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The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 www.nysed.

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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE


Radioactive Decay Data
RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE (years) ISOTOPE Carbon-14 Potassium-40 Uranium-238 Rubidium-87
14

2 3

Specific Heats of Common Materials


4

MATERIAL
Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead

SPECIFIC HEAT
(Joules/gram C)

C K

14

N
Ar Ca

5.7 10 1.3 10 4.5 10 4.9 10

40

40 40

238

206

Pb

87

Rb

87

Sr

10

Equations
Eccentricity = Gradient = distance between foci length of major axis

4.18 2.11 2.00 1.01 0.84 0.79 0.45 0.38 0.13

6 7 8 9 10

Properties of Water
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g Density at 3.98C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

11

change in field value distance change in value time

12

Rate of change = mass Density = volume

13 14

Average Chemical Composition of Earths Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere


ELEMENT (symbol) Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other CRUST
Percent by mass Percent by volume

15 16

HYDROSPHERE
Percent by volume

TROPOSPHERE
Percent by volume

17

46.10 28.20 8.23 5.63 4.15 2.36 2.33 2.09

94.04 0.88 0.48 0.49 1.18 1.11 0.33 1.42

33.0

21.0

18 19 20 21

78.0 0.91 0.07 66.0 1.0 1.0

22 23

2010 EDITION
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 20092010 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

Eurypterus remipes

24 25

New York State Fossil

Lake Ontario
Tug Hill Plateau Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains)

Champlain Lowlands

Lake Erie
Allegheny Plateau The Catskills

u ea
Key

) ds n la p U

at Pl

Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary

Huds o nM o h a w k Lo wlands Taco n i c M ounta ins

nds ighla H n o H uds rong tan P t a h Man

ala c h ia n

Ap p

N Lo ewa w l an rk ds

ic C t n a Atl
0

ew En (H gla i gh nd l P a nd ro v
Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 80 20 40 60 Kilometers

lain P l a t oas
N W S E

s)

in c

2 Grenville Province (Highlands)


.L St a e wr nc e

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State Interior Lowlands


an wl o L ds

Interior Lowlands
Adirondack Mountains

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State


modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989

GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK

ar a River ag Ni

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition Dominantly sedimentary origin

CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill) PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. SILURIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones

NG LO

S AND I SL

OUND

ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN

} }

}
}
}

Dominantly metamorphosed rocks

Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50
W

N E

CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks

Intensely metamorphosed rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)

80
S

20 40 60 Kilometers

Surface Ocean Currents


100 120 160 180 160 120 80 40 0 140 140 100 60 20 20

we g ia

re tG es W

60
Kam c

C. tka a h
a s ka C Al
. E

re tG as

l en r No

an d

nC .

Arctic Ocean
C.

Oyash io

Canary C.

.
Florida C.

Ku

20

India
North
Equatorial Countercurrent

roshio

North Pacific Ocean


G u

as

C.

Ag ulh

ra lia C .

Per u C.

60

Falkla nd

Antarctic Circumpo

lar Current

C.

r c ti Anta

urrent umpolar C c Circ

B e ngu ela C.

40

st West Au

East Australi

Br a z il C .

4
Greenland
Arctic Circle (66.5 N)

80

20

40

60

80

C. nd a l en

rC do a br La

Asia
C.
.

North Pacific C.

North Atlantic C.

Europe

rn lifo

40

North America
am tre S lf

C.

. ia C

North Atlantic Ocean


Equatorial

Equatorial C.

Nor th

C.

Africa
Equatorial Guin ea C Countercurrent .

Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N)

Africa
C.
Equatorial C. outh

North Equatorial

Equatorial Countercurrent

Equator

S
l C.

S o ut h Equatorial

th Sou

Equatoria

20

C.

South America

Indian Ocean Australia South Pacific Ocean

South Atlantic Ocean

Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S)

Southern Ocean Antarctica


100 120 140 160 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20

Antarctic Circle (66.5 S)

80

Antarctica

20

40

60

80

NOTE: Not all surface ocean currents are shown.

