ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!

ersity of A"sterda"

Social housing demolition as state-led gentrification in Portos city centre

Jo#o $ueir%s
Institute of Sociology University of Porto PORTUGAL E-mail !"ueiros#letras$u%$%t

Abstract &ra'ing on an account of t(e (istory of t(e relations )et'een t(e resi*ents of a social (ousing estate in Porto+ Portugal+ an* state aut(orities+ t(is %a%er 'is(es to *iscuss t(e case of a strongly stigmatise* an* *isa*vantage* 'or,ing class social (ousing neig()our(oo* '(ose *emolition 'as recently initiate*$ -uilt in a riversi*e location !ust outsi*e t(e city centre in t(e 1./0s to accommo*ate 120 families *is%lace* from t(e city3s ancient core as a result of t(e ur)an rene'al of t(at area+ &airro do Alei'o (as )ecome t(e most *emonise* %u)lic (ousing neig()our(oo* in Porto+ es%ecially since it starte* to )e %u)lically %resente* as an irre%ara)le 4*rug su%ermar,et5 an* 4ur)an ulcer5$ -y (ig(lig(ting t(e 'ays t(roug( '(ic( state 6in7action contri)ute* to t(e *egra*ation an* stigmatisation of t(is neig()our(oo* once a %rou*ly %u)licise* social (ousing 4%ilot %ro!ect5 an*+ eventually+ to t(e %resentation of its *emolition+ as in a selffulfilling %ro%(ecy+ as t(e 4inevita)le5 reme*y to an ot(er'ise 4unsolva)le5 %ro)lem+ t(is %a%er 'is(es to reveal (o' t(e current tren*s in social (ousing management in Porto '(ic( entail t(e *emolition of t(e most stigmatise* neig()our(oo*s an* t(e *is%lacement an* *is%ersal of t(eir in(a)itants are %art an* %arcel of a state-le* strategy favouring ur)an re*evelo%ment t(roug( t(e real estate an* %rivate (ousing mar,ets3 a%%ro%riation of %u)lic lan* in t(e city centre$

Keywords: Social (ousing *emolition8 ur)an re*evelo%ment8 *is%lacement8 state-le* gentrification8 Porto$

ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

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Introduction In 9anuary 2012+ t(e front-%age of Porto3s city council official maga:ine %resente* t(e ta,e-off of t(e *emolition of &airro do Alei'o1+ a local social (ousing estate+ as 4t(e )eginning of a ne' era5$ T'o 'ee,s )efore+ one of t(e estate3s five 11-storey to'ers (a* )een im%lo*e* as a result of t(e city council3s *ecision to *ismantle t(e neig()our(oo* an* re*evelo% t(e area an* t(e event 'as o%enly commen*e* )y local aut(orities Porto 'as finally getting itself ri* of a 4national *rug sanctuary5 an* its 4most %ro)lematic social (ousing estate5 6;<P 2012 18 =7$ 4T(is 'as an im%ortant ste% to'ar*s t(e re(a)ilitation of social (ousing in Porto+ a ste% ma*e on )e(alf of social !ustice+ )ut also on )e(alf of ur)an safety5+ sai* t(e mayor !ust after 'atc(ing t(e *emolition of Alei'o3s 4To'er >5 6;<P 2012 ?7$ T(e *ismantling of t(is estate is %art of t(e city council3s strategy to 4%ut an en* to an ur)an nig(tmare5+ )y re*evelo%ing an area '(ic( is %lace* in a riverfront location rig(t ne@t to t(e city centre )ut is )est ,no'n as t(e city3s 4most %ro)lematic an* stigmatise* neig()our(oo*5 an* 4main *rug traffic,ing centre5$ Accor*ing to t(e city councillor for (ousing issues+ t(e *emolition of t(e neig()our(oo*3s five to'ers an* t(e relocation of local families to ot(er social (ousing estates 'it(in t(e city is t(e only a*e"uate res%onse to t(e 4%(ysical an* social *egra*ation5 of Alei'o an* t(e only 'ay to u%turn t(e long-term negative image en*ure* )y t(ose living in t(is neig()our(oo* 4Alt(oug( it3s true it3s not t(roug( *emolition you fig(t *rug traffic,ing+ it3s also a fact t(at even if t(e to'ers 'ere reforme* or re%lace* )y a set of ne' )uil*ings t(e %eo%le living t(ere 'oul* never sto% )eing loo,e* as AAlei'o3s resi*ents35 6;<P 2012 107$ After t(e *emolition+ t(e re*evelo%ment of t(e o%ene* u% lan* 'ill )e u%(el* )y a 4s%ecial real estate investment fun*5 manage* )y a financial society lin,e* to a ma!or Portuguese )an,$ T(e fun* is %artici%ate* )y t(e city council 6'it( a minority sta,e7 an* )y a consortium of %rivate investors 6;<P 2012 ?-.7$ Alt(oug( a )rief (istorical account of Alei'o3s social evolution t(roug(out t(e almost four *eca*es of its e@istence 'oul* )e relevant for a closer un*erstan*ing of its %resent situation+ references to t(e estate3s origins an* tra!ectory are minimal$ T(e city council3s official re%ort on t(e *emolition sim%ly states t(at Alei'o 'as )uilt in t(e 1./0s an*+ 4as far as one ,no's to*ay5+ not for t(e %ur%ose it en*e* u% (aving+ t(at is+ as a social rente* (ousing estate 6;<P 2012 107$ A )rief c(ec, in t(e city council3s arc(ives 'oul* s(o'+ (o'ever+ t(at t(is information is inaccurate8 actually+ it 'oul* (ig(lig(t t(e fact t(at t(e estate 'as once a %rou*ly %u)licise* social (ousing 4%ilot %ro!ect5+ %resente* as %art of a co(esive ur)an rene'al sc(eme an* as an e@am%le of arc(itectural an* social innovation in %u)lic (ousing$ If
4&airro5 is t(e Portuguese 'or* for a relatively *ifferentiate* resi*ential area 'it(in a given territory$ Relate* 'or*s in Englis( inclu*e nei6 bour ood+ 7uarter+ district or borou6 $ Tra*itionally+ '(en referring to a bairro+ one ten*e* to im%ly a notion of co""unity$ Bo'a*ays+ in cities li,e Porto+ a bairro is commonly t(e *esignation for a %u)lic (ousing neig()our(oo* an* very fre"uently a 4*irty5 'or*$
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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

t(at3s so+ '(at (a%%ene* t(enC Do' 'as it %ossi)le for t(is once %u)licise* 4%ilot %ro!ect5 to en* u% )eing Porto3s main 4ur)an nig(tmare5C

