Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction

Review Problems
4-105 Two large steel plates are stuck together because of the freezing of the water between the two plates.
Hot air is blown over the exposed surface of the plate on the top to melt the ice. The length of time the hot
air should be blown is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the plates is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its
thickness and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane. 3 The thermal properties of the steel
plates are constant. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The
Fourier number is > .! so that the one-term approximate solutions "or the transient temperature charts#
are applicable "this assumption will be verified#.
Properties The thermal properties of steel plates are given to be k $ %& '(m.) and $ *.*+*
-,
m
!
(s
Analysis The characteristic length of the plates and the -iot number are
* . *. .
# ) '(m. %& "
# m ! . #" ) . '(m % "
m ! .
!
<

k
hL
Bi
L
A
V
L
c
s
c
/ince -i 0 .* 1 the lumped system analysis is applicable. Therefore1

min 8.0 s 482

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
bt
i
c p p
s
#t s ,%% . "
* -
& 2
!
-*
, *,
, # "
s ,%% .
m# ".! # ) . 3(m * 2+, . & "
) . '(m %

where ) . 3(m * 2+, . &
(s m * *+ . *
) '(m. %&
& 2
! ,

k
C
p

Alternative solution: This problem can also be solved using the transient chart Fig. %-*&a1
! . *,
+2. .
, *,
,
2 . ,!
*. .
* *
!
>

o
i
o
r
t
T T
T T
Bi

Then1
s 513

(s# m * *+ . * "
m# ! . #" *, "
! ,
! !
o
r
t
The difference is due to the reading error of the chart.
%-4%
/teel plates
T
i
$ -*,)
Hot gases
T

$ ,)
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-106 5 curing kiln is heated by in6ecting steam into it and raising its inner surface temperature to a
specified value. 7t is to be determined whether the temperature at the outer surfaces of the kiln changes
during the curing period.
Assumptions 1 The temperature in the wall is affected by the thermal conditions at inner surfaces only
and the convection heat transfer coefficient inside is very large. Therefore1 the wall can be considered to
be a semi-infinite medium with a specified surface temperature of %,). 2 The thermal properties of the
concrete wall are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the concrete wall are given to be k $ .. '(m.) and $ .!&*
-,
m
!
(s.
Analysis 'e determine the temperature at a depth of x $ .& m in & h using the analytical solution1

,
_

t
x
erfc
T T
T t x T
i s
i
!
# 1 "
/ubstituting1

C 9.1

,
_

# 1 "
*+4! . # .,! . "
# s(h &2 h & #" (s m * !& . " !
m & .
, %!
! # 1 "
! ,
t x T
erfc
erfc
t x T
which is greater than the initial temperature of !). Therefore1 heat will propagate through the .& m
thick wall in & h1 and thus it may be desirable to insulate the outer surface of the wall to save energy.
4-107 The water pipes are buried in the ground to prevent freezing. The minimum burial depth at a
particular location is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature in the soil is affected by the thermal conditions at one surface only1 and
thus the soil can be considered to be a semi-infinite medium with a specified surface temperature of
-*). 2 The thermal properties of the soil are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the soil are given
to be k $ .+ '(m.) and $ *.%*
-,
m
!
(s.
Analysis The depth at which the temperature drops to
) in +, days is determined using the analytical
solution1

,
_

t
x
erfc
T T
T t x T
i s
i
!
# 1 "
/ubstituting1
m 7.05

,
_

x
x
erfc

# s(h &2 h(day !% day +, #" (s m * % . * " !
*, *
*,
! ,
Therefore1 the pipes must be buried at a depth of at least +., m.
%-4,
!) %!)
& cm
8iln wall
x
Soil
T
i
$ 15C
ater pipe
T
s
$-*)
x
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-108 5 hot dog is to be cooked by dropping it into boiling water. The time of cooking is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the hot dog is two-dimensional1 and thus the temperature varies in
both the axial x- and the radial r- directions. 2 The thermal properties of the hot dog are constant. 4 The
heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is > .!
so that the one-term approximate solutions "or the transient temperature charts# are applicable "this
assumption will be verified#.
Properties The thermal properties of the hot dog are given to be k $ .+2 '(m.)1 $ .4 kg(m
&
1 Cp $
&.. k3(kg.)1 and $ !*
-+
m
!
(s.
Analysis This hot dog can physically be formed by the intersection of an infinite plane wall of thickness
!L $ *! cm1 and a long cylinder of radius r
o
$ D(! $ * cm. The -iot numbers and corresponding
constants are first determined to be
&+ . %+
# ) '(m. +2 . "
# m 2 . #" ) . '(m 2 "
!

