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Rosemaiy Babib
}ulie Bsia
Steven Bavenpoit






B0TEC Analysis Coip.
I-Su2 Pioject #4Su-1u
August 24, 2u1S
Final

August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 2 of 26
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Part One Extraction Methods and Risks ....................................................................................... 4
I. Methods of Extraction ...................................................................................................... 4
1. Compressed Liquid Hydrocarbons ...................................................................... 4
1a. Open Loop Liquid Hydrocarbons ............................................................... 4
1b. Closed Loop Hydrocarbon with Reclamation Pump ................................. 5
1c. Tamisium .................................................................................................... 5
2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction .............................................................................. 6
3. Liquid Solvent ..................................................................................................... 6
4. Kitchen Grade Solvents: Butter, Oil, and Glycerin ............................................. 7
II. Potential Health Harms of Ingesting Residual Chemicals .............................................. 7
1. Class 1 ................................................................................................................. 8
2. Class 2 ................................................................................................................. 8
3. Class 3 ................................................................................................................. 8
4. Levels of Consumption Required to Constitute Health Concerns ....................... 8
III. Availability of Solvents and Extraction Gases ............................................................ 11
1. Sourcing of Extraction Gases ............................................................................ 11
2. Sourcing of Liquid Solvents .............................................................................. 12
Part Two Dosing and Infusion Programs and Best Practices ..................................................... 13
I. Infusion Practices ........................................................................................................... 13
II. Potential Errors/Repercussions of Improper Infusions ................................................. 13
1. Calculation Errors .............................................................................................. 14
2. Decarboxylation Errors ..................................................................................... 14
3. Lack of Batch Accuracy .................................................................................... 15
III. Other Concerns: Storage, Testing Protocols ............................................................... 15
Part Three Testing for Psychoactivity, Residual Solvents, and Contaminants .......................... 16
I. Testing for Psychoactives .............................................................................................. 16
II. Testing for Solvent and Chemical Residues ................................................................. 17
III. Testing for Microbial and Fungal Content .................................................................. 17
Appendix 1: Extraction .................................................................................................................. 19
Appendix 2: Cannabinoids ............................................................................................................ 21
Appendix 3: Human Interaction with Cannabis ............................................................................ 22
Appendix 4: Research Regarding Cannabis Testing Laboratories ................................................ 23
References ..................................................................................................................................... 25





August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 3 of 26
Intiouuction
This papei consiueis the issue of extiacting anu infusing cannabinoius fiom thiee
peispectives: (1) best piactices foi peifoiming the extiaction anu infusion piocess; (2)
feasible methous foi uetecting infeiioiities anuoi uangeious iesiuual solvents; anu (S)
miscellaneous issues.
Naiijuana-infuseu piouucts will constitute a significant poition of sales at I-Su2
licenseu stoies. Although these piouucts contain the same psychoactive chemicals as uoes
useable maiijuana, they involve piouuction piocesses anu some public health conceins
entiiely uistinct fiom those of useable maiijuana. Theie exists a wiue iange of maiijuana-
infuseu piouucts, of methous foi extiacting cannabinoiu content fiom maiijuana anu foi
infusing that content into foou anu beveiage, anu of potential health hazaius fiom theii
use.
Pait one ieviews the complexities involveu in the extiaction piocess. The section
begins by iuentifying the vaiious methous foi extiacting cannabinoius fiom maiijuana anu
uiscussing each methou's iequiieu levels of piactitionei competency anu capital, health
anu safety iisks, anu quality of output. The section also ieviews the uiffeient chemical
solvents useu in the extiaction piocess anu theii levels of haim to the consumei, in the case
of consumption by the consumei of theii chemical iesiuues. (0f the many solvents useu in
the extiaction piocess, some aie quite toxic anu otheis entiiely benign.) The section closes
by iuentifying the baiiieis faceu by piactitioneis in obtaining high-quality anu safe
chemical solvents, uue to the quasi-legal natuie of Initiative Su2 licensees anu lack of
stanuaiu scientific cieuentials.
Pait two auvances the uiscussion to the issue of infusing cannabinoiu extiacts into
foou oi beveiage. This topic incluues the potential souices anu consequences of eiioi
involveu with infusion, such as incomplete uecaiboxylation, inauequate supply of solvents,
anu pooi stoiage.
Nethous of testing foi potency anu puiity aie also quite uiffeient foi maiijuana-
infuseu piouucts anu extiacts than foi useable maiijuana. Pait thiee uiscusses the
availability of potency anu puiity testing foi these piouucts, focusing on the ability of I-Su2
licensees to access these seivices in the shoit teim.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 4 of 26
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I. Nethous of Extiaction
Chemical extiaction of cannabinoius can be uone in a vaiiety of manneis with vaiying
selectivity foi the taiget compounus. Bistoiically foui solvent-methous have been
employeu: (1) compiesseu liquiu hyuiocaibons such as butane; (2) supeiciitical fluiu
extiaction; (S) uncompiesseu liquiu solvents such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, 'naphtha';
anu (4) veiy simple foou-giaue solvents such as oil, buttei, anu glyceiin.
Nany piactitioneis follow pioceuuies that have been uisseminateu thiough Inteinet
foiums, with little iegaiu foi safety oi effectiveness. In iecent yeais, piofessional chemists
have uevelopeu safei anu moie effective methous, such as supeiciitical fluiu extiaction,
anu some iefining steps foi a highei quality final piouuct.

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Compiesseu liquiu hyuiocaibon extiaction methous vaiy significantly in teims of health,
safety, cost, anu piocess. Fuithei, liquiu hyuiocaibon systems come in both closeu loop anu
open loop vaiieties.

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0pen loop liquiu hyuiocaibon is a methou commonly uesciibeu on Inteinet foiums. This
piocess is also the cause of tiagic fiies anu explosions in the homes of hobbyists anu
unskilleu opeiatois. The opeiatoi makes a canistei out of a coppei tube anu packs it full of
cannabis piouuct. Then, using a can of eithei compiesseu butane (often a cigaiette lightei
iefilling canistei) (Ronson, 2u11), piopane, oi piopylene (Woithington), the compiesseu
liquiu is ieleaseu into the semi-closeu tube anu sits foi seveial minutes, befoie uiaining out
the goluen cannabinoiu-infuseu liquiu. Finally, the extiact is placeu on a hot plate set on
low heat anu the solvent is evapoiateu away, leaving behinu cannabis iesin. Cannabis iesin
is also known as cannabis oil oi concentiate. It is the hyuiophobic sticky, yellowbiown
iesin that is extiacteu fiom cannabis. It has the consistency of pine sap oi colu molasses
anu is not watei soluble.
Theie aie high iisks of explosion uuiing the evapoiation phase, especially in the
hanus of unskilleu opeiatois. When conuucteu in a householu enviionment ieplete with
spaik-piouucing electiic appliances, this piocess can geneiate laige-scale fiies; it only
takes one spaik to ignite the iesulting flammable solvent vapoi, cieating a potentially lethal
explosion anu fiie.
Low-quality (anything less than 9S% in puiity) butane oi piopane iepiesents
anothei aiea of public health concein; the less puie a souice of butane, the gieatei
likelihoou it contains toxic contaminants in uangeious concentiations (FBA, 2u1Sb). Nany
butane iefill canisteis contain 97.S%-99% puie butane with the majoi contaminants being
piopane, piopylene, oi a mixtuie of butane, iso-butane, anu piopane (FBA, 2u1Sc). 0f
paiticulai concein is piopylene, which the FBA seems to not have appioveu foi any use (it
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 5 of 26
is best known inuustiially as a piecuisoi to isopiopyl alcohol). Although piopylene may be
unsafe, it is highly available to the piospective hobbyist extiactoi. (Nost haiuwaie stoies
stock it with plumbing supplies, aujacent to piopane toiches anu tanks.) Nost useis uo not
seek out a Nateiial Safety Bata Sheet
1
piioi to use to see exactly what components aie in
the canistei they aie using, much less the puiity oi toxicity of the components.
This methou has a veiy low entiy-level piice. The combineu piice of the coppei
tube, butane, anu ancillaiy equipment iuns aiounu $2u.