Material and symbolic struggles over the appropriation of urban space Alt(oug( not very common in Portugal+ t(e *emolition of social (ousing (as )ecome one of t(e main features of %u)lic (ousing management t(roug(out t(e glo)e+ 'it( s%ecial em%(asis in Bort( American an* Euro%ean cities+ '(ere t(is segment of t(e (ousing stoc, (as come to )e *ominantly envisage* as inefficient to a %oint t(at it is consi*ere* 4counter%ro*uctive5 an* t(us 4o)solete5 6-lanc 200E8 ;ole 20128 Goet: 20008 20118 20127$ As a matter of fact+ it3s noticea)le t(at in many cities t(e same estates t(at 'ere once %resente* as t(e most innovative an* 'ell t(oug(t-out %u)lic (ousing %ro!ects are no' t(e most *egra*e* an* stigmatise* ones+ an* (ave face* or are facing *emolition 6Fassen)erg 200E7$ T(is is e@actly t(e case of &airro do Alei'o+ in Porto$ -uilt in a riversi*e location !ust outsi*e t(e city centre in t(e 1./0s to accommo*ate 120 families *is%lace* from t(e city3s ancient core as a result of t(e ur)an rene'al of t(at area+ &airro do Alei'o 'as once consi*ere* a cutting-e*ge %u)lic (ousing %ro!ect+ not only )ecause of its unusual %(ysical configuration social (ousing in Porto (a* never )een ma*e availa)le t(roug( t(e construction of (ig(-rise estates + )ut also )ecause it 'as %art of an innovative a%%roac( to ur)an rene'al+ im%lying t(e *econcentration of Porto3s (istoric centre %o%ulation 6'(ile maintaining a great num)er of local families in t(e area an* %reserving local culture an* local social relations7+ t(e re(a)ilitation of t(e area3s )uil*ings an* %u)lic s%aces+ an* t(e ,nitting of social ties )et'een t(e 4ol*5 an* t(e 4ne'5 community$ In a necessarily )rief an* sc(ematic manner+ '(at t(is %a%er 'ill try to s(o' is (o' &airro do Alei'o 'ent from acclaime* 4%ilot %ro!ect5 to 4ur)an nig(tmare5 an* (o' its *emolition came to )e %resente* as t(e 4inevita)le5 reme*y to its ot(er'ise 4unsolva)le5 %ro)lems$ T(e e@%loration of t(is case 'ill (o%efully reveal t(e *ecisive role t(e state %lays in t(e structuring an* reconfiguring not only of t(e material+ )ut also of t(e sym)olic setting of %articular ur)an s%aces$ In fact+ )esi*es t(e %(ysical interventions t(ey %romote+ ur)an an* (ousing %olicies fre"uently integrate a 8olitics of "e"ory t(at %lays a *ecisive role in t(e struggles for t(e re%resentation of s%ace an* for t(e *efinition of t(e 4legitimate5 vision over t(e %ast+ an* t(us over t(e %resent an* future+ of certain territories an* of t(e city in general$ Revealing t(is 8olitics of "e"ory or 8olitics of for6ettin6+ as it %rimarily seems in t(is case is one of t(e main goals of t(is %a%er$ As a 4sort of s%ontaneous sym)oli:ation of social s%ace5 6-our*ieu 1... 12E7+ t(e in(a)ite* 6or a%%ro%riate*7 s%ace organi:es itself in a 'ay t(at inevita)ly *enotes t(e logic of social (ierarc(ies an* *ivisions$ Alt(oug( in %otentially 4)lurre*5 manners+ social s%ace translates into %(ysical s%ace8 as a matter of fact+ -our*ieu continues 61... 12E7+ 4G%Hart of t(e inertia of t(e structures of social s%ace results from t(e fact t(at t(ey are inscri)e* in %(ysical s%ace an* cannot )e mo*ifie* e@ce%t )y a 9or: of trans8lantation+ a moving of t(ings an* an u%rooting or *e%orting of %eo%le+ '(ic( itself %resu%%oses e@tremely *ifficult an* costly social transformations5$
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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

Ior analytic clearance %ur%oses+ it3s im%ortant to notice t(at t(e efficacy of t(e structures of %(ysical s%ace in assuring t(e relative sta)ility of t(e structures of social s%ace is intimately connecte* 'it( t(e fact t(at t(e reifie* social *ivisions ten* to )e 4re%ro*uce* in t(oug(t an* in language as o%%ositions constitutive of a %rinci%le of vision an* *ivision+ as categories of %erce%tion an* evaluation or of mental structures5 6-our*ieu 1... 12>7$ 4;entre5 an* 4%eri%(ery5+ 4u%to'n5 an* 4*o'nto'n5+ 4&airro5 Gsocial (ousing estateH an* 4condo";nio 8ri!ado5 Ggate* communityH+ are all o%%ositions t(at function as sym)olisations of social an* s%atial *ivisions '(ile structuring in*ivi*ual an* collective action an* *efining social *istances an* t(us t(e actual configuration of social relations$ T(e struggles for t(e a%%ro%riation of s%ace an* t(e %rofits it %rocures are al'ays+ in t(is sense+ )ot( material an* sym)olic struggles+ t(at is+ t(ey are struggles for t(e actual %ossession of %(ysical s%ace as 'ell as struggles for t(e re8resentation of s%ace+ its memory+ i*entity an* %ro!ect$ In an uneven an* (ierarc(i:e* society+ t(ese struggles 'ill necessarily )e uneven 4T(e a)ility to *ominate s%ace+ nota)ly )y a%%ro%riating 6materially or sym)olically7 t(e rare goo*s 6%u)lic or %rivate7 *istri)ute* t(ere+ *e%en*s on t(e ca%ital %ossesse*5 6-our*ieu 1... 12/7$ T(ose '(o (ave ca%ital 6may it )e economic+ cultural an*Jor social7 (ave larger %ossi)ilities of a%%ro%riating s%ace an* of *efining its image an* legitimising its usages8 conversely+ t(ose '(o are *e%rive* of ca%ital 'ill most li,ely en* u% circumscri)e* to a %lace assigne* )y ot(ers an* '(ose memory+ i*entity an* %ro!ect 'ill %ro)a)ly )e t(e su)!ect of (eteronomous constructs an* revisions$ T(e role of t(e state is (ere *eterminant$ T(roug( its la's+ %rogrammes an* institutions+ its fiscal %olicies an* mo*es of economic an* financial regulation+ t(e infrastructures an* e"ui%ment it creates+ t(roug( ur)an %lanning an* (ousing %rovision+ t(e state *efines not only t(e o)!ective %arameters t(at mo*el s%ace 6lan* %rices an* %rofit rates+ usa)le an* %rotecte* areas+ location an* volumes of %u)lic an* %rivate (ousing+ ty%ologies+ licenses an* regulations+ location an* ty%es of infrastructures an* e"ui%ment+ cre*it systems an* real estate fun*sK7+ )ut also t(e limits of '(at3s actually 4t(in,a)le5 regar*ing t(e current an* future uses an* configurations of *ifferent territories 6t(roug( its 4*iagnoses5+ t(e *efinition of 4goals5 an* 4functions5+ t(e i*entification of 4%ro)lems5 an* 4%riorities5+ t(e *ra'ing of 4%lans5 an* 4solutions5K7$ T(at3s '(y ur)an an* (ousing %olicies '(et(er t(ey are actually consummate* or not al'ays integrate a 8olitics of "e"ory continuously s(a%ing an* res(a%ing t(e re%resentations over t(e %ast an* t(e %resent of territories+ in or*er to !ustify an* legitimise+ e' ante or e' 8ost+ t(e %(ysical an* social s(a%ing an* res(a%ing of t(ose same territories+ in a 'ay t(at3s consentaneous 'it( t(e interests of t(ose '(o *ominate %recisely )ecause t(ey (ol*+ among ot(er resources+ %o'er over t(e state an* can+ t(roug( it+ re%resent an* im%ose t(eir %articular %oint of vie' over s%ace+ t(e %oint of vie' of t(e *ominant+ as a universal %oint of vie'2$