Key
Warm currents Cool currents

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Tectonic Plates

Iceland Hot Spot

Eurasian Plate
Mi d At la n t i cR idg e
h Aleutian Trenc

North American Plate


Juan de Fuca Plate
Yellowstone Hot Spot

Eurasian Plate

ian ab Ar late P

rican Ri f

a Tr ria n a e n ch

f st A

Ea

To n g a Tr e n c h

hile Tren u-C ch

an
Tasman Hot Spot

idge

S
Ridg

i nd tI s e we g th Rid u o
Ind
ia n

Pa cifi cR

ou the

as t

st Ea

Scotia Plate
Bouvet Hot Spot

Antarctic Plate

Antarctic Plate

Sandwich Plate

Key
Transform plate boundary (transform fault)

overriding plate subducting plate

Relative motion at plate boundary

Complex or uncertain plate boundary Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges) Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)

Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Pe
r

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Mi d

Philippine Plate
Hawaii Hot Spot

San Andreas Fault Cocos Plate


Galapagos Hot Spot

Canary Islands Hot Spot

an ibbe Car late P

African Plate South American Plate

dian Ridge -In

Fiji Plate

Pacific Plate
Easter Island Hot Spot

Indian-Australian Plate

Nazca Plate

St. Helena Hot Spot

Mantle hot spot

NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown.

Rock Cycle in Earths Crust


r nd/o na tio ation c pa ent om em C
Depo s and B ition uria l

Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity


100.0 Boulders
25.6

( U p l if t ) n Weathering & Erosio

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
e ss ur H e a t a nd/or Pre m is M e ta m or p h
M e lt i n g
Me
l ti n

PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm)

SEDIMENTS
E r o s i on
n

10.0 1.0

Cobbles
6.4

Pebbles
0.2

(U We athe plift) ring & Ero sio


r Pressure t and/o Hea tamorphism e M

0.1 Sand 0.01 0.001


0.0004 0.006

MAGMA

So

li

ic di f

at

METAMORPHIC ROCK

io

lift) rosio (U p &E in g r e th Wea lting Me

IGNEOUS ROCK

Silt Clay 1 0.5 100 50 1000 500 10 5

0.0001 0.01 0.1 0.05

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)


This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification


ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic) Obsidian (usually appears black) Pumice Vesicular rhyolite Rhyolite INTRUSIVE (Plutonic)
Vesicular andesite

CRYSTAL SIZE

TEXTURE Nonvesicular Vesicular (gas pockets) Fine

Basaltic glass Scoria Vesicular basalt Basalt Dunite Diabase

noncrystalline Peridotite 10 mm 1 mm less than or to 1 mm larger 10 mm

Glassy

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Andesite

Granite

Diorite

Gabbro

Coarse Very coarse

Nonvesicular

Pegmatite

CHARACTERISTICS

LIGHTER LOWER FELSIC (rich in Si, Al)

COLOR DENSITY COMPOSITION Potassium feldspar (pink to white)

DARKER HIGHER MAFIC (rich in Fe, Mg)

100%

100%

MINERAL COMPOSITION (relative by volume)

75%

Quartz (clear to white)

75%
Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black) Olivine (green)

50%

50%

25%
Amphibole (black)

25%

0%

0%
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification


INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay Clastic (fragmental) Sand (0.006 to 0.2 cm) Silt (0.0004 to 0.006 cm) Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)

Rounded fragments Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals Angular fragments Fine to coarse Very fine grain Compact; may split easily

Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Siltstone Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Halite Crystalline Fine to coarse crystals Gypsum Dolomite Crystalline or bioclastic Bioclastic Calcite Carbon
Precipitates of biologic origin or cemented shell fragments

Rock salt Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites Rock gypsum Dolostone Limestone Bituminous coal

Microscopic to very coarse

Compacted plant remains

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification


TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION TYPE OF METAMORPHISM COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fine FOLIATED MINERAL ALIGNMENT Regional (Heat and pressure increases)


AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR

Low-grade metamorphism of shale


Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars
High-grade metamorphism; mineral types segregated into bands

Slate

Fine to medium

Phyllite

Schist

BANDING

Medium to coarse Fine

Gneiss

Carbon Various minerals

Regional

Metamorphism of bituminous coal Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava Metamorphism of quartz sandstone

Anthracite coal

NONFOLIATED

Fine

Contact (heat)

Hornfels

Quartz Fine to coarse Regional Calcite and/or dolomite Various minerals or contact Coarse

Quartzite

Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone Pebbles may be distorted or stretched

Marble

Metaconglomerate

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Eon
PHANEROZOIC
Million years ago 0

Era

Period
QUATERNARY

Epoch
Million years ago HOLOCENE 0 PLEISTOCENE 1.8 PLIOCENE
5.3 0.01

Life on Earth
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths Large carnivorous mammals Abundant grazing mammals Earliest grasses Many modern groups of mammals Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants