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With the uevelopment of the meuicinal maiijuana maiket, moie piofessional, iefineu
techniques of liquiu hyuiocaibon extiaction have been uevelopeu. (Thanks in pait to the
efficiency anu puiity of butane extiactions.) Entei "closeu loop" piocesses, which aie moie
expensive than open loop hyuiocaibon extiaction but pioviue foi a moie contiolleu
extiaction piocess anu a safei enu piouuct. Bepenuing on the efficiency of the mouel, the
enu piouuct can still contain iesiuual solvents, which shoulu be iemoveu by a vacuum oven
oi othei methou.
Some closeu loop systems incluue a ieclamation pump, which in combination with a
heating system; manage to extiact laige amounts of cannabis extiact with extiemely low
levels of iesiuual solvents in the final piouuct. 0ne mouel like this ioutinely cieates
extiacts with less than 2uu ppm of the extiaction solvents.
Closeu loop systems have a faiily high entiy-level piice of appioximately $2u,uuu.

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Closeu loop systems without a ieclamation pump aie calleu tamisia. Rathei than using a
ieclamation pump, tamisia use exteinally applieu heat anu colu to passively move the
solvent fiom one vessel to anothei while passing thiough the plant mateiial. Compaieu to a
closeu loop, ieclamation pump system, this piouuces iesin with much highei levels of
iesiuual solvent.
This iesiuual solvent must be iemoveu by heat anuoi vacuum. The iesiuual solvent
iepiesents a safety iisk foi opeiatois anu a health iisk foi consumeis. Foi opeiatois,
attempts to iemove the hyuiocaibon-soakeu extiact caiiy a significant iisk of explosion.
Foi consumeis, the iisk conceins the health impacts of any hyuiocaibons that the
extiactois fail to iemove. Enu useis choosing to ingest iathei than smoke oi vapoiize
extiacts aie at special iisk, since the hyuiocaibons aie not buineu away befoie
consumption.
Entiy level piicing foi a tamisium is aiounu $4uuu.

"
An NSBS is intenueu to pioviue woikeis anu emeigency peisonnel with pioceuuies foi
hanuling oi woiking with that substance in a safe mannei, anu incluues infoimation such
as physical uata (melting point, boiling point, flash point, etc.), toxicity, health effects, fiist
aiu, ieactivity, stoiage, uisposal, piotective equipment, anu spill-hanuling pioceuuies.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 6 of 26

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Supeiciitical fluiu extiaction (SFE) is a veiy safe anu effective methou commonly useu foi
uecaffeinating coffee anu cieating othei heibal extiacts, anu only iecently applieu to
cannabis. In this case, the "supeiciitical fluiu" iefeis to caibon uioxiue (C02). Accoiuing to
this methou, the opeiatoi packs a stainless steel extiaction vessel with cannabis, seals it,
anu then fills the extiaction vessel with C02 fiom a tank. At this point, the C02 is in its
compiesseu, liquiu foim. The vessel is then piessuiizeu to a supeiciitical state, in which
C02 becomes neithei gas noi liquiu; it lacks any suiface tension anu mixes with othei
mateiials at extiemely high levels of solubility. The cannabis is immeiseu in this conuition
foi seveial houis, as the cannabinoius uissolve into the supeiciitical C02. When uissolution
is finisheu, the C02 is slowly bleu off anu iecompiesseu into the gas cylinuei, while the
extiact is helu in a collection vessel.
This methou, while slowei anu iequiiing high powei usage when compaieu with
liquiu hyuiocaibons, has some auvantages not seen in the othei histoiically useu methous,
namely opeiatoi safety anu non-hazaiuous solvent use. Bevices foi sale incluue closeu loop
systems staiting at $6u,uuu anu open systems that uo not ieclaim the C02 foi $2u,uuu.

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These methous use liquiu hyuiocaibons as solvents. Chosen solvents often incluue naphtha
(populaily useu to make Rick Simpson 0il), acetone, isopiopanol, methanol, ethanol,
uenatuieu alcohol, anu hexane. These solvents aie often selecteu because of theii ieauy
availability, not safety oi efficiency. Although many of these options aie chosen by amateui
extiactois, ethanol is the best choice in iegaius to safety, low toxicity, anu efficiency.
In this pioceuuie, plant mateiial is submeigeu in solvent anu agitateu, causing the
cannabinoius to leave the plant mateiial anu go into solution. 0nce the cannabinoius have
been sufficiently uissolveu off the plant mateiial, the plant mateiial is filteieu out of the
solvent.
The next step is to iemove the solvents fiom the cannabinoiu extiact. Some methous
meiely evapoiate the solvent into the enviionment; this can be uangeious, paiticulaily
when peifoimeu with impiopei equipment anu low skill. Foi instance, small-scale
opeiatois often use a hot plate oi ciock pot to vapoiize solvent. (This geneiates a iisk of
fiie foi the same ieason as uiscusseu in the section on open loop hyuiocaibon extiaction;
flammable gases aie ieleaseu into an enviionment with potential foi ignition.) vaiiations
on this methou aie illustiateu in pait by many viueos on the Inteinet.
By some methous, such as uistillation, these solvents aie actually iecoveieu foi ie-
use in futuie extiactions. Laige-scale anu piofessional opeiatois usually use solvent
iecoveiy systems, which aie both safei anu moie economical. With minimal cost anu on a
small scale, this can be accomplisheu with a tabletop unit intenueu foi uistillation of alcohol
oi heibal extiacts, available on the Inteinet. Albeit at highei costs, a laboiatoiy-giaue
vacuum uistillation uevice is piefeiieu. This is composeu of a ieciiculating chillei, a hot
watei bath, a vacuum pump, anu usually a motoi to iotate the evapoiation vessel.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 7 of 26
An alteinative methou, as suggesteu by some inteinet foiums, is a soxhlet extiactoi.
This piocess continuously boils solvent then conuenses it ovei the plant mateiial until the
mateiial is submeigeu, then cycles the infuseu solvent back into the boiling vessel.
In the hanus of a skilleu chemist, any of these piocesses can piouuce safe anu high
quality extiact in a highly safe mannei. An unskilleu hobbyist, on the othei hanu, might not
manage to coiiectly follow the iathei complicateu pioceuuies anu piocesses. This woulu
likely iesult in an enu piouuct of lowei puiity anu a iiskiei piouuction piocess.
The costs heie aie uominateu by the equipment foi a vacuum uistillation piocess.
The equipment iequiieu foi the "iotovap" (iotaiy evapoiatoi) methou of vacuum
uistillation might be puichaseu foi a minimum of $4,Suu foi useu oi up to $1u,uuu foi new
equipment. A vacuum oven alone might be available foi $2uuu. 0n a small scale, a tabletop
uistillation unit woulu cost $2uu-$4uu anu is simple to opeiate. Bowevei, the cost of
solvents anu a jai to shake in woulu be less than $4u.

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This simple methou uoes not iequiie any skills oi equipment outsiue the scope of the home
cook. In this methou, cannabis is submeigeu in melteu buttei oi cooking oil in a laige
stockpot anu waimeu foi any numbei of houis. Sometimes, watei is auueu to help iemove
the chloiophyll anu plant mateiial fiom the sluiiy. Then the cannabis is filteieu out using
successive stiaineis anu cheesecloth.
Fiom an opeiatoi's stanupoint, this is extiemely safe, since theie aie no flammable
gases involveu, anu the consumei uoes not iisk exposuie to hyuiocaibons oi toxins.
Bowevei, the enu piouuct coulu have a highei bacteiial loau as a iesult of iesiuual plant
paiticulate, but fiozen stoiage will ieuuce that iisk. A uiawback to these methous is
piimaiily aesthetic. Coloi anu flavoi may impact final piouucts negatively.
Foi moie infoimation on extiaction teims, see Appenuix 1.