k
hL
Bi !+!2 . * and ,&4* . *
* *
A
4., . +
# ) '(m. +2 . "
# m * . #" ) . '(m 2 "
!

k
hr
Bi
o
,,*, . * and *!,* . !
* *
A
9oting that
t L (
!
and assuming > .! in all dimensions and thus the one-term approximate
solution for transient heat conduction is applicable1 the product solution for this problem can be written as

!*, .
# * . "
# * ! "
# *!,* . ! " exp # ,,*, . * "
# 2 . "
# * ! "
# ,&4* . * " exp # !+!2 . * "
* ,
* 4
# 1 " # 1 " # 1 1 "
!
+
!
!
+
!
* *
!
*
!
*

'

1
1
]
1

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

t
t
e A e A t t t
cyl wall block


which gives
min 4.1 s 244 $ t
Therefore1 it will take about %.* min for the hot dog to cook. 9ote that
! . %. .
m# * . "
s# (s#"!%% m * ! "
!
! +
!
>

o
cyl
r
t

and thus the assumption > .! for the applicability of the one-term approximate solution is verified.
Discussion This problem could also be solved by treating the hot dog as an infinite cylinder since heat
transfer through the end surfaces will have little effect on the mid section temperature because of the large
distance.
%-42
ater
100C
2 !m "ot #o$ T
i
% 5C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-109 5 long roll of large *-:n manganese steel plate is to be ;uenched in an oil bath at a specified rate.
The temperature of the sheet metal after ;uenching and the rate at which heat needs to be removed from
the oil in order to keep its temperature constant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the balls are constant. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant
and uniform over the entire surface. 3 The -iot number is -i 0 .* so that the lumped system analysis is
applicable "this assumption will be checked#.
Properties The properties of the steel plate are given to be k $ 2., '(m.)1 $ +4,% kg(m
&
1 and Cp $
%&% 3(kg.) "Table 5-&#.
Analysis The characteristic length of the steel
plate and the -iot number are

* . &2 .
) '(m. , . 2
# m !, . #" ) . '(m 42 "
m !, .
!
<

k
hL
Bi
L
A
V
L
c
s
c
/ince -i 0 .* 1 the lumped system analysis is applicable. Therefore1
s & min , .
m(min *
m ,
velocity
length
time
s *.! .
m# )#".!, 3(kg. %&% #" kg(m "+4,%
) . '(m 42
* -
&
!

c p p
s
L C
h
V C
hA
b

Then the temperature of the sheet metal when it leaves the oil bath is determined to be
C 82.53

# "
%, 4!
%, # " # "
s# & #" s *.! . "
-*
t T e
t T
e
T T
T t T
bt
i
The mass flow rate of the sheet metal through the oil bath is
kg(min % . +4, m(min# * " m# , . " m# ! #" kg(m +4,% "
&
wtV V m

Then the rate of heat transfer from the sheet metal to the oil bath and thus the rate at which heat needs to
be removed from the oil in order to keep its temperature constant at %,) becomes
& 213.2 $ 3(min * !+. . * ) # %, ,& . 4! #" ) 3(kg. %&% #" kg(min % . +4, " < # " =
+