NY Rock Record
Sediment Bedrock

CENOZOIC

NEOGENE PALEOGENE

MIOCENE OLIGOCENE EOCENE PALEOCENE

500

23.0 33.9 55.8 65.5

1000

L A T E PROTEROZOIC M I D D L E E A R L Y
First sexually reproducing organisms

MESOZOIC
CRETACEOUS

LATE

EARLY LATE 146

Earliest flowering plants Diverse bony fishes Earliest birds Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids 200

JURASSIC

MIDDLE EARLY

P R E C A M B R I A N

LATE

Earliest mammals Earliest dinosaurs Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites) Mammal-like reptiles Abundant reptiles 299 318 Extensive coal-forming forests Abundant amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles Earliest amphibians and plant seeds Extinction of many marine organisms Earths first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks Abundant fish 416 Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals Abundant eurypterids

TRIASSIC
Oceanic oxygen begins to enter the atmosphere MIDDLE EARLY 251 LATE MIDDLE

2000

PALEOZOIC
PERMIAN

EARLY

CARBONIFEROUS

L A T E

3000

ARCHEAN

M I D D L E Earliest stromatolites Oldest microfossils

Oceanic oxygen produced by cyanobacteria combines with iron, forming iron oxide layers on ocean floor

PENNSYLVANIAN

LATE EARLY LATE MIDDLE EARLY LATE

MISSISSIPPIAN

359

DEVONIAN

MIDDLE EARLY

4000

E A R L Y

Evidence of biological carbon

SILURIAN

LATE EARLY 444 LATE

Oldest known rocks

ORDOVICIAN

MIDDLE EARLY 488

Invertebrates dominant Earths first coral reefs

4600

Estimated time of origin of Earth and solar system

LATE

CAMBRIAN

MIDDLE EARLY 542 580

Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) Earliest fishes Extinction of many primitive marine organisms Earliest trilobites Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)

(Index fossils not drawn to scale)

1300

Abundant stromatolites

Tetragraptus Cryptolithus Centroceras Valcouroceras Eucalyptocrinus Coelophysis Stylonurus Dicellograptus Eurypterus Hexameroceras Manticoceras Ctenocrinus Phacops Elliptocephala

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

OF NEW YORK STATE


Time Distribution of Fossils
(including important fossils of New York)
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil A lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).

Important Geologic Events in New York


Advance and retreat of last continental ice

Inferred Positions of Earths Landmasses

NAUTILOIDS

DINOSAURS

MAMMALS

BIRDS

Sands and clays underlying Long Island and Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean

59 million years ago

Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins

VASCULAR PLANTS

Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean North America and Africa separate Intrusion of Palisades sill CORALS Pangaea begins to break up BRACHIOPODS

119 million years ago

CRINOIDS

GASTROPODS

AMMONOIDS

232 million years ago Alleghenian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Africa along transform margin, forming Pangaea

TRILOBITES

GRAPTOLITES

EURYPTERIDS

G I

PLACODERM FISH

R X V U Y Z

Catskill delta forms Erosion of Acadian Mountains Acadian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston delta forms Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc Widespread deposition over most of New York along edge of Iapetus Ocean

359 million years ago

E B D

H K

T J

458 million years ago

Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean Erosion of Grenville Mountains Grenville orogeny: metamorphism of bedrock now exposed in the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands

Mastodont Cooksonia Naples Tree Beluga Whale Bothriolepis Aneurophyton


Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Condor

Cystiphyllum Maclurites Eospirifer Mucrospirifer Lichenaria Pleurodictyum Platyceras


ESC/BW/TN (2009)

Inferred Properties of Earths Interior


TIC LAN

OCE

AN

AT

DENSITY (g/cm3)
TLANT MID-A GE RID IC

2.7 granitic continental crust 3.0 basaltic oceanic crust MOHO

NO RT H

LI

) RE T LE HE AN SP M O IC TH ST
E

AM ER

IC A

3.45.6

CR RIG UST ID MA NT AS TH LE E

LA (P

NO SP HE R

LE NT MA

STI FF ER

OU TE (I

CASCADES
PACIFIC OCEAN

RO N

&

RE L) KE CO IC
RE L) CO KE IC

9.912.2

TRENCH
IN N

(IRO ER N& N

12.813.1

EARTHS CENTER

PRESSURE (million atmospheres)