II. Potential Bealth Baims of Ingesting Resiuual Chemicals
The following solvent uiscussion peitains to liquiu solvents potentially useu in the "liquiu
solvent" methou of cannabinoiu extiaction. Nost of these solvents may not be available to
the geneial public, but aie uiscusseu in the 0S Phaimacopeial Convention chaptei (0SP,
2uu7) as chemicals commonly useu in the phaimaceutical inuustiy. 0.S Phaimacopeia
(0SP) is a stanuaiu by which heibal supplements, vitamins, anu ovei-the-countei (0TC)
meuications aie testeu foi stiength, puiity, miciobial loau, consistency anu function. 0SP
makes iecommenuations anu iules foi the manufactuie anu stoiage of iaw mateiials anu
extiacts. 0SP uiviues populai solvents into thiee classes, baseu on theii potential levels of
haim to consumeis (0SP, 2uu7).



August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 8 of 26
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Solvents in class 1 shoulu not be employeu in the manufactuie of cannabis oi any heibal,
extiacts, excipients, anu uiug piouucts because of theii known oi suspecteu
caicinogenicity oi theii ueleteiious enviionmental effect (0SP, 2uu7).

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Class 2 solvents aie toxic anu shoulu appeai only in limiteu concentiations. Peimitteu uaily
exposuies (PBE) aie given to the neaiest u.1 mguay, anu concentiations aie given to the
neaiest 1u ppm. 0SP uefines PBE as a phaimaceutically acceptable intake of iesiuual
solvents. The PBE calculation methous weie establisheu by methouologies anu toxicity
uata fiom stuuies by the Woilu Bealth 0iganization, 0.S. EPA, anu 0.S. FBA. The equation to
calculate the PBE foi a paiticulai solvent takes into consiueiation the no-obseiveu-effect
level (the highest uose at which theie aie no biologically significant incieases in effects foi
exposeu humansanimals), a weight aujustment, the extiapolation between species
(shoulu the stuuy have been caiiieu out on nonhumans to consiuei the compaiative
suiface aiea to bouy weight iatios), the vaiiability between inuiviuuals, anu the length of
the stuuy anu exposuie among otheis. Bowevei, as no theiapeutic benefit is ueiiveu fiom
iesiuual solvents, they shoulu be iemoveu to the gieatest extent possible (FBA, 2uu9).

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Solvents in class S may be iegaiueu as less toxic anu of lowei iisk to human health. None of
these solvents aie known as a human health hazaiu at levels noimally accepteu in cannabis
extiacts. Available uata inuicate that they aie less toxic in acute oi shoit-teim stuuies anu
negative in genotoxicity stuuies. (uenotoxicity uesciibes a uamaging action on a cell's
genetic mateiial affecting its integiity.) Accoiuing to 0SP iules, these iesiuual solvents may
be incluueu in piouucts without justification, so long as they appeai at levels less than Su
mg pei uaily uose (coiiesponuing to Suuu ppm, oi Smgg, oi u.S%). Bowevei, many of
them have not been stuuieu foi long-teim toxicity oi caicinogenicity; long-teim stuuy
might finu ueleteiious effects (FBA, 2uu9).

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As long as iesiuual solvent levels aie kept below the concentiation limits alloweu by 0SP
(Tables 1u, 11, 12), consumption of cannabis extiacts iepiesent a low iisk to consumei
health. The concentiation limits set by 0SP aie calculateu by the equation:
!"!"#!$%&$'(! !!" !
!"""!!"#!
!"
!"#
!
!"#$ !
!
!"#
!
. This equation assumes that a piouuct weight of 1ug
is auministeieu pei uay. Baseu on the concentiation limits anu PBEs, even a ielatively
uangeious extiact, with high levels of toxic iesiuual solvents, woulu have to be consumeu
in extiaoiuinaiy quantities in oiuei to exceeu that chemical's PBE. This is tiue iegaiuless
of methou of intake (although smoking anu vapoiizing iepiesent a somewhat lowei iisk,
since they may buin off any hyuiocaibons piioi to ingestion). Because cannabis extiacts
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 9 of 26
aie consumeu in such low volumes, cannabis extiacts coulu easily exceeu peimitteu
concentiations of class 2 anu S solvents without causing the consumei to exceeu PBEs oi
uaily uose levels iequiiing specific justification.
The following calculation uetails the health iisk of class S solvents. Assume one
giam of extiact, containing the maximum alloweu concentiation of class S solvent (Suuu
ppm, oi Smgg), anu a conseivative TBC concentiation of Su%. In gioss teims, this piouuct
contains Suumg of TBC anu Smg of class S solvents. Accoiuing to the 1umg seiving size
uetaileu in the I-Su2 iules, each seiving contains u.1mg of class S solvents. At this iate, a
consumei coulu consume Suu seivings of extiact oi maiijuana-infuseu piouuct befoie
ieaching levels foi which the 0SP woulu iequiie justification (0SP, 2uu7).
Class 2 solvents geneiate moie iisk, but only slightly. Foi extiacts containing
methanol at the highest concentiations alloweu by 0SP, a consumei woulu have to ingest
Suu seivings befoie bieaching PBEs. 0thei commonly useu class 2 solvents incluue hexane
(29 seivings pei uay alloweu), acetonitiile (41 seivings pei uay alloweu), chloiofoim (6
seivings alloweu), anu uichloiomethane (6u seivings alloweu).
Enviionmental conceins aie also at stake. In paiticulai, chloiinateu hyuiocaibons
(containing the class 1 solvents plus chloiofoim anu uichloiomethane) can be extiemely
hazaiuous to the enviionment, whethei evapoiateu oi pouieu uown sinks oi uiains. This
concein is negligible foi extiactois with solvent-iecoveiy systems, which allow them to
iecovei anu ieuse solvents iepeateuly without negative consequences. Bowevei, extiactois
without iecoveiy systems shoulu enlist the seivices of legitimate solvent uisposal seivices
(vanueibilt).

Table 1u: Class 1 solvents in phaimaceutical piouucts
Solvent
Concentiation limit
(ppm)
Concein
Benzene 2 Caicinogen
Caibon tetiachloiiue 4
Toxic anu enviionmental
hazaiu
1,2-Bichloioethane S Toxic
1,1-Bichloioethene 8 Toxic
1,1,1-Tiichloioethane 1Suu Enviionmental hazaiu


August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 10 of 26
Table 11: Class 2 solvents in phaimaceutical piouucts
Solvent PBE (mguay) Concentiation limit (ppm)
Acetonitiile 4.1 41u
Chloiobenzene S.6 S6u
Chloiofoim u.6 6u
Cyclohexane S8.8 S88u
1,2-Bichloioethene 18.7 187u
Bichloiomethane 6.u 6uu
1,2-Bimethoxyethane 1.u 1uu
N,N-Bimethylacetamiue 1u.9 1u9u
N,N-Bimethylfoimamiue 8.8 88u
1,4-Bioxane S.8 S8u
2-Ethoxyethanol 1.6 16u
Ethyleneglycol 6.2 62u
Foimamiue 2.2 22u
Bexane 2.9 29u
Nethanol Su.u Suuu
2-Nethoxyethanol u.S Su
Nethylbutyl ketone u.S Su
Nethylcyclohexane 11.8 118u
N-Nethylpyiioliuone 48.4 484u
Nitiomethane u.S Su
Pyiiuine 2.u 2uu
Sulfolane 1.6 16u
Tetialin 1.u 1uu
Toluene 8.9 89u
1,1,2-Tiichloioethene u.8 8u
Xylene* 21.7 217u


August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 11 of 26
Table 12: Class S solvents that shoulu be limiteu by quality-baseu iequiiements
Acetic aciu Beptane
Acetone Isobutyl acetate
Anisole Isopiopyl acetate
1-Butanol Nethyl acetate
2-Butanol S-Nethyl-1-butanol
Butyl acetate Nethylethyl ketone
teit-Butylmethyl ethei Nethylisobutyl ketone
Cumene 2-Nethyl-1-piopanol
Bimethyl sulfoxiue Pentane
Ethanol 1-Pentanol
Ethyl acetate 1-Piopanol
Ethyl ethei 2-Piopanol
Ethyl foimate Piopyl acetate
Foimic aciu Tetiahyuiofuian


III. Availability of Solvents anu Extiaction uases
0nlike buttei, cooking oil, anu glyceiin, extiaction gases aie not ieauily available in the
gioceiy stoie. While many aveiage quality solvents anu gases aie available at the local
haiuwaie stoie, the piouucts theie aie geneially intenueu foi inuustiial puiposes, not foi
making something to be smokeu oi eaten by humans. The highei quality gas, the moie
uifficult it may be to obtain. The moie puiifieu gases aie venueu at specialty gas ietaileis
who supply all kinus of compiesseu gases to vaiious inuustiies. Foi example, oxygen foi
hospitals, piopane foi home heating, nitious oxiue foi uentists, caibon uioxiue foi soua
piouuction, acetylene anu nitiogen foi weluing, anu butane anu piopane foi laboiatoiy
woik oi botanical extiaction. Because these venuois usually have inuustiial clients, it can
be uifficult foi an inuiviuual oi a piofessional cannabis extiactoi to establish a woiking
ielationship with these supplieis.