-our*ieu 61.?E8 20007 uses t(e notion of 4do'a5 to convey t(is sense of '(at3s unstate* an* un"uestione*+ t(is 4a*(erence to relations of or*er '(ic(+ )ecause t(ey structure inse%ara)ly )ot( t(e real 'orl* an* t(e t(oug(t 'orl*+ are acce%te* as self-evi*ent5 6-our*ieu 1.?E E/17$ See Pereira an* LueirMs 620127 for an a%%lication of t(is t( notion to t(e analysis of t(e 6re7%ro*uction of state (ousing %olicies in Porto t(roug(out t(e 20 century$

ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

-ecause t(ey are %rone to %artially un*ermine t(e inertia of social structures an* )ecause t(ey re%resent *ee% social c(ange+ interventions suc( as t(e *emolition of resi*ential )uil*ings+ t(e *is%lacement of t(eir occu%iers+ an* t(e re*evelo%ment of cleare* areas ten* to im%ly a long an* t(oroug( 'or,+ very often coor*inate* or even mono%olise* )y t(e state+ of !ustification an* legitimation+ t(at is+ of organisation+ *issemination an* re%ro*uction of a 4legitimate5 or *o@ic vie' over t(e transforme* or soon-to-)e transforme* %(ysical an* social conte@t+ its %ast+ %resent an* necessary future 6t(e 4%ro)lematic5 social (ousing estate+ t(e 4social an* ur)an error5+ t(e 4o)solete5 (ousing %ro!ect 'it( 4no alternative5 ot(er t(an to 4*isa%%ear57$ &ra'ing on a )rief account of t(e %(ysical an* social transformations of &airro do Alei'o t(roug(out t(e last four *eca*es1+ t(e follo'ing section of t(is %a%er a**resses t(is issue+ )y (ig(lig(t t(e main factors res%onsi)le for t(e material an* sym)olic *eterioration of t(is social (ousing estate$

he !announced disgrace": a brief social history of Bairro do Aleixo ) e ori6ins As alrea*y state*+ Alei'o is a social rente* (ousing estate )uilt in a riversi*e location !ust outsi*e t(e city centre in t(e first (alf of t(e 1./0s to accommo*ate 120 families transferre* from Porto3s ancient core$ T(e construction of its five 11-storey to'ers 'as launc(e* )y t(e city council still in t(e last years of t(e *ictators(i%+ )ut t(e conclusion an* occu%ation of t(e neig()our(oo* 'as accom%lis(e* only after t(e 1./E *emocratic revolution+ )y t(e same time t(e ur)an rene'al in t(e (istoric centre finally starte*$ T(e ur)an rene'al of t(e me*ieval area of Ribeira-&arredo+ locate* in t(e very (eart of t(e city 6Iigure 17+ (a* )een %ro%ose* )y a tas, force *esignate* )y t(e city council in t(e late 1.=0s+ )ut t(e institutional+ legal an* financial means to launc( it 'eren3t ma*e availa)le )efore t(e 1./E revolution$ CRUAR& t(e institution t(at 'as create* !ust after t(e revolution to %ut for'ar* t(e ur)an rene'al of Porto3s (istoric centre aime* at im%roving t(e 'or,ing class living con*itions+ )y %rovi*ing rene'e* (ousing an* social su%%ort to local families$ T(e goal 'as to favour t(e fi@ation of long-time resi*ents+ t(is 'ay contri)uting to t(e %reservation of local (istory+ i*entities an* t(e most relevant elements of t(e )uilt environment 6Filliams 1.?08 LueirMs 200/8 &e Lo)o 20107$ T(e launc(ing of CRUAR& 'as t(e first ma!or state initiative concerning t(e situation of Porto3s (istoric centre+ an area '(ic( )y t(e mi*-1./0s 'as one of t(e %oorest+ most *egra*e*+ most overcro'*e*+ an* most stigmatise* areas in Porto 6LueirMs 20117$ &ue to t(e intense *egra*ation of )uil*ings+ t(e e@treme overcro'*e*ness+ an* t(e ty%e of arc(itectonical intervention %ro%ose* )y CRUAR&+ ur)an rene'al in Porto3s (istoric centre 'as accom%anie* )y t(e *econcentration of local %o%ulation+ 'it( aroun* >00 families more
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T(is account 'as )uilt mainly 'it( t(e (el% of official *ocuments+ local %ress re%orts+ an* t(e memories of social 'or,ers an* long-time resi*ents$ All em%irical elements 'ere collecte* 'it(in a researc( %ro!ect on t(e structuring an* social conse"uences of ur)an an* (ousing %olicies in Porto3s city centre t(at3s )eing un*erta,en at t(e Institute of Sociology+ University of Porto+ Portugal+ 'it( I;T 6Ioun*ation for Science an* Tec(nology7 fun*ing 6Pro!ect SIRDJ-&JE=./?J200?7$

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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

t(an (alf t(e families living in t(e to-)e rene'e* area )eing *islocate* from Ribeira-&arredo$ T(e ma!ority of t(ese families 'ere resettle* in social (ousing estates+ namely in &airro do Alei'o+ '(ic( 'as alrea*y )eing )uilt to serve t(is %ur%ose$

#igure $ Irom Ribeira-&arredo+ in Porto3s (istoric centre+ to &airro do Alei'o+ a)out 1$> ,ilometres 'est from t(at area

Source Pro!ect SIRDJ-&JE=./?J200?$

As %art an* %arcel of Porto3s (istoric centre %ioneering ur)an rene'al %rocess+ Alei'o 'as itself %resente* as an innovative e@%erience in social (ousing+ 'it( its (ig(-rise )uil*ings an* s%acious flats+ its relatively central location near t(e river+ not very far from t(e inner city+ an* 'it( goo* access to it + an* a set of com%lementary e"ui%ment an* services+ inclu*ing a state-of-t(e-art %rimary sc(ool+ s%orting facilities+ a large community centre+ an* several social+ cultural an* recreational %rogrammes$ ;onsi*ering t(e (ousing con*itions in t(e (istoric centre an* t(e gains t(e ne' estate %romise*+ Alei'o "uic,ly concentrate* attentions$ In late 1./E+ after a controversial allocation %rocess+ t(e first (ouses in Alei'o 'ere *istri)ute* to families living in t(e (istoric centre$ A fe' mont(s later+ 4To'er 25+ '(ic( 'as still un*er construction+ 'as illegally occu%ie*+ an* conflict arose+ s%litting resi*ents a%art an* *ivi*ing local state aut(orities over res%onsi)ilities concerning future (ousing allocation an* t(e management of t(e estate$ T(e commotion of t(e first mont(s seeme* to )e setting t(e scene for '(at 'oul* (a%%en in t(e years to come$ In fact+ t(oug( all %lanne* to'ers 'ere eventually finis(e*+ 'it( t(e estate3s 120 *'ellings )eing allocate* to families *is%lace* from t(e (istoric centre+ several ot(er %romises fell t(roug( a%art from t(e %rimary sc(ool+ no ot(er ma!or infrastructures 'ere )uilt8 fun*ing of social an* cultural %ro!ects never came8 CRUAR& centre* its attention in Porto3s ancient core ur)an rene'al %rocess an* %rogressively 'it(*re' from t(e neig()our(oo*8 t(e am)itions of t(ose 'illing to go )ac, to t(e rene'e* inner city remaine* fatally unatten*e*$
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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