T t T C m Q
p

%-4+
/teel plate
* m(min
>il bath
%,)
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-110' 5 stuffed turkey is cooked in an oven. The average heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the
turkey1 the temperature of the skin of the turkey in the oven and the total amount of heat transferred to the
turkey in the oven are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The turkey is a homogeneous spherical ob6ect. 2 Heat conduction in the turkey is one-
dimensional because of symmetry about the midpoint. 3 The thermal properties of the turkey are constant.
4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is
> .! so that the one-term approximate solutions are applicable "this assumption will be verified#.
Properties The properties of the turkey are given to be k $ .!2 -tu(h.ft.F1 $ +, lbm(ft
&
1 Cp $ ..4
-tu(lbm.F1 and $ .&, ft
!
(h.
Analysis "a# 5ssuming the turkey to be spherical in shape1 its radius
is determined to be
ft &,%, .
%
# ft *42+ . " &
%
&
&
%
ft *42+ .
lbm(ft +,
lbm *%
&
&
&
&
&
&

V
r r V
m
V V m
o o
The Fourier number is
*&.! .
ft# &,%, . "
h# (h#", ft * , . & "
!
! &
!

o
r
t

which is close to .! but a little below it. Therefore1 assuming the one-term approximate solution for
transient heat conduction to be applicable1 the one-term solution formulation at one-third the radius from
the center of the turkey can be expressed as
*
* # *% . "
*
*
*
*
&&& .
# &&& . sin"
%.* .
&!, %
&!, *4,
(
# ( sin" # 1 "
# 1 "
!
*
!
*

e A
r r
r r
e A
T T
T t x T
t x
o
o
i
sph
-y trial and error1 it is determined from Table %-* that the e;uation above is satisfied when Bi $ !
corresponding to
* *
! .4,+ *.+4* . . and A . Then the heat transfer coefficient can be determined
from

F . Btu/h.ft 14.7
2

# ft &,%, . "
# ! #" F -tu(h.ft. !2 . "
o
o
r
kBi
h
k
hr
Bi
"b# The temperature at the surface of the turkey is
( 317

# 1 "
!.,& .
.4,+ . !
# .4,+ . ! sin"
# .+4* . * "
(
# ( sin"
&!, %
&!, # 1 "
# *% . " # .4,+ . ! "
*
*
*
! !
*
t r T
e
r r
r r
e A
t r T
o
o o
o o o

"c# The maximum possible heat transfer is
-tu &.* $ F # % &!, #" F -tu(lbm. .4 . #" lbm *% " # "
max

i p
T T mC Q
Then the actual amount of heat transfer becomes
)tu 3238

-tu# &.* #" 4!4 . " 4!4 .
4!4 .
# .4,+ . ! "
# .4,+ . ! cos" # .4,+ . ! " # .4,+ . ! sin"
# %.* . " & *
# cos" # sin"
& *
max
& &
*
* * *
1
max
Q Q
Q
Q
sph o
Discussion The temperature of the outer parts of the turkey will be greater than that of the inner parts
when the turkey is taken out of the oven. Then heat will continue to be transferred from the outer parts of
the turkey to the inner as a result of temperature difference. Therefore1 after , minutes1 the thermometer
reading will probably be more than *4, F.
%-44
>ven
T

$ &!,F
Turkey
T
i
$ %F
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-111 The trunks of some dry oak trees are exposed to hot gases. The time for the ignition of the trunks is
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the trunks is one-dimensional since it is long and it has thermal
symmetry about the center line. 2 The thermal properties of the trunks are constant. 3 The heat transfer
coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The Fourier number is > .! so that the
one-term approximate solutions "or the transient temperature charts# are applicable "this assumption will
be verified#.
Properties The properties of the trunks are given to be k $ .*+ '(m.) and $ *.!4*
-+
m
!
(s.
Analysis 'e treat the trunks of the trees as an infinite cylinder since heat transfer is primarily in the
radial direction. Then the -iot number becomes
!% . &4
# ) '(m. *+ . "
# m * . #" ) . '(m 2, "
!

k
hr
Bi
o
The constants
* *
and A corresponding to this -iot
number are1 from Table %-*1
,.4. . * and &%! . !
* *
A
The Fourier number is
*4% .
m# * . "
s(h# 2 & h (s#"% m * !4 . * "
!
! +
!

r
t

which is slightly below .! but close to it. Therefore1 assuming the one-term approximate solution for
transient heat conduction to be applicable1 the temperature at the surface of the trees in % h becomes
) %* > # 1 " *.&, . # &&! . " # ,.4. . * "
,! &
,! # 1 "
# ( "
# 1 "
# 1 "
# *4% . " # &%! . ! "
* *
!
!
*

C 511 t r T e
t r T
r r J e A
T T
T t r T
t r
o
o
o
i
o
cyl o
Therefore1 the trees will ignite. "9ote? J

is read from Table %-!#.