3 2 1 0 7000 6000
E UR AT R E T MP IN O TE P R IO NG ER TI T IN EL M

TEMPERATURE (C)

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 DEPTH (km)

10

MEL TING POIN T

PARTIAL MELTING

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time

24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
TRAVEL TIME (min)

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EPICENTER DISTANCE ( 103 km)

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

11

Dewpoint (C)
Dry-Bulb Temperature (C) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C) 0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 33 28 24 21 18 14 12 10 7 5 3 1 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

36 28 22 18 14 12 8 6 3 1 1 3 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27

29 22 17 29 13 20 9 15 24 6 11 17 4 7 11 19 1 4 7 13 21 1 2 5 9 14 4 1 2 5 9 14 28 6 4 1 2 5 9 16 9 6 4 1 2 5 10 17 11 9 7 4 1 1 6 10 17 13 11 9 7 4 2 2 5 10 19 2 5 10 19 15 14 12 10 7 4 2 3 1 5 10 19 17 16 14 12 10 8 5 6 2 1 5 10 18 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 9 6 3 0 4 9 22 20 18 17 15 13 11 11 9 7 4 1 3 24 22 21 19 17 16 14 14 12 10 8 5 1 26 24 23 21 19 18 16

Relative Humidity (%)


Dry-Bulb Temperature (C) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C) 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 28 40 48 55 61 66 71 73 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

11 23 33 41 48 54 58 63 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86

13 20 32 37 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79

11 20 28 36 42 46 51 54 57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 71 72

1 11 20 27 35 39 43 48 50 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66

6 14 22 28 33 38 41 45 48 51 53 55 57 59 61

10 17 24 28 33 37 40 44 46 49 51 53 55

6 13 19 25 29 33 36 40 42 45 47 49

4 10 16 21 26 30 33 36 39 42 44

2 8 14 19 23 27 30 34 36 39

1 7 12 17 21 25 28 31 34

1 6 11 15 20 23 26 29

5 10 14 18 21 25

4 9 13 17 20

4 9 12 16

12

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Temperature
Fahrenheit (F) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 Room temperature 60 10 Water freezes 40 0 20 0 20 40 60 10 20 30 40 50 Celsius (C) 110 Water boils 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Kelvin (K) 380

Pressure
millibars
(mb)

inches
(in of Hg*)

1040.0 1036.0

30.70 30.60 30.50 30.40

370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240
992.0 1004.0 29.60 1000.0 996.0 29.50 29.40 29.30 29.20 29.10 1020.0 1016.0 1032.0 1028.0 30.30 1024.0 30.20 30.10 30.00 29.90 29.80 1008.0 29.70

One atmosphere
1012.0

230 220
988.0 984.0

Key to Weather Map Symbols


Station Model Station Model Explanation

29.00 980.0 976.0 28.90 28.80 28.70 28.60 28.50 *Hg = mercury

28
1 2

196 +19/ .25


972.0 968.0

27

Present Weather

Air Masses
cA continental arctic Cold Warm Stationary Occluded cP continental polar cT continental tropical mT maritime tropical mP maritime polar

Fronts

Hurricane

Drizzle

Rain

Smog

Hail

ThunderRain storms showers

Tornado

Snow

Sleet

Freezing rain

Fog

Haze

Snow showers

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

13

km 160

mi 100

Temperature Zones

Atmospheric Pressure

Selected Properties of Earths Atmosphere


Altitude

Thermosphere
120 75
(extends to 600 km)

80

50

Mesopause

Mesosphere
Stratopause

40

25

Stratosphere
Tropopause

Water Vapor

Sea Level 0

Troposphere
100 90 55 0 15 100 0 1.0 0 20 40

Temperature (C)

Pressure (atm)

Concentration (g/m3)
Tropopause Polar front jet stream

Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere


The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changing latitude of the Suns vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in the summer and southward in the winter. (Not drawn to scale)

DRY
N.E.

Polar front
60 N

WET
S.W. Winds

DRY
N.E. Winds

30 N

WET
S.E. Winds

Subtropical jet streams

DRY
N.W. Winds

30 S

WET
S.E.