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Extiaction gases aie wiuely available, in both high- anu low-quality foims. Bigh puiity
liquiu hyuiocaibons aie available fiom local compiesseu gas ietaileis. These ietaileis have
low entiy-level iequiiements, but may balk at venuing to a maiijuana ielateu business. To
stait, tanks to be useu foi stoiage anu ieclamation must be puichaseu. A twenty-pounu
tank with a uip tube foi liquiu uptake can be puichaseu foi $1Su each. The tanks must be
sent to Texas foi iefilling, so it is common piactice to have an extia tank. N-butane, iso-
butane anu piopane aie available in CP (Chemically Puie) giaue (99.u% puie) anu
Instiument uiaue (99.S% puie). Nany gases aie also available in Technical uiaue (9S%
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 12 of 26
puie), but this giaue of gas foi n-butane, iso-butane, anu piopane is not stockeu as
fiequently. Filling an alieauy puichaseu twenty pounu tank with CP giaue liquiu
hyuiocaibon costs $2Su-$26u. Bepenuing on the uensity of the specific gas puichaseu, a
customei woulu be buying twenty to twenty-foui pounus. Filling an alieauy puichaseu
twenty pounu tank with Instiument uiaue liquiu hyuiocaibon costs $216-$Suu (Noico,
2uu9).
Baiuwaie stoie souiceu compiesseu gasses incluue LP oi liquiu piopane; useu eithei
foi baibeque giills oi smallei tanks foi plumbing iepaiis. The plumbing solueiing toich is
at least 8S% piopane, up to 1S% piopylene, anu up to 2.S% butane. It also incluues ethyl
meicaptan, the ouoiant auuitive which may have negative aesthetic effects on a final
cannabis extiact piouuct. Also available in the plumbing uepaitment is a bottle of
compiesseu piopylene. No uocumentation veiifies that piopylene is consiueieu uRAS.,
Bowevei, its piice anu availability coulu make it a viable choice foi an uneuucateu
extiactoi. While wiuely available, these gases aie pooi choices foi extiaction uue to theii
low puiity. 0thei uangeious solvent souices incluue baibeque giill tank exchanges. These
venuois offei low-giaue piopane, but at much too low a puiity giaue to be useu foi
consumable piouucts.

D; E&,*-./0 &) ?.@,.' E&FI#/$(
In the uniegulateu giay anu black maikets, maiijuana piocessois choose solvents baseu
piimaiily on availability. 0nfoitunately, access to high-quality solvents is quite limiteu to
cannabis extiactois, whethei oi not they possess an I-Su2 license.
Scientific supply houses (such as vWR, Fishei Scientific, anu Cole-Paimei) have
these solvents available at accessible piices anu in high quality. Bowevei, sales of these
chemicals aie extiemely iestiicteu, uue to policies aimeu at limiting supplies foi
methamphetamine labs anu othei types of illegal manufactuie. 0nfoitunately foi I-Su2
businesses, maiijuana extiaction businesses fall unuei this umbiella of illegal activity.
These policies make it extiemely uifficult, if not impossible, foi I-Su2 licensees to puichase
high-giaue solvents at scientific supply stoies.
Local haiuwaie anu home impiovement stoies pioviue wiuei access to solvents,
although at highly vaiiable qualities. Solvents typically on stock at such stoies incluue
naphtha (aka Rick Simpson 0il, containing 9S% hexane) anu uenatuieu alcohol
(appioximately 48% ethanol, 48% methanol, <4%methyl isobutyl ketone). Solvents
maikeu as foou-giaue aie geneially of highei puiity than theii inuustiial counteipaits,
even if neithei aie intenueu foi maiijuana extiaction. Foou uiaue ethanol is available in
laige volumes fiom uistilleiies. By obtaining a Class 2 peimit fiom WSLCB (WSLCB,
2u1Sb), a piocessoi is capable of buying laigei volumes (one to twenty-seven gallons fiom
one suppliei) (Alchemical Solutions, 2u1S). Even moie accessible is vegetable glyceiin,
available online foi $1-$S pei pounu befoie shipping, anu in one oi five gallon sizes.
vegetable glyceiin is an inefficient extiaction solvent, but is a useful base foi the final
piouuct useu foi uosing. Cannabis extiact is quite soluble in piopylene glycol. While this is
helpful foi some uses, the flavoi can be a ueteiient foi use in laige quantities.

August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 13 of 26
+1*$ 2T& V W&(./0 1/' 5/),(.&/ +*&0*1=( 1/' N#($ +*1-$.-#(

Nany consumeis eat cannabis-infuseu foous oi beveiages. It is impoitant to have an
accuiate anu piecise uose foi an euible piouuct. 0nce consumeu, the amount of TBC in the
bouy cannot be aujusteu. Cannabis extiacts shoulu be uecaiboxylateu (TBCA which is non-
psychoactive conveits into TBC which is psychoactive by losing C02) befoie infusion. An
extiact with TBCA still iemaining can leau to a highei uosage of TBC than uesiieu, uue to
the ieauy uecaiboxylation of TBCA ovei time.

I. Infusion Piactices
Befoie an extiact is useu foi infusion into a foou oi beveiage, it shoulu be uecaiboxylateu.
Becaiboxylation is the piocess by which TBCA (non-psychoactive foim of TBC natuially
occuiiing in the plant) is conveiteu into TBC (psychoactive). While this conveision can
happen unassisteu ovei time, infuseu piouuct makeis will usually use a contiolleu heating
piocess to activate the extiact. Beating an extiact at 1Su

C foi 1u minutes, oi at 14u

C foi
4S minutes, will usually successfully uecaiboxylate the extiact. An extiact shoulu be
analyzeu by a cannabis testing laboiatoiy both to assuie full uecaiboxylation anu to
ueteimine the potency of the extiact. (A piouuct may be consiueieu fully uecaiboxylateu if
at least 9S% of its cannabinoius have been conveiteu into uecaiboxylateu foims; it is
uniealistic to expect 1uu% conveision.) This potency ueteimination will allow the infuseu
piouuct makei to auu the piopei amount of extiact to a batch of infuseu euibles to achieve
a specific uosage.
An infuseu piouuct manufactuiei will piouuce an extiact in a final foim that is most
easily miscible into a given euible piouuct. Piouuceis often choose the foim of the extiact
baseu on compatibility with the intenueu matiix. Foi instance, cocoa buttei is often useu
foi infusing chocolate; ethanol-baseu extiact is often useu to make tinctuie oi canuies;
olive (oi othei) oil oi buttei aie useu to make bakeu goous; finally, piopylene glycol is
often useu to make vapoi pens.
Some infuseu piouuct makeis infuse on such a laige-scale that they simply weigh
extiacteu iesin into a batch of whatevei piouuct they aie making. Bowevei, it can be
uifficult to hanule anu accuiately weigh out concentiateu iesin, uue to its thick anu sticky
consistency. 0sing a caiiiei such as those listeu above (ethanol, cocoa buttei, olive oil,
buttei, glyceiin, anu piopylene glycol) helps mix the TBC moie homogeneously into a batch
of euibles. Baving a quantifieu, uoseu caiiiei also uilutes the TBC to a point wheie it can be
much moie piecisely measuieu into a batch.