4-112 5 spherical watermelon that is cut into two e;ual parts is put into a freezer. The time it will take for
the center of the exposed cut surface to cool from !, to &) is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature of the exposed surfaces of the watermelon is affected by the convection
heat transfer at those surfaces only. Therefore1 the watermelon can be considered to be a semi-infinite
medium 2 The thermal properties of the watermelon are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the water is closely approximated by those of water at room
temperature1 k $ .2+ '(m.) and $
k C
p
(
.*%2*
-2
m
!
(s "Table 5-.#.
Analysis 'e use the transient chart in Fig. %-!& in this case
for convenience "instead of the analytic solution#1
*

!
,., .
# *! " !,
# *! " &
*
# 1 "
*

k
t h
t
x
T T
T t x T
i

%-4.
D $ .! m
Tree
T
i
$ &)
Hot
gases
T

$ ,!)
Freezer
T

$ -*!)
'atermelon
T
i
$ !,)
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
Therefore1 min 46.7

s !4%
(s# m * *%2 . " # ) . '(m & "
)# '(m. 2+ . " # * "
! 2 - ! !
!
!
! !
h
k
t
%-.
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-113 5 cylindrical rod is dropped into boiling water. The thermal diffusivity and the thermal
conductivity of the rod are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the rod is one-dimensional since the rod is sufficiently long1 and thus
temperature varies in the radial direction only. 2 The thermal properties of the rod are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the rod available are given to be $ &+ kg(m
&
and Cp $ .!
3(kg.).
Analysis From Fig. %-*%b we have
!, .
*
*
!4 .
* +,
* .&

o
o
o
o
o
hr
k
Bi
r
r
r
x
T T
T T
From Fig. %-*%a we have
% .
&& .
* !,
* +,
!, .
*
!

o
i
o
o
r
t
T T
T T
hr
k
Bi

Then the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of the material become
C *m. 0.756
*s m 10 2.22
2 7

)# 3(kg. #".! kg(m (s#"&+ m * !! . ! "

s(min 2 min &
m# * . #" % . " % .
& ! +
! !
p
p
o
C k
C
k
t
r

%-.*
ater
100C
2 !m +o# T
i
% 25C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-114 The time it will take for the diameter of a raindrop to reduce to a certain value as it falls through
ambient air is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The water temperature remains constant. 2 The thermal properties of the water are
constant.
Properties The density and heat of vaporization of the water are $ * kg(m
&
and hfg $ !%. k3(kg
"Table 5-.#.
Analysis The initial and final masses of the raindrop are
kg *%* . m# *, . "
&
%
# kg(m * "
&
%
kg 2,% . m# !, . "
&
%
# kg(m * "
&
%
& & &
& & &




f f f
i i i
r V m
r V m
whose difference is
kg ,*& . *%* . 2,% .
f i
m m m
The amount of heat transfer re;uired to cause this much evaporation is
k3 *!+4 . k3(kg# kg#"!%. ,*& . " Q
The average heat transfer surface area and the rate of heat transfer are
3(s .!+++ $ ) # , *4 " # m * &%* . , " )# . '(m % " # "
m * &%* . ,
!
m# ".*, @ m# !, . =" %
!
# " %
! , !
! ,
! !
! !