60 S

DRY

Polar front jet stream

Electromagnetic Spectrum
X rays Gamma rays Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves Radio waves

Decreasing wavelength Visible light


Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)

14

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

Characteristics of Stars
(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .) (Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.) 1,000,000

Deneb
100,000

Betelgeuse

Massive Stars

(Rate at which a star emits energy relative to the Sun)

Rigel Spica

SUPERGIANTS
(Intermediate stage)

10,000

1,000

Polaris

GIANTS
(Intermediate stage)

Aldebaran
100 10

Luminosity

MA IN
(E a

Pollux
rly QU s ta E N ge C )

SE

Sirius Alpha Centauri Sun

0.1

40 Eridani B
0.01

WHITE DWARFS
0.001 0.0001 30,000 Blue 20,000 Blue White 10,000 8,000 White 6,000 Yellow 4,000
(Late stage)

Barnards Star Procyon B Proxima Centauri


3,000 Red 2,000

Small Stars

Surface Temperature (K)


Orange

Color

Solar System Data


Celestial Object Mean Distance from Sun (million km) Period of Revolution (d=days) (y=years) Period of Rotation at Equator Eccentricity of Orbit Equatorial Diameter (km) Mass (Earth = 1) Density (g/cm3)

SUN MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE EARTHS MOON

57.9 108.2 149.6 227.9 778.4 1,426.7 2,871.0 4,498.3 149.6


(0.386 from Earth)

88 d 224.7 d 365.26 d 687 d 11.9 y 29.5 y 84.0 y 164.8 y 27.3 d

27 d 59 d 243 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 24 h 37 min 23 s 9 h 50 min 30 s 10 h 14 min 17 h 14 min 16 h 27.3 d

0.206 0.007 0.017 0.093 0.048 0.054 0.047 0.009 0.055

1,392,000 4,879 12,104 12,756 6,794 142,984 120,536 51,118 49,528 3,476

333,000.00 0.06 0.82 1.00 0.11 317.83 95.16 14.54 17.15 0.01

1.4 5.4 5.2 5.5 3.9 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.8 3.3

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

15

Properties of Common Minerals


HARDNESS 12 FRACTURE CLEAVAGE COMMON COLORS silver to gray metallic silver DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS black streak, greasy feel gray-black streak, cubic cleavage, density = 7.6 g/cm3 black streak, magnetic green-black streak, (fools gold) red-brown streak greasy feel white-yellow streak easily scratched by fingernail flexible in thin sheets cubic cleavage, salty taste flexible in thin sheets bubbles with acid, rhombohedral cleavage bubbles with acid when powdered cleaves in 4 directions cleaves in 2 directions at 90 cleaves at 56 and 124 cleaves in 2 directions at 90 cleaves in 2 directions, striations visible commonly light green and granular glassy luster, may form hexagonal crystals often seen as red glassy grains in NYS metamorphic rocks Cl = chlorine F = fluorine Fe = iron

LUSTER

USE(S) pencil lead, lubricants ore of lead, batteries ore of iron, steel ore of sulfur ore of iron, jewelry ceramics, paper sulfuric acid plaster of paris, drywall paint, roofing food additive, melts ice construction materials cement, lime building stones hydrofluoric acid mineral collections, jewelry

COMPOSITION* C PbS Fe3O4 FeS2 Fe2O3 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 S CaSO42H2O KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 NaCl K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) (Si,Al)2O6

MINERAL NAME Graphite Galena Magnetite Pyrite Hematite Talc Sulfur Selenite gypsum Muscovite mica Halite Biotite mica Calcite Dolomite Fluorite Pyroxene (commonly augite) Amphibole (commonly hornblende) Potassium feldspar (commonly orthoclase) Plagioclase feldspar Olivine Quartz Garnet

                    

Metallic luster

2.5 5.56.5 6.5

black to silver brassy yellow metallic silver or earthy red white to green yellow to amber white to pink or gray colorless to yellow colorless to white black to dark brown colorless or variable colorless or variable colorless or variable black to dark green black to dark green white to pink white to gray green to gray or brown colorless or variable dark red to green Al = aluminum C = carbon Ca = calcium

Either

5.5 6.5 or 1 1 2 2 22.5 2.5 2.53 3

Nonmetallic luster

3.5 4 56 5.5 6 6 6.5 7 6.57.5

mineral collections, CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 jewelry Si6O22(O,OH)2 ceramics, glass ceramics, glass furnace bricks, jewelry glass, jewelry, electronics jewelry (NYS gem), abrasives Na = sodium O = oxygen Pb = lead KAlSi3O8 (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 SiO2 Fe3Al2Si3O12 S = sulfur Si = silicon Ti = titanium

*Chemical symbols:

H = hydrogen K = potassium Mg = magnesium

 = dominant form of breakage

16

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2010 Edition

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