In 1.?0+ !ust a fe' of years after t(e com%letion of t(e (ousing allocation %rocess+ a local ne's%a%er announce* t(e 4generalise* *egra*ation5 of t(e estate t(e )uil*ings an* %u)lic s%aces 'ere alrea*y *enoting a strong state of *eterioration+ an* even t(e sc(ool '(ic( s(oul* )e 4one of t(e )est sc(ooling facilities in t(e city5 (a* )een %artially close* *ue to structural %ro)lems an* lac, of maintenanceE$ Less t(an t'o years after+ a series of four articles in a *ifferent ne's%a%er corro)orate* t(e %revious *iagnosis Alei'o 'as s(eer 4*isenc(antment5+ a %ro!ect *oome* to failure 4rig(t from t(e start5>$

,ro" <8ilot 8ro=ect> to <announced dis6race> T(e 1.?0s 'itnesse* t(e s(attering of t(e (ig( (o%es Alei'o starte* 'it($ T(e *eca*e3s first years '(ic( 'ere years of financial+ economic an* social *istress an* gro'ing unem%loyment in a conte@t of economic li)eralisation an* state roll-)ac, *efine* t(e %revailing tone an* %atterns of state action in t(is social (ousing estate state institutions %rogressively 'it(*re' from t(e neig()our(oo*8 fun*ing lac,e*+ lea*ing to t(e a)an*onment of several %ro!ects8 social su%%ort to families *ecrease*8 maintenance of )uil*ings an* %u)lic s%aces 'as *eficient$ -y t(is time+ it 'as also noticea)le t(at t(e social integration in t(e ne' %lace of resi*ence of t(e families t(at (a* come from Porto3s (istoric centre an* t(us carrie* t(e mar,s of )elonging to a strongly stigmatise* social conte@t 'as not )eing ac(ieve*$ Li,e Goffman 61.?= G1.=1H7 'oul* %ut it if (e (a* more s%ecifically reflecte* on it+ territorial stigma functions as a *istinctive negative mar, 'it( conse"uences reac(ing )eyon* t(e set of social relations at its origin$ Ior t(ose '(o carry it+ it can function as a ,in* of 4self-fulfilling %ro%(ecy5 6<erton 2010 G1.E?H7+ o%erating as a %ersistent negative social an* sym)olic ca%ital even '(en e@it from t(e stigmatise* location is accom%lis(e* or ur)an rene'al is )eing %ut for'ar* 6&ean an* Dastings 20008 Art(urson 200E8 Dastings 200E8 Fac"uant 200/7$ T(e o%inion of t(is social 'or,er+ 'or,ing in Alei'o an* its surroun*ings since t(e mi*-1.?0s+ is "uite revealing
T(e trut( is t(at you (ave (ere a %ersistent sense of )elonging+ a strong i*entification 'it( t(e territory+ an* '(en %eo%le came Gfrom t(e (istoric centreH+ t(at 'as un*erstoo* )y some ancient local communities as a ,in* of invasion+ GAlei'o families 'ereH t(ese inva*ersK an* t(e integration (ere 'as never accom%lis(e* 6K7$ 6K7 T(ere 'as al'ays t(is *ifficulty+ an* Alei'o 'as mar,e* an* strongly stigmati:e* since t(e )eginning )ecause of several t(ings+ it 'asn3t yet %ro)lematic an* %eo%le alrea*y announce* '(at it 'oul* turn out to )e$ T(e %eo%le from t(is area sai* 4Bot (ereN It3s going to )e a %ro)lem+ t(ere3re %eo%le coming from Ribeira to (ereN5$ It 'asn3t yet a %ro)lem an* it 'as alrea*y a ,in* of announce* *isgrace$$$ t(e announce* *isgrace$ An*+ in fact+ it actually )ecame '(at 'e to*ay see it is$$$

T(e vie' of t(is /2 year-ol* tenant+ '(o came from t(e (istoric centre to Alei'o in t(e mi*1./0s+ corro)orates t(e social 'or,er3s %erce%tion

See Jornal de ?ot;cias+ 4Crian@as do &airro do Alei'o e" risco de n#o tere" escola5 G;(il*ren of Alei'o ris, losing n* t(eir sc(oolH+ Se%tem)er t(e 2 1.?0$ > See 2 .ri"eiro de Janeiro+ 4Alei'oA o bairro do desencanto I, II, III, IB5 GAlei'o t(e neig)our(oo* of t( t( *isenc(antmentH+ 9anuary t(e > to 9anuary t(e ? 1.?2$

ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

If 'e 'ent to fin* a !o)+ 'e (a* to say 'e 'ere from ot(er %lace t(an Ribeira Gt(e most 'ell-,no'n sector of Porto3s (istoric centreH+ or else 'e 'oul* )e t(ro'n off$ Fe3re use* to )e *iscriminate*K 6K7 GIn t(e 1.>0s an* 1.=0sH t(ere 'as *iscrimination alrea*y$ 6K7 Bo'+ if 'e go out as,ing for a !o)K Fell+ not me+ I *on3t 'or, anymore+ I3m ol* an* )lin*+ )ut my c(il*ren+ my gran*c(il*ren$$$ If my gran*c(il*$$$ One of t(ese *ays my gran*c(il* 'ent to as, for a !o)+ an* (e (a* to say (e 'as from some'(ere else$ If (e says (e3s from Alei'o$$$ In Alei'o t(ere3s goo* an* )a*$ In Ribeira t(ere 'as goo* an* )a*$$$

Antici%ating t(e %ossi)ility of a ne' transfer of t(is *amage* image* '(en locals are once again *is%lace* as a result of t(e *emolition of t(e neig()our(oo*+ t(is ot(er original tenant a**s
Fe (ear t(ings alrea*y Gfrom resi*ents in t(e areas to '(ere t(e city council 'ants to move Alei'o3s familiesHK 4F(atCN Irom Alei'oCN T(ey3re coming (ereCN Bo 'ayN5$ It3s not li,e in (ere$ In (ere 'e acce%t everyt(ing$ 6$$$7 I still remem)er+ '(en 'e 'ent loo,ing for a !o)+ if 'e sai* 'e 'ere from Ribeira+ uffN+ 'e 'oul*n3t get a !o)$ 6$$$7 It3s t(is t(ing 'it( )a* re%utation G"C fa"aHK An* (ere it starte* (aving a )a* re%utation too$