II. Potential Eiiois Repeicussions of Impiopei Infusions
Seveial eiiois can occui uuiing the uosing of infuseu piouucts. Steps to avoiu these eiiois
can be taken.

August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 14 of 26
:; <1F-,F1$.&/ 3**&*(
Navigating the conveision between metiic anu Impeiial units anu unueistanuing the
uiffeience between milligiams, giams, anu milliliteis can intiouuce calculation eiiois into
the uosing piocess. While mathematical eiiois can be inheient in any piocess,
uocumenting the calculation steps on a piouuction log anu inseiting some checking anu
confiimation steps into the piouuction piocess can go a long way towaius eliminating
costly anu potentially uangeious math eiiois.

D; W#-1*C&4BF1$.&/ 3**&*(
Not completely unueistanuing the impact that tempeiatuie can have on the cannabinoius
can leau to uecaiboxylation eiiois. A manufactuiei may use a piocess that is so hot; the
cannabinoius actually uecompose, leaving an unuoseu oi unueiuoseu piouuct. Some
manufactuieis uo not uecaiboxylate at all piioi to uosing a batch of uough to be bakeu,
counting on the baking piocess to completely conveit the TBCA. This soit of pioceuuie
uoes not take into account the tempeiatuie uiffeiential between the oven cavity, the
suiface of the bakeu goou, anu the inteiioi of the bakeu goou. 0ften this piactice will iesult
in paitially activateu piouucts oi mistakenly ueactivateu piouucts. These piactices peisist
because potency testing of finisheu goous is only a newly manuateu piactice. (Foi moie
infoimation on testing piactices anu facilities, see Appenuix 4.)
In oiuei to uetect incompletely uecaiboxylateu piouucts, maiijuana-infuseu
piouucts anuoi extiacts shoulu be testeu foi Belta9 TBC anu foi TBCA (see Appenuix 2
foi moie on cannabinoius). A goal of 9S% uecaiboxylation of TBCA to TBC is attainable anu
uesiiable. This leaves the enu usei with a stable solution, with known psychoactivity.
0theiwise, piouuct potency is liable to inciease as its cannabinoius uecaiboxylate while
the piouuct sits on shelves awaiting sale. (Incomplete uecaiboxylation is uiscusseu in
gieatei uetail in "Testing foi Psychoactive Agents" (Babib, 2u1S) anu Pait Thiee - Testing
foi Psychoactivity, Resiuual Solvents, anu Contaminants.)
Incomplete uecaiboxylation shoulu be manageu in the iegulatoiy guiuelines. TBCA
is an unstable compounu. It will tenu towaiu a moie stable foim by losing a C02 molecule
(uecaiboxylating) anu becoming TBC. It will uo this ovei time, even at ioom tempeiatuie,
in a canuy oi cookie. If an extiact is only Su% uecaiboxylateu, then the final piouuct coulu
have 1umg TBC, anu 1umg TBCA. 0vei an unknown amount of time this may become a
2umg TBC euible. Illustiating this incongiuity in anothei way, if an euible is auveitiseu as a
1umg euible but has Smg TBCA anu Smg TBC, the consumei will not get the level of
psychoactivity expecteu fiom a 1umg piouuct. This will altei theii peiception of what a
1umg piouuct feels like, potentially compelling them to buy a stiongei than necessaiy
infuseu piouuct next time. Even moie iisky, a manufactuiei coulu cieate a fiozen uough
piouuct with 1umg TBC anu 4umg TBCA anu pioviue instiuctions to the enu usei that the
piouuct will ieally 'pop' if bakeu at SuuF foi 1S minutes. Baking unuei these conuitions
coulu easily inciease the TBC level to neaily 4Smg, as TBCA conveits into TBC. Such a
piouuct might woik aiounu the 1umg-TBC limit pei seiving foi maiijuana-infuseu
piouucts (WSLCB, 2u1Sa).

August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 15 of 26
H; ?1-9 &) N1$-% P--,*1-B
An infuseu piouuct piouucei neeus to piecisely measuie ingieuients anu hone theii
piocesses in oiuei to get the exact numbei of seivings at the coiiect size anu uosage as
expecteu. Cuiiently, most untesteu euibles aie meiely cobbleu togethei with no iegaiu foi
accuiacy oi piecision. Ensuiing consistent anu accuiately uoseu piouucts ieuuces iisks of
both unuei- anu oveiuosing. Although the costs of oveiuosing aie obvious - manifesting in
emeigency ioom visits, highei iisk foi acciuents, anu peihaps incieaseu chance foi habit-
foimation - theie aie also iisks associateu with unueiuosing. Consumeis might iesponu to
unueiuoseu piouucts by iaising theii uesiieu nominal uose; moieovei, unueiuosing
thieatens the integiity of the potency labeling system anu the value of the commeicial
maiijuana maiket as a whole.
It has not been stanuaiu pioceuuie in the black anu giay maikets foi infuseu
piouuct makeis to submit theii piouucts foi potency testing, although it is uone on
occasion. In most ciicumstances, the cannabinoiu content auveitiseu on infuseu piouuct
labels is calculateu via a moie inuiiect methou, if at all. Infuseu piouuct makeis will begin
with a cannabinoiu extiact of known potency - eithei extiacteu themselves oi puichaseu
fiom an inuepenuent extiactoi - anu caiefully piopoition this uose into the infuseu
piouuct.
When uone competently, this piocess can piouuce infuseu piouucts with accuiate
anu consistent uoses. Nost infuseu piouuct manufactuieis emphasize they measuie to the
u.u1g when weighing out iesin. Noieovei, many ieconstitute iesin extiact into an ethanol
oi oil base in oiuei to pioviue moie accuiate measuiement anu bettei piouuct
assimilation. Bowevei, if the cannabinoiu extiacts useu as ingieuients aie impiopeily
testeu (oi of inflateu potency, as often occuis in the cuiient uniegulateu testing inuustiy),
the potency of the infuseu piouuct will be symmetiically unuei- oi ovei-uoseu.
Expeiienceu laige-scale quality infuseu euible piouuceis maintain a 1u-12%
piecision goal foi theii batches. Bowevei, even competent small-scale piouuceis can
expeiience vaiiability of 1S%-2u%. An attainable stanuaiu foi even small-scale piouuceis
in the I-Su2 maiket may be 2u%, which woulu be in line with stanuaius foi othei
analogous inuustiies such as foou piouuction anu nutiitional supplement piouuction.

III. 0thei Conceins: Stoiage, Testing Piotocols
Extiacts of any matiix shoulu be ioutinely stoieu unuei iefiigeiation foi incieaseu
stability. Some infusions can be stoieu in the fieezei, such as ethanol solutions oi buttei
infusions. A piocessoi coulu choose to extiact the cannabis to piouuce a iesin, then stoie
that iesin unuei iefiigeiation oi fieezing until infusing it into ethanol, oil, glyceiin, oi the
caiiiei of choice, when neeueu foi piouuction.
0sing this scenaiio, ceitain laboiatoiy tests woulu be peitinent only at specific
points in the piocess. Foi example, the iesin shoulu most ceitainly be testeu foi solvent
iesiuue if a liquiu hyuiocaibon oi solvent was useu to piepaie it. But, if the iesin is
uestineu to be infuseu into a caiiiei, it makes little sense to manuate potency testing until
the extiact is infuseu into its final uosing foim. In this scenaiio, theie coulu be a 'mothei' lot
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 16 of 26
of iesin, which is infuseu into seveial smallei lots of infuseu extiact solutions; ethanol, olive
oil, piopylene glycol, etc.