+

T T hA Q
r r
A
i s
f i
s

Then the time re;uired for the raindrop to experience this reduction in size becomes
min 7.7

s %2
3(s .!+++
3 4 . *!+
Q
Q
t
t
Q
Q

%-.!
5ir
T

$ *4)
+ain#rop
5C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-115' 5 plate1 a long cylinder1 and a sphere are exposed to cool air. The center temperature of each
geometry is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in each geometry is one-dimensional. 2 The thermal properties of the
bodies are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The
Fourier number is > .! so that the one-term approximate solutions "or the transient temperature charts#
are applicable "this assumption will be verified#.
Properties The properties of bronze are given to be k $ *, -tu(h.ft.F and $ .&&& ft
!
(h.
Analysis A,ter 5 minutes
Alate? First the -iot number is calculated to be
*.%% .
# F -tu(h.ft. *, "
# ft *! ( , . #" F . -tu(h.ft + "
!

k
hL
Bi
The constants
* *
and A corresponding to this -iot number are1 from Table %-*1
&& . * and *%* .
* *
A
The Fourier number is
! . .4 . *,
ft# *! ( , . "
min(h# min(2 (h#", ft &&& . "
!
!
!
>
L
t

Then the center temperature of the plate becomes

( 312

# .4 . *, " # *%* . "

*

1
+& . # && . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

)ylinder?
Bi ! . , . * and *.., .
* *
* .


A
Table

( 248

# .4 . *, " # *.., . "

*

1
,&! . # , . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

/phere?
Bi ! . 2 . * and !%%, .
* *
* .


A
Table

( 201

# .4 . *, " # !%%, . "

*

1
&4+ . # 2 . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

A,ter 10 minutes
! . .+ . &*
ft# *! ( , . "
min(h# min(2 (h#"* ft &&& . "
!
!
!
>
L
t

Alate?

( 248

# .+ . &* " # *%* . "

*

1
,&* . # && . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

%-.&
2L
2r
o
2r
o
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
)ylinder?

( 167

# .+ . &* " # *.., . "

*

1
!4! . # , . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

/phere?

( 123

# .+ . &* " # !%%, . "

*

1
*%. . # 2 . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

A,ter 30 minutes

>
t
L
!
&&&
, *!
.,. !
" .
" . (
. .
ft ( h#"& min ( 2 min ( h#
ft#
!
!
Alate?

( 123

# . . ., " # *%* . "

*

1
*%. . # && . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

)ylinder?

( 82

# . . ., " # *.., . "

*

1
!!* . # , . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

/phere?

( 76

# . . ., " # !%%, . "

*

1
&!2 . # 2 . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

The sphere has the largest surface area through which heat is transferred per unit volume1 and thus the
highest rate of heat transfer. )onse;uently1 the center temperature of the sphere is always the lowest.
%-.%
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-116' 5 plate1 a long cylinder1 and a sphere are exposed to cool air. The center temperature of each
geometry is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in each geometry is one-dimensional. 2 The thermal properties of the
geometries are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4
The Fourier number is > .! so that the one-term approximate solutions "or the transient temperature
charts# are applicable "this assumption will be verified#.
Properties The properties of cast iron are given to be k $ !. -tu(h.ft.F and $ .2* ft
!
(h.
Analysis A,ter 5 minutes
Alate? First the -iot number is calculated to be
*2 .
# F -tu(h.ft. !. "
# ft *! ( , . #" F . -tu(h.ft + "
!

k
hL
Bi
The constants
* *
and A corresponding to this -iot number are1 from Table %-*1
*+ . * and ..4 .
* *
A
The Fourier number is
! . !4 . !.
ft# *! ( , . "
min(h# min(2 (h#", ft 2* . "
!
!
!
>
L
t

Then the center temperature of the plate becomes

( 318

# !4 . !. " # ..4 . "

*

1
+%4 . # *+ . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

)ylinder?
Bi * . !, . * and *%*! .
* *
* %


A
Table

( 257

# !4 . !. " # *%*! . "

*

1
,,. . # !, . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

/phere?
Bi * . & . * and *+& .
* *
* %


A
Table

( 211

# !4 . !. " # *+& . "

*

1
%*4 . # & . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

A,ter 10 minutes
! . ,2 . ,4
ft# *! ( , . "
min(h# min(2 (h#"* ft 2* . "
!
!
!
>
L
t

Alate?