T(e )earing of t(is stigma an* t(e 4announce* *isgrace5 it seeme* to re%resent translate* into feelings of social inferiority an* a negative self-image an* lo' self-esteem$ A 4s%ace of collective *e%ression5+ as t(e same social 'or,er cite* )efore *efine* it+ )y t(e mi*-1.?0s Alei'o seeme* an increasingly vulnera)le social conte@t
GIn t(e mi*-1.?0sH+ t(is s%ace alrea*y s(o'e* traces of collective *e%ression$ 6K7 F(en I arrive* (ere in 1.?=+ I con*ucte* a survey to all 120 families an* t(ere 'as t(is curious t(ing '(en 'e starte* treating t(e *ata$ T(ere 'as t(is curious t(ingK Fell+ t(e survey (a* lots of "uestions+ an* one of t(em 'as 4F(at *o you t(in, a)out &airro do Alei'oC58 anot(er 'as 4F(at *o you t(in, of your neig()oursC5$ An* lots of ans'ers 'ere li,e t(is sorry for t(e e@%ression 4In t(e &airro+ t(ere3re only '(ores+ %im%s an* fags5$ 6$$$7 F(en I organise* a general meeting to s(o' t(e tenants t(e results of t(e survey+ I sai* 4T(is ans'er is very fre"uentN5$ An* t(en I as,e* 4If t(is is so+ '(o are t(ey+ '(ere are t(ey+ t(e '(ores+ %im%s an* fagsC5$ An* t(is guy goes an* says 4T(ey3re every'(ereN5$ T(is 'as in 1.?=$ 6$$$7 Eac( %erson t(oug(t of t(e ot(er '(at t(e ot(er t(oug(t of (im or (er$ T(is is an e@am%le of t(e very negative self-image t(ey (a*+ an* '(en it3s li,e t(is+ t(ese territories are$$$ very vulnera)le$

T(e a*vent of *rug a)use an* *rug traffic,ing in Alei'o is seen+ )y many resi*ents+ social 'or,ers+ local %oliticians an* ot(er local agents+ as t(e ,eystone event for t(e mounting *egra*ation an* *efamation of t(e neig()our(oo* in t(e late 1.?0s an* su)se"uent years$ A relevant feature of local every*ay life+ 'it( significant social an* sym)olic im%acts 6Iernan*es 1..?7+ t(e esta)lis(ment an* t(riving in t(is neig()our(oo* an* its surroun*ings of *rug an* *rug-relate* activities 'oul* eventually ma,e t(eir 'ay to t(e very core of t(e local aut(orities3 *iscourses over t(e future of t(e estate an* of social (ousing in t(e city=$ Alt(oug(
See Goet: 61..=7 for a very interesting account of t(e 4'ar on *rugs5 in t(e US an* (o' it (as come to )e a very im%ortant *imension of ur)an %olicies in t(at country$ Alt(oug( 'e never (a* any US-style 4'ar on *rugs5 in
=

ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

t(e social an* sym)olic im%acts of *rug an* *rug-relate* activities aren3t to )e *ismisse*+ t(ree *ecisive %oints (ave to )e ma*e if one 'is(es to *ra' an a*e"uate %icture of t(e %rocess of social an* sym)olic *e%reciation Alei'o face* t(roug(out t(e 1.?0s an* 1..0s first+ it3s clear t(at t(is %rocess 8recedes t(e rise of *rug a)use an* *rug traffic,ing in t(e neig()our(oo* in fact+ one can almost say material *ila%i*ation an* sym)olic *enigration are 4)irt( mar,s5 of t(is estate8 secon*+ t(e rise of *rug a)use an* *rug traffic,ing are concurrent 'it( an* most %ro)a)ly stimulate* an* accelerate* )y ot(er 'i*er relevant economic an* social tren*s )y t(e en* of t(e 1.?0s+ *ein*ustrialisation 'as fast-trac,ing+ unem%loyment 'as gro'ing+ sc(ooling %ro)lems %ersiste*+ an* t(e city 'as glo)ally confronting itself+ for t(e first time+ 'it( a strong %(enomenon of (eavy *rugs a)use8 t(ir*+ an* %ro)a)ly most im%ortant+ t(e state (a* %retty muc( fle* from t(e estate$ T(e scarce an* flailing resources of an un*er*evelo%e* 'elfare state left t(e most *e%rive* ur)an areas 'it( no soli* %u)lic counteraction to t(eir ma!or %ro)lems$ In Alei'o+ even t(e maintenance of t(e )uil*ings 'as very *ifficult to ensure an* t(e fact is t(at its five to'ers 'ere never t(e o)!ect of structural re%air$ Toget(er 'it( t(e a)sence of systematic ans'ers to t(e social an* economic %ro)lems of local families+ an* missing a s%ecific 'or, of territorial reimaging an* i*entity reassessment+ Alei'o3s 4announce* *isgrace5 seeme* unavoi*a)le$ An eva*ing state 'as catalysing t(e 4negative synergy5 involving material *eterioration+ institutional *evolution an* t(e *amage* 4mental atmos%(ere5 of t(e neig()our(oo* 6Fac"uant 2010 21>7$ T(e fun*ing an* social %rograms of t(e Euro%ean ;ommunity+ to '(ic( Portugal (a* entere* in 1.?=+ (el%e* to some(o' *eter t(is %rocess+ )y rene'ing official %ers%ectives on %u)lic 'elfare an* t(e role of t(e state regar*ing ur)an %overty an* )lig(t$ In t(e mi*-1..0s+ )y t(e same time some im%ortant social %olicy measures 'e3re )eing fostere* )y t(e national government+ t(e city council+ %rovi*e* 'it( some relevant ne' resources+ an* (aving to face t(e increasing com%laints of resi*ents an* occasional local me*ia *isclosure+ launc(e* a social %rogram in Alei'o$ 4&airro do Alei'o3s Integrate* Pro!ect5 G.ro6ra"a Inte6rado do &airro do Alei'oH 'ante* to enlarge t(e num)er an* "uality of t(e neig()our(oo*3s e"ui%ment an* social services+ revitalise %u)lic s%ace+ an* %romote culture an* s%ort+ )y involving t(e resi*ents+ es%ecially youngsters+ as 'ell as local associations$ -ut t(ese initiatives 'eren3t strong an* %ersistent enoug( to counter t(e im%acts of (ousing *ereliction+ *ee% *ein*ustrialisation+ rising unem%loyment+ long-lasting e@%eriences of economic informality+ %overty an* territorial stigmatisation+ an* an increasingly %re*atory *rug-relate* street economy$ In t(e years to come+ %(ysical *egra*ation an* sym)olic *enigration 'oul* not only %rocee* )ut actually accelerate+ accor*ing to almost everyone in Alei'o$ To many resi*ents facing t(e inevita)ility of *is%lacement+ suc( as t(is /0-year ol* original tenant+ t(e i*ea of a %reme*itate* neglect no' seems most a%%ro%riate
Oou ,no'+ my youngest GsonH+ t(e one t(at 'or,s in t(e restaurant+ 6K7 (e says t(e city council 'on3t sen* us to %lacesK you ,no'$ An* t(at 'e3ll )e a)le to c(oose+ )ut 'e3ll get t(ere an* %ro)a)ly t(ey 'on3t let us