+1*$ 2%*## 7 2#($./0 PI1.F1C.F.$B 1/' <&($
Extiacteu anu infuseu piouucts, like usable maiijuana, ought to be testeu foi both
psychoactive potency anu haimful contaminants. Bowevei, these piocesses aie uiffeient
than that foi usable maiijuana in impoitant iegaius. In teims of potency, the feasible iange
of concentiations is much highei, since concentiations aie not limiteu by the cannabis
flowei's natuial capacities foi chemical piouuction. Insteau, use of uiffeient extiaction
anuoi infusion piocesses can cieate infusions that aie veiy low potency oi concentiates
that aie quite the opposite. Seconuaiily, some extiacts anu infusions aie solu with the
expectation that the piouuct has been fully uecaiboxylateu, such that all TBC-A anu CBB-A
has been conveiteu into TBC anu CBB; othei extiacts anu infusions may be uelibeiately
solu anu maiketeu in caiboxylateu foims. In teims of toxic content, extiacts anu infusions
suffei an auuitional souice of contamination: iesiuual solvents. The uangei heie vaiies
baseu on both concentiations anu the paiticulai chemical useu as solvent (as pieviously
uiscusseu in Pait Two). A thiiu concein, as with all manufactuieu foou items, is miciobial
giowth. Anu finally, the fouith concein is the tiansfei of any chemical contaminants
(pesticiue, giowth mouulatois, etc.) fiom the iaw plant mateiial to the extiact.
Nultiple tests can be uone on cannabis piouucts. Labs use uiffeient types of
chiomatogiaphy to test foi potency anu contaminants. The cost anu sample size iequiieu
foi testing may uetei some uistiibutois fiom testing each batch of cannabis foi potency anu
contamination.
Foi moie infoimation on testing facilities, see Appenuix 4.

I. Testing foi Psychoactives
Testing extiacts foi psychoactivity is a ielatively low laboi test, anu accoiuing to a suivey
of testing labs, shoulu cost aiounu $Su anu iequiies a u.Sg sample size. Bowevei, testing a
finisheu euible piouuct foi potency can iaise a host of complications. Extiacting
cannabinoius fiom a cookie oi beveiage involves sepaiating the cannabinoius fiom sugai,
floui, chocolate, anu fat. A lab shoulu uo extensive methou uevelopment with each kinu of
euible (bakeu goous, haiu canuies, beveiages, etc.) to ensuie that theii extiaction methou
is efficiently anu completely iemoving all the cannabinoius fiom the euible. Auuitionally,
once complete extiaction is confiimeu the sample must be 'cleaneu' of othei contaminants
that may inteifeie with chiomatogiaphic analysis. This extensive methou uevelopment anu
auuitional sample tieatment expenses may make finisheu goou analysis moie expensive.
Bigh-peifoimance liquiu chiomatogiaphy (BPLC) is the piefeiieu instiumentation
iecommenueu foi euibles oi extiacts TBC analysis. It allows foi the sepaiation,
iuentification, anu quantification of each component in a sample. It is impoitant to
uiffeientiate between TBCA anu TBC so that consumeis can see the actual psychoactivity
expecteu fiom the piouuct. 0sing BPLC, the cannabinoius aie not chemically mouifieu, anu
theiefoie uata on both the aciuic anu neutial foims can be collecteu.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 17 of 26
Finisheu goous shoulu be testeu iegulaily, with a piecision goal of +-1u%. uoou
manufactuiing piactices will assuie consistent accuiacy anu piecision. Theie coulu be a
iegulai scheuule of batch testing to confiim that finisheu goous aie uoseu consistently anu
coiiectly. Theie shoulu be an acceptable iange of uose accuiacy, outsiue of which piouucts
aie iejecteu.

II. Testing foi Solvent anu Chemical Resiuue
Tests foi solvent iesiuue foi maiijuana extiacts aie still in theii infancy. Nationwiue, fewei
than five meuical maiijuana laboiatoiies offei the seivice, anu most of those offeiings aie
still unueigoing uevelopment. Wheie these tests aie available, they often chaige $7S pei
sample anu iequiie a u.Sg sample of extiact (Baneman, 2u1S). Foi piocessois known to be
using non-toxic solvents, such as C02 oi Foou uiaue ethanol, iesiuual solvent tests woulu
be unnecessaiy.
If useable maiijuana anu tiim mateiial contains any chemical iesiuues fiom pesticiues,
miticiues, mycotoxins, oi giowth mouulatois, those chemicals can sometimes be extiacteu
anu concentiateu into a cannabis extiact. Any cannabis useu foi extiaction shoulu be testeu
piioi to extiaction foi these chemical iesiuues.

III. Testing foi Niciobial anu Fungal Content
Finisheu euible goous shoulu be testeu foi miciobial loau. Piocessois will neeu to leain anu
enfoice foou hanuling anu packaging iules in oiuei to successfully keep healthy piouucts
on the shelves anu meet ieasonable 'best by' uates. Some piouucts have a highei iisk of
miciobial giowth than otheis. Foi example, a muffin will moie likely molu than a haiu
canuy. In auuition to pooi hanuling anu packaging piactices, the auuition of uaiiy anu
highei moistuie content inciease the iisk of miciobial piolifeiation.
An extiact maue using solvent, liquiu hyuiocaibon, oi C02 shoulu be ienueieu
steiile by the extiaction piocess, anu neeu not be subjecteu to paiticulai tests foi miciobial
anuoi fungal content (Appenuino, 2uu8).
Extiactions peifoimeu with buttei oi oil extiacts aie not equally steiile. Bacteiia
ieauily giow on any plant mateiial that iemains floating in cooking oil, anu buttei itself can
go ianciu oi moluy. A buttei oi oil extiact that tests clean upon piouuction still may host
bacteiia oi giow molu ovei time, uepenuing on how it is stoieu. The exception to this
fecunuity pioblem woulu be if an extiact was maue using a liquiu hyuiocaibon oi C02
solvent anu subsequently uissolveu into oil, iathei than extiacteu using oil. This piouuct
woulu caiiy lowei iisks foi bacteiial oi fungal content.
Nolubacteiia testing as uesciibeu in the Cannabis Nonogiaph may be unusually
costly if a 2Sg sample size is iequiieu foi extiacts (as inuicateu in the monogiaph) as well
as finisheu goous. Insteau, an extiact coulu be testeu as a iepiesentative sample of finisheu
seiving size.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 18 of 26
Finisheu goous shoulu be ioutinely testeu foi bacteiial anu fungal loau iegaiuless of
what kinu of extiact they weie uoseu with. Piouucts that ietain a high amount of moistuie
aie moie conuucive to miciobial giowth than uiiei goous.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 19 of 26
P>>#/'.4 :M 34$*1-$.&/

