (v1 )+ 2 T (v2 )+ ... + n T (vn ) = 0. Since T is linear, we have 1 T (v1 ) + 2 T (v2 ) + ... + n T (vn ) = T (1 v1 + 2 v2 + ... + n vn ). Also, 0 = T (0) and this gives us T (1 v1 + 2 v2 + ... + n vn ) = T (0). Then 1 v1 + 2 v2 + ... + n vn = 0 because T is one to one. Finally, because not all 1 , 2 , ..., n are zero, it follows that {v1 , v2 , ..., vn } is linearly dependent and this completes the proof. Work: None required. Section 4.4 Coordinate Systems 4 3 4 1 4.4.4: Problem Restatement: Find x when B = { 2 , 5 , 7 } and [x]B = 8 . 3 7 0 2 0 Final Answer: x = 1 . 5 1 3 4 0 Work: x = PB [x]B = 4 2 + 8 5 7 7 } = 1 . 0 2 3 5 4.4.6: Problem Restatement: Find [x]B when B = { Final Answer: [x]B = Work: We want [x]B = system 6 . 2 x1 x2 such that 4 0 = x1 1 2 + x2 5 . Thus, we solve the 6 1 2 , 5 } and x = 6 4 . 0

x1 + 5 x2 = 4 2x1 6x2 = 0 to get [x]B = 6 . 2

3 2 8 4.4.10: Problem Restatement: Let B = { 1 , 0 , 2 }. B is a basis of R3 . Find 4 5 7 the change-of-coordinate matrix from B to the standard basis of R3 .

Final Answer: By denition, the change-of-coordinate matrix from B to the standard basis of 3 2 8 0 2 . R3 is PB = 1 4 5 7 Work: None required. 4.4.14: Problem Restatement: The set B = {1 t2 , t t2 , 2 2t + t2 } is a basis of P2 . Find the coordinate vector of p(t) = 3 + t 6t2 relative to B . 7 Final Answer: [p(t)]B = 3 . 2 x1 Work: Soln1: Let [p(t)]B = x2 with x1 , x2 , and x3 the required unknown coordinates. x3 We have 3 + t 6t2 = x1 (1 t2 ) + x2 (t t2 ) + x3 (2 2t + t2 ) = (x1 + 2x3 ) + (x2 2x3 )t + (x1 x2 + x3 )t2 . Upon equating constant, linear, and quadratic coecients, respectively, we are lead to the system of equation x1 + 0x2 + 2x3 = 3 (constant part) 0x1 + x2 2x3 = 1 (linear part) x1 x2 + x3 = 6 (quadratic part) 7 The solution of this system is [p(t)]B = 3 . 2 Soln2: P2 R3 via the standard representation of a quadratic polynomial a0 + a1 t + a0 a2 t2 as the column vector a1 . Under this linear isomorphism B corresponds to a2 1 0 2 3 {v1 , v2 , v3 } = { 0 , 1 , 2 } and p(t) corresponds to w = 1 . Upon 1 1 1 6 row reducing the augmented matrix [v1 v2 , v3 | w] to reduced echelon form we get [I3 | 7 [p(t)]B ]. Indeed, from this we get [p(t)]B = 3 . 2 4.4.22: Problem Restatement: Let B = {b1 , b2 , ..., bn } be a basis of Rn . Produce a description of an n n matrix A that implements the coordinate mapping x [x]B .

Final Answer: Let PB be the usual n n matrix of column vectors taken from B . Then the 1 coordinate mapping x [x]B is PB . Work: PB is the change-of-coordinate matrix from B to the standard basis of Rn . We have 1 x = PB [x]B , so [x]B = PB x.