Seminar Report On

TRANSMISSION THROUGH HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT

Dept. of Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Submitted By: -

Under the guidance of:

Name: Laxmi Behera Er.Dillip khamari

egd. No: !""!##$"%&

'((i(tant )rofe((or in EEE Seme(ter: $th

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Se((ion: *"!#-!%
Vikash College of Engineering for Women
Bargarh

DECLARATION

I, Laxmi Behera bearing Regd. No.1001337045 hereby declare that the seminar topic entitled TRANSMISSION THROUGH HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT presented by me is original and this has not been submitted to any here else !or the a ard o! any other degree

Student name-Laxmi Behera Regd. No: 1001337045 Semester: 7th

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Branch: EEE Session: 013-14

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am e"tremely grati!ied to Er.Dillip kumar khamari, #sst. $ro!. In %lectrical & %lectronics %ngineering 'epartment, (i)ash *ollege o! engineering !or omen, +argarh !or his constant super,ision, inspiration & encouragement right !rom beginning to the completion o! my seminar. I ould li)e to e"tend my sincere than)s to all my classmates and the entire !aculty members and other sta!! ho ha,e rendered their ,aluable help directly or indirectly !or completion o! my seminar. Student name-Laxmi Behera Regd. No.-1001337045 thSem! EEE
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Bargarh Date:

CERTIFICATE

-his is to certi!y that Laxmi Behera, student o! 7th semester, %lectrical & %lectronics %ngineering 'epartment o! (i)ash *ollege o! engineering !or omen, +argarh bearing Regd.No.1001337045 has

presented a seminar on the topic entitled TRANSMISSION THROUGH HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT !or the partial !ul!illment o! +achelor.s o! -echnology degree in %lectrical & %lectronics %ngineering under +i/u $atnai) 0ni,ersity 1! -echnology 2+$0-3. 4urther it is certi!ied that the matter presented here has not been submitted any here else !or the a ard o! any other degree.
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Er.su ash Ra!"a! #a a$ Semi!ar (ui'e

Dr.Ma!%h%r &a!'a Head of the De)ar$me!$

ABSTRACT
HVDC s stem possesses man technical an! economic a!"antages o"er #C s stems. $hese lines are cheaper than ac lines. %reake"en !istance for o"erhea! lines in the range of &00'(00 km. )or su*marine ca*les an! un!ergroun! ca*les the *reake"en !istance is 50'100 km .+osses in HVDC s stems are lesser than the losses in ac line for same transmission capacit .HVDC links can *e mono polar , *ipolar an! homo polar .$his HVDC can *e incorporate! into ac s stems through t-o terminal !c link for point to point transmission , *ack to *ack !c link , !c link in parallel -ith ac link an! multi terminal !c link .Con"erter stations e.uipment inclu!es th ristor "al"es, con"erter transformer, !c reactor, harmonic filtering e.uipment, control e.uipment an! reacti"e po-er compensation. /an HVDC s stem use return path through groun! or sea or *oth. 0o HVDC s stems nee! properl !esigne! earth electro!e at each terminal . $hese groun! electro!es ma *e either straight or ring or star shape!.

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32$41D5C$312

No4 a da56s '($& transmission is technica775 and commercia775 8ia97e a7ternati8e to E'( :%'( )& transmission s;eci<ica775 <or 7ong distance 9u7= ;o4er transmission and so are 9eing increasing75 ;re<erred. !n 1354> the <irst dc 7in= 4as esta97ished 9et4een S4edish main7and and the is7and o< /ot7and. "his 4as a mono;o7ar> 100=8> 00m4> ca97e s5stem ma=ing use o< sea return .!n 1311 an under4ater dc 7in= 4as set u; 9et4een Eng7and and -rance. "his 4as a 9i;o7ar> 100=8? dc schemes used mercur5 arc con8erters. Since 137 a77 '($& s5stems use th5ristor. )t ;resent there are more than 50 '($& schemes in o;eration <or a tota7 ca;acit5 o< more than 50>000 *@ and the ca;acit5 is increasing 95 a9out >000 *@ e8er5 5ear in 4or7d. "he use o< an '($& 7in= in an ac s5stem reAuires con8erter stations at each end o< the 7ine. "he main eAui;ments in a con8erter station are trans<ormers and th5ristor 8a78es.)t the sending end the th5ristor 8a78es act as recti<iers to con8ert ac into dc 4hich is transmitted o8er the 7ine. )t the recei8ing end the th5ristor 8a78es act as in8erters to con8ert dc into ac 4hich is uti7iBed at the recei8ing end. Each con8erter can <unction as recti<ier or in8erter and> thus> ;o4er can 9e transmitted in either direction.