1. N,$1/# (open tube): This methou is the use of a coppei, oi othei mateiial, tube with
semi-closeu enus packeu with cannabis, into which butane is injecteu into one enu
anu collecteu out the othei. Butane is then usually evapoiateu in the open aii (FBA,
2u1Sc).
2. N,$$#*X&.F ./),(.&/ (ciock pot, stove top): This is a methou of extiacting
cannabinoius fiom cannabis by submeiging, heating, anu mixing plant mateiial with
melteu buttei oi waim oil. The plant mateiial is iemoveu using cheesecloth oi
muslin. Theie is often iesiuual plant mateiial in the extiact.
S. <F&(#' F&&> (B($#=: This is an extiaction system that contains anu collects the
extiaction solvent without exposing it to the ambient enviionment.
4. ?.@,.' %B'*&-1*C&/ (closeu loop): This is an encloseu system, usually stainless
steel incluuing at least thiee basic paits: a tank foi LB stoiage, an extiaction vessel
to holu plant mateiial, anu a collection vessel to holu extiact. A valveu tube connects
the collection vessel anu the LB stoiage tank. A system that uses exteinal heat anu
colu souices to move the solvent is calleu a tamisium. A system that auus the use of
a pump is simply a LB Extiactoi.
S. ?.@,.' %B'*&-1*C&/: Some examples aie butane, iso-butane, anu piopane. A liquiu
hyuiocaibon is any solvent maue of caibon anu hyuiogen atoms that is in a gaseous
state at ioom tempeiatuie anu piessuie, but can be stoieu as a liquiu in a
piessuiizeu tank.
6. ?.@,.' (&FI#/$ (shaken, soxhlet extiaction, sonication): This is the use of a liquiu
foim solvent in a jai oi othei vessel. 0ne pouis solvent ovei plant mateiial anu
extiacts cannabinoius by shaking oi sonicating. The cannabis solvent is collecteu by
filteiing out the plant mateiial. The solvent can be ieuuceu oi completely
evapoiateu eithei in the open aii by hotplate oi can be iecollecteu by using vacuum
uistillation.
7. E$&I#$&> #I1>&*1$.&/: This is the use of electiic oi gas stove to evapoiate the
solvent, theieby concentiating the cannabis extiact. This methou is veiy hazaiuous
uue to the cieation of flammable oi explosive vapois aiounu householu appliances.
8. E,>#*-*.$.-1F )F,.' #4$*1-$.&/ (caibon uioxiue): This methou uses liquefieu caibon
uioxiue unuei high piessuie to extiact cannabinoius fiom plant mateiial. Regulai
beveiage giaue C02 can be utilizeu, but high puiity instiument giaue C02 is bettei
foi the equipment. C02 can be ieclaimeu oi haimlessly uispeiseu aftei extiaction.
This methou has veiy expensive entiy costs, but is veiy cheap to use. This piocess is
often useu to extiact caffeine fiom coffee oi many othei active compounus fiom
heibs oi plants.
9. 21=.(.,= #4$*1-$&*: This is a closeu loop system in which the hyuiocaibon
solution is moveu passively by heating to expanu anu cooling to conuense into
anothei vessel (Tamisium Extiactois, 2u1S).
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 20 of 26
1u. Y1-,,= '.($.FF1$.&/: This is use of a waim watei bath, a vacuum pump anu a
chilleu conuensei useu to evapoiate anu collect solvent while leaving behinu
cannabis extiact. 0ne veision with a iotating flask is commonly known as a
'iotovap'. These aie commonly useu in laboiatoiies foi concentiating samples.
11. Z./$#*.[1$.&/: This is the fieezing of a solvent cannabis extiact, causing plant
waxes anu othei unwanteu plant mateiials to fall out of solution. Aftei
winteiization, the waxes aie filteieu out of the solution.


August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 21 of 26
P>>#/'.4 DM <1//1C./&.'(

1. <1//1C.'.&F (CBB): This binus to the CB2 ieceptoi. CBB is not psychoactive. It has
been pioven to have seveial theiapeutic qualities incluuing inhibiting some of the
moie unpleasant siue effects of high uoses of Belta 9 TBC. CBB exhibits anti-
inflammatoiy, anti-seizuie, anti-cancei, anu neuiopiotective qualities.
2. <1//1C.'.&F.- 1-.' (CBBA): This is the aciu foim of CBB. This aciu foim, like
TBCA, is the most pievalent foim of CBB in fiesh plant mateiial. 9u-99% of the
CBB in fiesh plants is founu in this aciu foim. CBBA conveits to CBB by losing a
C02 molecule, most likely by heatingsmoking the plant mateiial.
S. <1//1C./&F (CBN): This is a uegiauation piouuct of Belta 9 TBC. It is not
consiueieu psychoactive oi paiticulaily theiapeutic, although it has been shown to
miluly stimulate the appetite.
4. W#F$1V\V$#$*1%B'*&-1//1C./&F: This is an analogue of tetiahyuiocannabinol
(TBC) with antiemetic, anxiolytic, appetite-stimulating, analgesic, anu
neuiopiotective piopeities. Belta-8-tetiahyuiocannabinol (uelta-8-TBC) binus to
the cannabinoiu u-piotein coupleu ieceptoi CB1, locateu in the cential neivous
system. This agent exhibits a lowei psychotiopic potency than uelta-9-
tetiahyuiocannabinol (uelta-9-TBC) (National Cancei Institute).
S. W#F$1V]V$#$*1%B'*&-1//1C./&F (TBC): This is the psychoactive component of
cannabis. It is in veiy low concentiation in fiesh plant mateiial, but is foimeu by
the uecaiboxylation of TBCA, most often by heatingsmoking the plant mateiial. It
binus to the CB1 anu CB2 ieceptois in the bouy.
Foi moie infoimation of ieceptois anu cannabis inteiaction with the human bouy
see Appenuix S.
6. 2#*>#/#: This is a class of chemical founu wiuely in natuie. Nost often, teipenes
aie the ouifeious component of heibs anu shiubs. They aie extiacteu as essential
oils. Cannabis has many teipenes that aie common in othei common heibs.
Linalool is in lavenuei. Pinene is in eveigieen tiees. Limonene is in citius iinu.
Betacaiyophyllene is in black peppei. All of these aie piesent in many stiains of
cannabis as well. While not psychoactive, they aie piesumeu to be theiapeutic in
natuie.
7. 2#$*1%B'*&-1//1C./&F.- 1-.'VP(TBCA): This is the A isomei of TBC Aciu. TBCA
is the most pievalent foim of TBC in the cannabis plant. It is not psychoactive. 9u-
99% of the TBC in a fiesh oi iecently haivesteu cannabis plant is in this non-
psychoactive foim. TBCA conveits to TBC by losing a C02 molecule. This piocess is
calleu 'uecaiboxylation' anu is piomoteu by heat, 0v, anu oxiuation.

August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 22 of 26
P>>#/'.4 HM A,=1/ 5/$#*1-$.&/ T.$% <1//1C.(

1. <N: *#-#>$&*: This is a natuially occuiiing cannabinoiu ieceptoi locateu
piimaiily in the cential neivous system, but also in some peiipheial tissues.
2. <ND *#-#>$&*: This is a natuially occuiiing cannabinoiu ieceptoi locateu
exclusively in peiipheial tissues, immune cells, anu oigans. It is not associateu
with the cential neivous system
S. L8PE: This stanus foi geneially iecognizeu as safe. It is a categoiy of foou
auuitives that have not gone unuei extensive sciutiny anu ieview because they
have been auequately shown to be safe unuei the conuitions of theii intenueu use
(FBA, 2u1Sa).
4. "1*.^,1/1 -&/-#/$*1$#: This is a physically concentiateu foim of cannabis. The
active cannabinoius aie all in the plant's tiichomes: biittle, sticky iesinous bulbs
that foim on the leaves anu floweis of the plant. A concentiate is maue by
physically iemoving anu collecting those tiichomes. This is uone using a silkscieen
mateiial anu colu watei (bubble hash) oi by using veiy fine sieves (kief).
S. "1*.^,1/1 #4$*1-$ (iesin): This is a chemically extiacteu concentiate, maue by
using non-polai solvents, liquiu hyuiocaibons, oi caibon uioxiue. It is geneially a
golu to biown sticky iesinous substance. It is useu to make extiact foi uosing
maiijuana infuseu euibles oi also foi uiiectly smoking.
6. "1*.^,1/1 ./),(#' C#I#*10#: This is often a soua oi "eneigy shot".
7. "1*.^,1/1 ./),(#' #'.CF#: This is a foou item in which cannabinoius have been
auueu eithei by auuing cannabis buttei, oil, alcohol extiact, oi just stiaight extiact.
8. "1*.^,1/1 ./),(#' F.@,.': This is a tinctuie, sublingual spiay, cooking oil, ethanol
solution, oi a glycol solution.