Portugal+ *rugs are fre"uently a central element of official *iscourses on 4ur)an %ro)lems5 an* 4ur)an regeneration5$

ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

c(oose anyt(ing$ 6K7 It3s li,e t(atN T(ey create* t(ese t(ingsK De Gt(e mayorH a)an*one* everyt(ing an* t(ings en*e* u% getting all *egra*e*$$$

- And t en t is =ustifies444 E@actly+ t(at3s '(at I 'as going to say$ T(ey *egra*e t(ings an* t(en say it (as to )e *emolis(e*$ -ut (e3s t(e one '(o (as a)an*one* t(isK Gt(e one res%onsi)le forH t(e com%lete *egra*ation$ It3s *ue to Rui Rio Gt(e mayorH$ T(at3s t(e %ro)lem$

Social ousin6 de"oniDation and de"olition as state-led 6entrification in 21st century .orto Since t(e )eginning of t(e century+ Porto (as 'itnesse* some relevant c(anges in t(e 'ay its 4social an* (ousing "uestion5 is )eing envisage* )y local %u)lic aut(orities$ ;oncerning t(e issue of *egra*e* an*Jor *erelict (ousing in t(e (istoric centre an* t(e *o'nto'n area+ ne' institutional arrangements (ave )een ma*e an* ne' ur)an rene'al %lans (ave )een %resente*$ In 200E+ legislation instate* 4ur)an re(a)ilitation5 as a 4national im%erative5 an* ne' state forms 'ere %ut for'ar* to favour it$ Institutions suc( as CRUAR& 'ere e@tinct an* .orto Bi!o+ an 4Ur)an Re(a)ilitation Society5+ 'as create*+ )ecoming t(e lea*ing %u)lic agency in t(ese matters$ Its function is to regulate ur)an re(a)ilitation %ro!ects an* to attract %rivate investment+ t(roug( city mar,eting an* t(e esta)lis(ment of %u)lic-%rivate %artners(i%s$ Alt(oug( t(e term is never e@%licitly mentione*+ gentrification of PortoPs city centre is at t(e core of t(is agency3s strategy 6LueirMs 200/8 200.7$ T(is roll-out of state forms an* state interventionism in ur)an an* (ousing matters 6Pec, an* Tic,ell 20027 is also evi*ent if attentions are turne* to t(e city3s social (ousing estates$ Since t(ey %resent t(emselves t(e city council says as %otential *isru%tors of t(e )alance ent'ining 4social co(esion5 an* 4ur)an safety5+ social (ousing estates nee* s%ecific+ effective measures '(ile in t(e 4least %ro)lematic5 or 4non-%ro)lematic5 estates t(is means reinforcement of state regulation an* )ureaucratic control over t(e resi*ents+ eventually follo'ing t(e refur)is(ment of )uil*ings+ in t(e ones consi*ere* 4most %ro)lematic5 t(e 4*rug su%ermar,ets5+ t(e 4ur)an ulcers5+ t(e 4time-)om)s5 )eyon* salvage it means 4structural5 interventions+ im%lying t(e *emolition an* t(e *is%ersal of resi*ents$ After t(e *emolition+ in 200/ an* 200?+ of &airro de S4 Jo#o de +eus+ a very im%overis(e* an* strongly stigmatise* estate locate* in t(e city3s outs,irts+ an* after t(e clearing of some ot(er smaller council (ousing areas+ Alei'o )ecame t(e main sym)ol an* target of t(is vie' of t(e city3s ur)an an* (ousing %ro)lems$ Alt(oug( t(e mayor+ '(ile still a can*i*ate+ sai* (e 'oul*n3t *emolis( t(e neig()our(oo*+ (e eventually c(ange* (is o%inion$ T(e 4solution5 to t(e 4%ro)lem of Alei'o5 came in 200/+ after t(e mayor3s late 200> re-election t(e estate 'oul* *isa%%ear+ resi*ents 'oul* )e relocate* to ot(er council estates an* t(e o%ene* u% lan* 'oul* )e re*evelo%e* t(roug( a 4s%ecial real estate investment fun*5+ '(ic( 'oul* )e res%onsi)le for t(e construction of a (ig(-income (ousing %ro!ect$ T(e announcement of t(is 4solution5 'as %rece*e* an* t(en follo'e* )y a systematic 'or, of %u)lic *efamation of t(e estate$ Fit( t(e com%licity of t(e mainstream me*ia/+ local
/

An analysis of t(e ma!or Portuguese ne's%a%ers3 (ea*lines on t(is matter s(o's t(ey are almost al'ays straig(t co%ies of t(e catc(%(rases of t(e city council3s %ress releases an* t(e mayor3s %ress conferences$

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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

aut(orities e@%lore* t(e moral %anics aroun* t(e 4concentration of %overty5 an* t(e 4insecurity5 t(is 4*rug centre5 meant an* 'or,e* to generate a consensus on t(e 4irreversi)ility5 of Alei'o3s situation an* t(e 4inevita)ility5 of its *emolition$ T(is mo*e of %ro*ucing consensus over t(e 4inevita)le solution5 to t(e 4%ro)lems of Alei'o5 also inclu*e* t(e *eletion of any mention to t(e %romise t(e mayor ma*e )efore (is first election in 2001 6(e sai* (e 'oul*n3t *emolis( t(e estate+ t(at 'ay convincing some of t(e tenant3s association mem)ers to rally for (im in t(at year3s electoral cam%aign7+ as 'ell as t(e sym)olic re*efinition of t(e estate3s origins$ As t(e 9anuary 2012 city council3s official re%ort on t(e *emolition of 4To'er >5 erroneously *eclares+ t(is neig()our(oo* 4'asn3t meant to )e a social (ousing estate5$ If t(is is so+ it )ecomes legitimate to consi*er its resi*ents as %otentially illegitimate occu%iers of t(e area t(e neglect an*Jor re'riting of t(e estate3s (istory ma,ing it easier to %romote a fres( start+ 4t(e )eginning of a ne' era5$

#igure % T(e s%ace left free after t(e *emolition of 4To'er >5+ in late 20118 4To'er E5+ to t(e rig(t+ 'as )eing %re%are* for *emolition8 Alei'o is set against a )ac,groun* t(at mi@es ol* a)an*one* in*ustrial facilities an* recently )uilt (ig(income )uil*ings