( 257

# ,2 . ,4 " # ..4 . "

*

1
,,. . # *+ . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

%-.,
2r
o
2r
o
2L
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
)ylinder?

( 176

# ,2 . ,4 " # *%*! . "

*

1
&*! . # !, . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

/phere?

( 132

# ,2 . ,4 " # *+& . "

*

1
*+% . # & . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

A,ter 30 minutes
! . 24 . *+,
ft# *! ( , . "
min(h# min(2 (h#"& ft 2* . "
!
!
!
>
L
t

Alate?

( 132

# 24 . *+, " # ..4 . "

*

1
*+% . # *+ . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall

)ylinder?

( 84.8

# 24 . *+, " # *%*! . "

*

1
& . # !, . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl

/phere?

( 76.7

# 24 . *+, " # *+& . "

*

1
,! . # & . * "
+, %
+, ! !
*
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph

The sphere has the largest surface area through which heat is transferred per unit volume1 and thus the
highest rate of heat transfer. )onse;uently1 the center temperature of the sphere is always the lowest.
%-.2
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-117' "!PROBLEM 4-117E"
"GIVEN"
2*L=1/12 "[ft]"
2*r_o_c=1/12 "[ft], c t!"# for c$%&"#'r"
2*r_o_=1/12 "[ft], t!"# for ()'r'"
*_& =4++ "[,]"
*_&"f&"& t$=7- "[,]"
)=7 "[Bt./)- ft /2- ,]"
"t& 0'=- [0& "], (!r!0't'r to 1' 2!r&'#"
"PROPER*IE3"
4=1- "[Bt./)- ft- ,]"
!%()!=+5 666*7o"2'rt8f t /2/ ), ft /2/ 0& "9 "[ft /2/ 0& "] "
":N:L;3I3"
",or (%!"' <!%% "
B&_<=8)*L9/4
",ro0 *!1%' 4-1 corr'(o"#& "= to t)& B& ".01'r, <' r'!#"
%!01#!_1_<=+5141+
:_1_<=15++66
t!._<=8!% ()!*t& 0'9/L/2
8*_o_<-*_&"f&"& t$9/8*_&-*_&"f&"& t$9 =:_1_<*'>(8- %!01#!_1_</2* t !._<9
",or %o"= c$%&"#'r"
B&_c=8)*r_o_c9/4
",ro0 *!1%' 4-1 corr'(o"#& "= to t)& B& ".01'r, <' r'!#"
%!01#!_1_c=+51??-
:_1_c=15++-+
t!._c=8!% ()!*t& 0'9/r_o_c/2
8*_o_c-*_&"f&"& t$9/8*_&- *_&"f&"& t$9 =:_1_c*'>(8- %!01#!_1_c/2* t !._c9
",or ()'r'"
B&_=8)*r_o_9/4
",ro0 *!1%' 4-1 corr'(o"#& "= to t)& B& ".01'r, <' r'!#"
%!01#!_1_=+5244-
:_1_=15++@+
t!._=8!% ()!*t& 0'9/r_o_/2
8*_o_-*_&"f&"& t$9/8*_&-*_&"f&"& t$9 =:_1_*'>(8- %!01#!_1_/2*t !._9
time [min] To,w [F] To,c [F] To,s [F]
- 61256 2475? 2++57
1+ 24757 1@@5- 12654
1- 2++57 12654 ?65@
2+ 1@@5- 1++5@ A251-
2- 1415@ AA5-7 7757-
6+ 12654 A251A 7@5+@
6- 11+56 7A5A 7-541
4+ 1++57 775+1 7-51@
4- ?65@7 7@5+7 7-5+@
-+ AA5-? 7-5-@ 7-5+2
-- A45A? 7-56 7-5+1
@+ A252 7-51@ 7-
%-.+
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
+ 1+ 2+ 6+ 4+ -+ @+
-+
1++
1-+
2++
2-+
6++
6-+
-+
1++
1-+
2++
2-+
6++
6-+
time [min]
T
o

[
F
]
wall
cylinder
sphere

%-.4