!""#$%&' )* +#,#-./0 +#1-.%&$1 2-$$-3&, 4#,5&$1 6-37.-57.&#,
Bo you test
extiacts foi
iesiuual
solvent.
Which
solvents uo
you typically
test foi.
Bo you consult
with youi
customeis about
calculating
uosages.
Bo you consult with
youi customeis
about
uecaiboxylation on
extiacts to be useu
foi euibles.
Bo you test infuseu piouucts,
bakeu goous, canuies, anuoi
beveiages foi potency. BPLC oi
uC. If uC, what kinu of uetectoi is
useu foi solvent iesiuue analysis.
Which is moie populai, testing of
extiacts oi of infuseu goous. What
is the iatio between the two in
youi lab.
Bave you testeu
infuseu
piouucts foi
miciobial
giowth. If yes,
uo you plate oi
use PCR.
What uo you chaige
pei sample. Bo you
chaige moie pei
sample foi finisheu
infuseu piouucts than
foi extiacts oi plant
mateiial.
Analytical S6u

(Analytical S6u,
2u11), (Ranuy
0livei, peisonal
communication,
August 7, 2u1S)
Yes we often
pioviue them with
the equations to
calculate the final
uilution anu oi
othei mass
balance
calculations.
Yes we often pioviue
infoimation
iegaiuing how to
tieat the sample to
piouuce an activateu
piouuct.
0se BPLC (moie pieciseefficient
that uC). We test twice as many
concentiates as euibles. 2:1 in the
last 9u uays.
Plate assay is
useu foi
miciobial
scieening.
Potency oi Niciobial:
$6usample
Potency anu
Niciobial:
$8Ssample
Not cuiiently but uue
to the auuitional
extiaction time it
woulu make sense to
chaige moie.
u0AT labs

(u.0.A.T. Labs,
2u1S)
0se both BPLC anu uC. uC: SRI
861uuC with FIB, BELCB, anu NPB
uetectois
BPLC: AgilentBP 1uSu BPLC
qPCR: ueneAmp 96uu PCR
0se qPCR anu
micio-plate
ieauei

NW Botanical
Analysis

(NWBA, 2u12),
(Alex Piinule,
peisonal
communication,
August 7, 2u1S)
Tests foi
butane (most
fiequent
solvent foi
concentiates)
to ppm
Yesno. we
pioviue info that
allows them to
uose the piouuct
appiopiiately. IE.
we tell them what
similai piouucts
aie typically
uoseu at anu we
iepoit iesults in
mgg, oi mgml
as well as in
peicentage of
weight.
Yes, This is a basic
chait that shows
uecaiboxylation of a
hexane extiaction
which is similai to
othei extiaction
methous, anu explain
the benefits of low
temp, long time
uecaiboxylation
(teipene ietention,
full extiaction, etc.).
Potency analysis using uC.
Extiacts. S:1 Extiacts:Infuseu
euibles. Although, this isn't ieally
iepiesentative as we uon't uo aciu
values yet so many of those clients
use othei testing facilities foi those
piouucts.
Potency, pesticiue,
molu, butane anu
teipene analysis: $Su
each. No, but we
shoulu. Not suie how
things will ieact with
BPLC Extiactions as
we just ieceiveu oui
BPLC last week anu
aie still familiaiizing
ouiselves with it.
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 24 of 26

Resiuual Solvents Customei
Bosage
Consultation
Customei
Becaiboxylation
Consultation
Infusions Potency Testing.
Nethou. Ratio of Infusion to
Extiacts.
Infusions
Niciobial Testing.
Piice pei sample.
Infusions v. Extiacts v.
Plant.
SC Labs

(SC Labs, 2u1S)



Resiuual Solvent
Testing: uCFIB,
Beau space
analysis, NS
Tests foi: acetone,
butane, piopane,
pentane, hexane,
heptane, ethanol,
isopiopanol.
Potency testing using BPLC in
floweis, concentiates anu euibles
uC causes aciuic cannabinoius to
bieak uown into theii neutial
foims
LCNS useu foi pesticiue testing
Teipene Analysis uses uCFIB
qPCR useu foi
pathogen testing
Niciobiological
Scieening: Real
Time PCR (much
fastei than
plating)
LCNS useu foi
pesticiue testing
Teipene Analysis
uses uCFIB

Steep Bill

(Steep Bill,
2u1S)
Analyze all cannabis piouucts -
floweis, concentiates, kief, hash,
oils, tinctuies anu euibles
0ses uCNS to test foi potency
BPLC anu ELISA useu to test foi
pesticiues
Equipment: Agilent 789u
uCFlame Ionization Betectoi with
786S Autosamplei
Agilent S97S NS w EI
Agilent 11uu seiies BPLC
Spectiamax 2Su micioplate ieauei
Binuei BB-24u Incubatoi
0se plates to
count molu.
Sample size: 2 giams
foi potency scieening,
2 giams foi safety
scieening


August 18, 2013 FINAL Page 25 of 26
!"#"$"%&"'

Alchemical Solutions. (2u1S). 0iganic Alcohol. Retiieveu fiom
http:oiganicalcohol.comstoie
Analytical S6u. (2u11). Retiieveu fiom http:analyticalS6u.com
Appenuino, u. et al. (2uu8). Antibacteiial Cannabinoius fiom Cannabis sativa: A Stiuctuie-
Activity Stuuy. }ouinal of Natuial Piouucts. 71, 1427-14Su.
http:pubs.acs.oiguoipuf1u.1u21np8uu267S
u.0.A.T. Labs. (2u1S). Retiieveu fiom http:goatlabs.us
Babib, R., Finighan, R., & Bavenpoit, S. (2u1S). Testing foi Psychoactive Agents. B0TEC.
Baneman, P. (2u1S). Assessing the Cuiient Capacity of the 0nlicenseu Testing Inuustiy.
B0TEC.
National Cancei Institute. Belta-8-tetiahyuiocannabinol. Retiieveu fiom
http:www.cancei.govuiuguictionaiy.cuiiu=48S262
Noico. (2uu9). Retiieveu fiom http:www.noico-inc.comstoie-
locatoi.filteiu=Washington
NWBA. (2u12). Retiieveu fiom http:nwbotanicalanalysis.comseivices.html
Ronson Butane Refill NSBS. (2u11). Retiieveu fiom
http:www.uefenu.comuploausfilesRonson%2uButane%2uRefill%2uNSBS%2u1
-1-2u11.puf
SC Labs. (2u1S). Retiieveu fiom http:scanalytical.com
Steep Bill. (2u1S). Retiieveu fiom http:steephilllab.comaboutfaq
Tamisium Extiactois. (2u1S). Bow Boes It Woik viueo. Retiieveu fiom
http:www.tamisiumextiactois.cominuex.phphow-it-woiks-siue
0.S. Foou anu Biug Auministiation. (2uu9). QSC Impuiities: Resiuual Solvents. Retiieveu
fiom http:www.fua.govRegulatoiyInfoimationuuiuancesucm12829u.htm
0.S. Foou anu Biug Auministiation. (2u1Sa). ueneially Recognizeu as Safe. Retiieveu fiom
http:www.fua.govFoouIngieuientsPackagingLabelinguRASuefault.htm
0.S. Foou anu Biug Auministiation. (2u1Sb). Coue of Feueial Regulations Title 21.
Retiieveu fiom
http:www.accessuata.fua.govsciiptscuihcfuocscfcfiCFRSeaich.cfm.fi=184.16
SS
0.S. Foou anu Biug Auministiation. (2u1Sc). Coue of Feueial Regulations Title 21.
Retiieveu fiom
http:www.accessuata.fua.govsciiptscuihcfuocscfcfiCFRSeaich.cfm.fi=184.11
6S
August 24, 2013 FINAL Page 26 of 26
0.S. Phaimacopeia. (2uu7). Resiuual Solvents. Retiieveu fiom
http:www.usp.oigsitesuefaultfilesusp_pufEN0SPNFgeneialChaptei467Cuii
ent.puf
vanueibilt 0niveisity. uuiue to Laboiatoiy SinkSewei Bisposal of Wastes. Retiieveu fiom
http:www.vanueibilt.euuviibiechemical-waste-sewei-uisposal.puf
Washington State Liquoi Contiol Boaiu. (2u1Sa). Pioposeu Rules Bighlights. Retiieveu
fiom http:www.liq.wa.govpublicationsNaiijuanaI-Su2pioposeu_iulesi-
Su2_Biaft_Rule_Summaiy_S_6-28-1S.puf
Washington State Liquoi Contiol Boaiu. (2u1Sb). Licensing Foims anu Applications.
Retiieveu fiom http:www.liq.wa.govlicensinglicensing-foims-anu-applications
Woithington Cylinueis. Inuustiial uas Banu Toich Cylinueis. Retiieveu fiom
http:www.woithingtoncylinueis.comLibiaiiesNSBS_SheetsWCuu1_NAP-
Pio_Piemium_Banu_Toich_Fuel.sflb.ashx