Source Pro!ect SIRDJ-&JE=./?J200? 6%(oto )y 9oQo LueirMs+ Ie)ruary 20117$

Bot sur%risingly+ t(e )eginning of Alei'o3s *emolition raise* very fe' critical voices in t(e city$ T(e *econcentration of 4%ro)lems5 resulting from t(e *is%ersal of t(e neig()our(oo*3s in(a)itants came to %resent itself+ in official *iscourses an* *aily e@c(anges+ as an all-'in situation t(e city 'oul* see its ma!or 4ur)an ulcer5 an* 4*rug su%ermar,et5 *isa%%ear8 t(e neig()ouring communities 'oul* (ave t(eir safety an* %ro%erty values reinstate*8 t(e city council 'oul* see its (ousing stoc, an* corres%on*ing e@%en*itures *ecrease+ '(ile financially

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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

)enefiting from t(e transfer of valua)le lan* to t(e real estate sector8 4*eserving5 tenants 'oul* finally )e a)le to leave '(at (a* come to )e a living 4(ell58 4social !ustice5 'oul* )e %romote* t(roug( t(e cut of t(e 4un!ust )enefit5 t(e tenure of a %u)lic *'elling )y 4un*eserving5 tenants re%resente*$ LosersC 49ust t(e *rug *ealers5+ li,e sometimes one coul* (ear$

&oncluding remar's In a strangely similar tone to t(at of t(e (ygienist moralism t(at c(aracterise* Porto3s ur)an an* (ousing %olicies t(roug(out t(e ma!ority of t(e 20t( century 6Pereira an* LueirMs+ 20127+ t(e legitimising *iscourses of t(is 'ay of envisaging an* managing social (ousing estates )ase t(emselves mainly on 4%(ysical5 an* 4environmental5 arguments 4to'ers5 aren3t 4a%%ro%riate5 for 4t(is ,in* of %o%ulation58 4large estates5 an* 4(ig(-rise )uil*ings5 are *ifficult an* e@%ensive to maintain8 t(e 4irregular orogra%(y5 of t(e neig()our(oo*3s location 4facilitates illicit %ractices5+ '(ile 4*ifficulting %olice 'or,58 t(e 4concentration of %overty5 e@acer)ates 4social5 an* 4)e(avioural5 %ro)lems an* limits life c(ances8 t(e 4*is%ersal5 of social (ousing *'ellings avoi*s 4g(ettoi:ation5 an* favours 4social integration5$ If 4%ro)lems5 are seen an* %resente* t(is 'ay+ t(en 4solutions5 (ave to )e of a %(ysical or environmental nature too t(e 4*econcentration of %overty5+ t(roug( t(e *emolition of t(e 4o)solete5 an* 4%ro)lematic5 neig()our(oo*s an* t(e 4*is%ersal5 of t(eir in(a)itants+ 'ill )e t(e goal to %ursue$ ;rum% 62002 >?27 e@%lains '(y t(e i*ea of 4*econcentrating %overty5 t(roug( t(e *emolition of %u)lic (ousing is so se*uctive '(ile erasing from t(e lan*sca%e t(e 4(ig(ly stigmati:e* structures of %u)lic (ousing5+ t(is 'ay 4ai*ing in t(e reimaging of t(e city as a safe :one of commerce+ entertainment+ an* culture5+ *emolitions o%en u% valua)le lan* for 4re*evelo%ment inten*e* to )ring t(e mi**le an* u%%er classes )ac, to t(e inner city5$ Also+ 4fuele* )y a gro'ing Amoral %anic3 among t(e %u)lic over *rugs an* crime in t(e inner city5+ *emolition an* *econcentration %olicies ten* to )e 4(ig(ly %o%ular 'it( t(e %u)lic5$ In Porto+ li,e in many ot(er cities t(roug(out t(e glo)e+ environmental *eterminism seems to )e returning in full force$ -ut '(at it )rings is+ once again+ not(ing more t(an a 4false s%atial solution to t(e real economic an* %olitical %ro)lems *esta)ili:ing lo'er-class *istricts5 6Fac"uant 2010 21.7$ T(e stu*y of &airro do Alei'o3s case+ '(ic( t(is %a%er sc(ematically %resente*+ is interesting )ecause it reveals t(e social+ economic an* %olitical agen*a )e(in* environmental arguments an* s%atial meta%(ors$ Dere 'e (ave a 4%ro)lematic5 social rente* estate locate* in t(e riverfront rig(t ne@t to t(e city centre an* near t(e sea+ surroun*e* )y (ig(-%rofile resi*ential units+ gate* communities+ restaurants+ a five-star (otel+ an* large %lots of lan* left vacant )y *ein*ustrialisation8 close to sc(ools+ universities an* ot(er essential %u)lic an* %rivate services an* e"ui%ment+ Alei'o (as )ecome a crucial element of t(e 4t(ir* 'ave5+ 4munici%allymanage*5 gentrification strategy t(at3s )eing %ut for'ar* in Porto3s city centre 6Dac,'ort( an* Smit( 20018 Slater 200E7$ Fit( a revanc(ist touc(+ local state aut(orities close t(e circle+ )y removing '(at (as )een ma*e t(e anomalous element of t(is 4%rivilege* area5$

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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

Ior Alei'o3s tenants+ on t(e ot(er (an*+ es%ecially for t(e ol*er ones+ t(e ones *is%lace* from Porto3s (istoric centre in t(e mi*-1./0s+ events ta,e on t(e a%%earance of (istory re%eating$ Political relegation a**s to t(e live* e@%erience of %overty an* territorial stigma to furt(er enforce long-time se*imente* feelings of in*ignity an* 'ort(lessness
So+ if la' e@istsN$$$ GIf t(e mayorH Rui Rio %ut la' over (ere+ t(is 'oul* )e straig(tene* u%$ -ut (e *oesn3t 'ant t(e la'+ )ecause (e 'ants to %ut t(is *o'n$ Dis la' is t(e money$ T(at3s it$ 6K7 De is a man of no 'or*K -ecause if (e 'as a res%ecta)le man+ (umanitarian+ (e 'oul* see t(at t(ere are (uman %eo%le (ere+ t(ere are (uman %eo%le (ere+ %eo%le t(at came (ere t(irty so years ago an* t(at are rea*y to go to t(e cemetery tomorro'+ )ut t(ey 'ant to live 'it( *ignity in t(eir (ouses+ an* not )eing *is%ossesse* of a t(ing t(at 'as GIREB to t(em$ Since 'e came from &arredo Gin t(e (istoric centreH an* 'ere %ut (ere+ close to t(e cemetery+ it 'oul* )e goo* if t(ey let us *ie (ere$ 6K7 T(ey3ve %ut us (ere to go to t(e cemetery+ an* no' t(ey3re sen*ing us '(ereC One of t(ese *ays 'e (ave family every'(ereK One of t(ese *ays+ 'e (ave to ma,e a ma% 'it( t(e %laces from '(ere 'e *isa%%ear$$$ F(yC Fit( %eo%le of no 'or* 'e never ,no'$ Loo,+ I3m rea*y to go$ -ut I 'oul*n3t 'ant to leave it (ere$ I3m going from (ere to t(e cemetery+ me an* my family 69$+ /2 years ol*+ original tenant7$

Fit( t'o to'ers *o'n+ Alei'o3s tenants seem out of t(e game$ Inevita)ly+ relin"uis(ment overcomes$

(eferences Art(urson+ S$ 6200E7$ 4Irom stigma to *emolition Australian *e)ates a)out (ousing an* social E@clusion5$ Journal of *ousin6 and t e &uilt 0n!iron"ent 1. 2>>-2/0$ -lanc+ <$ 6200E7$ 4T(e c(anging role of t(e state in Irenc( (ousing %olicies A roll-out 'it(out roll-)ac,C5$ International Journal of Housing Policy 4 (3): 283-302. -our*ieu+ P$ 61.?E7$ +istinctionA A Social Criti7ue of t e Jud6e"ent of )aste$ Lon*on Routle*ge$ -our*ieu+ P$ 61...7$ 4Site effects5$ In P$ -our*ieu et al$ ) e Eei6 t of t e Eorld4 Social sufferin6 in conte"8orary society 6%%$ 121-12.7$ Stanfor* Stanfor* University Press$ -our*ieu+ P$ 620007$ .ascalian Feditations$ Stanfor* Stanfor* University Press$ ;Tmara <unici%al *o PortoJPorto ;ity ;ouncil G;<PH 620127$ .orto Se"8re+ 11 69anuary Issue7$ ;ole+ I$ 620127$ 4Dousing mar,et rene'al an* *emolition in Englan* in t(e 2000s T(e governance of A'ic,e* %ro)lems35$ International Journal of *ousin6 .olicy 12 617 1E/-1==$ ;rum%+ 9$ 620027$ 4&econcentration )y *emolition %u)lic (ousing+ %overty+ an* ur)an %olicy5$ 0n!iron"ent and .lannin6 +A Society and S8ace 20 >?1->.=$ &e Lo)o+ T(eresa 620107$ 4O%orto re(a)ilitation conce%t5$ .roceedin6s of t e +esi6n0d Asia Conference 2010 <Asian CultureA .reser!e t e .ast, Create t e ,uture>+ availa)le from (tt% JJ'''$s*$%olyu$e*u$(,J*esigne*conference2010JProcee*ingsJ%*fJO%ortoU20Re(a)ilita tionU20;once%t$%*f$

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ISA RC43 Conference July 10-12, 2013 Centre for Urban Studies at t e Uni!ersity of A"sterda"

&ean+ 9$ an* Dastings+ A$ 620007$ C allen6in6 I"a6esA *ousin6 0states, Sti6"a and Re6eneration$ -ristol T(e Policy Press$ Iernan*es+ LuVs 61..?7$ 2 S;tio das +ro6as$ Lis)oa E*itorial BotVcias$ Goet:+ E$ G$ 61..=7$ 4T(e US 'ar on *rugs as ur)an %olicy5$ International Journal of Urban and Re6ional Researc 20 617 >1.->E.$ Goet:+ E$ G$ 620007$ 4T(e %olitics of %overty *econcentration an* (ousing *emolition5$ Journal of Urban Affairs 22 627 1>/-1/E$ Goet:+ E$ G$ 620117$ 4AF(ere (ave all t(e to'ers goneC3$ T(e *ismantling of %u)lic (ousing in US cities5$ Journal of Urban Affairs 11 617 2=/-2?/$ Goet:+ E$ G$ 620127$ 4O)solescence an* t(e transformation of %u)lic (ousing communities in t(e US5$ International Journal of Housing Policy 12 (3): 331-345 Goffman+ E$ 61.?= G1.=1H7$ Sti6"aA ?otes on t e Fana6e"ent of S8oiled Identity$ Be' Oor, Touc(stoneJSimon W Sc(uster+ Inc$ Dac,'ort(+ 9$ an* Smit(+ B$ 620017$ 4T(e c(anging state of gentrification5$ )i=dsc rift !oor 0cono"isc e en Sociale 3eo6rafie .2 6E7 E=E-E//$ Dastings+ A$ 6200E7$ 4Stigma an* social (ousing estates )eyon* %at(ological e@%lanations5$ Journal of *ousin6 and t e &uilt 0n!iron"ent 1. 211-2>E$ <erton+ R$ S$ 62010 G1.E?H7$ 4T(e self-fulfilling %ro%(ecy5$ ) e Antioc Re!ie9 =? 617 1/11.0$ Pec,+ 9$ an* Tic,ell+ A$ 620027$ 4Beoli)erali:ing s%ace5$ Anti8ode 1E 617 1?0-E0E$ Pereira+ R$ -$ an* LueirMs+ 9$ 620127$ 4State+ (ousing an* t(e Xsocial "uestionY in t(e city of Porto 61.>=-200=7 an analysis on t(e ma,ing of *o@a+ ort(o*o@y an* Xalo*o@ia effectsY in t(e 6re7%ro*uction of state (ousing %olicies5$ Social Sciences - Annual )rilin6ual Re!ie9 of Social Researc 1 201-11E$ LueirMs+ 9$ 6200/7$ 4EstratZgias e *iscursos %olVticos em torno *a rea)ilita[Qo *e centros ur)anos$ ;onsi*era[\es e@%loratMrias a %artir *o caso *o Porto5$ Sociolo6ia, .roble"as e .rCticas >> .1-11=$ LueirMs+ 9$ 6200.7$ 4Gentrification of Porto3s (istoric centre notes for t(e future (istory of an Aim%ossi)le commo*ity35$ A AUF4net Eor:in6 .a8er+ availa)le from (tt% JJ'''$ur)anoutcastsoft(e'orl*$netJu%loa*sJ>J.J=J/J>.=/=1/J!"200.$%*f$ LueirMs+ 9$ 620117$ 4Precarie*a*e (a)itacional+ vi*a "uoti*iana e rela[Qo com o Esta*o no centro (istMrico *o Porto na transi[Qo *a *ita*ura %ara a *emocracia5$ AnClise Social ]LRIII 620=7 102-111$ Slater+ T$ 6200E7$ 4<unici%ally-manage* gentrification in Sout( Par,*ale+ Toronto5$ ) e Canadian 3eo6ra8 er E? 617 101-12>$ Fac"uant+ L$ 6200/7$ 4Territorial stigmati:ation in t(e age of a*vance* marginality5$ ) esis 0le!en .1 617 ==-//$ Fac"uant+ L$ 620107$ 4Ur)an *esolation an* sym)olic *enigration in t(e (y%erg(etto5$ Social .syc olo6y $uarterly /1 617 21>-21.$ Fassen)erg$ I$ 6200E7$ 4Large social (ousing estates Irom stigma to *emolitionC5$ Journal of *ousin6 and t e &uilt 0n!iron"ent 1. 221-212$ Filliams+ A$ 61.?07$ 4;onservation %lanning in O%orto An integrate* a%%roac( in t(e Ri)eira--arre*o5$ )o9n .lannin6 Re!ie9 >1 627 1//-1.E$
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