TYPIC ALHVDC TRANS MIS S ION S YS TE M

!< 4e use here direct current to achie8e an as5nchronous 7in= 9et4een t4o ac s5stems> 4e must need t4o con8erter stations at each end. ) con8erter station in8o78es trans<ormers and th5ristor 8a78es. &ho=es and <i7ters are ;ro8ided at each end to su;;ress harmonics .)t the sending end th5ristor 8a78e
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act as recti<iers <or con8erting ac into dc 4hich is transmitted o8er the 7ine. )t the recei8ing end the th5ristor 8a78es act as in8erters <or con8erting dc into ac 4hich is uti7iBed at the recei8ing end. "he recti<ier is su;;7ied <rom the generating station. )t the sending end> the 8o7tage is ste;;ed u; to a;;ro;riate 8a7ue 95 ste; u; trans<ormer C then con8erted into direct current 95 the th5ristor 8a78es. "his recti<ied current <7o4s a7ong the transmission 7ine to the recei8ing end> 4here it is con8erted into three ;hase ac current 95 the th5ristor 8a78es. "hen ste;;ed do4n 95 the ste; do4n trans<ormer to 7o4 8o7tage <or <urther distri9ution. "he dc out;ut 8o7tage magnitude is contro77ed 95 8ar5ing the <iring ang7e o< the th5ristor 8a78es in the con8erter. !n recti<ier> <iring ang7e 7ies 9et4een 0 to 30 degree 4hi7e in in8erter 7ies 9et4een 30 to 120 degree.

"+,ES #- $& L!N.S: *ono ;o7ar dc 7in= Bi;o7ar dc 7in= 'omo ;o7ar dc 7in= *#N# ,#L)R $& L!N.: !n this con<iguration there is on75 one conductor> usua775 o< negati8e ;o7arit5 C uses ground or sea 4ater as the return conductor. "he negati8e ;o7arit5 is ;re<erred on o8erhead 7ines due to 7esser radio inter<erence. B!,#L)R $& L!N.S: "his 7in= has t4o conductors> one ;ositi8e C the other negati8e. )t each termina7> t4o con8erters o< eAua7 rated 8o7tages are connected in series on the dc side. "he neutra7 ;oints are grounded at one or 9oth ends. !< 9oth the neutra7s are grounded> the t4o ;o7es o;erate inde;endent75. !< the currents in the t4o conductors are eAua7> the ground current is Bero. !< there is a <au7t de8e7o;s on one conductor> the other conductor a7ong 4ith ground return can su;;75 ha7< o< the rated 7oad. Rated 8o7tage o< 9i;o7ar 7in= is ex;ressed as 500=8. '#*#,#L)R $& L!N.S: ) homo ;o7ar 7in= has t4o or more conductors> a77 ha8ing the same ;o7arit5 usua775 negati8e ;o7arit5 C a74a5s o;erates 4ith ground as the return conductor. !< a <au7t de8e7o;s on one conductor> the con8erter eAui;ment can 9e re connected. So that the hea7th5
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conductor can su;;75 more than ha7< o< the rated ;o4er. Such a reconnection is 8er5 com;7icated in a 9i;o7ar scheme and> there<ore a homo ;o7ar scheme is ;re<era97e.

!N&#R,#R)"!N/ '($& !N"# )& S+S"E*: '($& 7in= can 9e incor;orated in an ac s5stem in a num9er o< 4a5s? "4o termina7 dc 7in=s <or ;oint to ;oint "ransmission: ) t4o termina7 dc 7in= em;7o5ing o8erhead 7ines is used <or transmission o< 7arge 97oc=s o< re7ati8e75 chea; ;o4er <rom remote sources 7oad centers situated <ar a4a5 <rom the generating stations. "his ena97es the de8e7o;ment o< remote ;o4er generation sites. ED)*,LE: Ne7son Ri8er scheme in *anito9a %S) is a t5;ica7 exam;7e o< t4o termina7 dc 7in=s. "his is 230 =m 7ong 450=8> 9i;o7ar dc 7in=. !n some cases> the interconnecting 7in= 9et4een ac s5stems has to use su9marine or underground ca97es. &a97e transmission 4ith ac is ;ossi97e <or a distance o< not more than 40 =m due to the ;ro97em o< charging current .-or 7onger distance '($& is the on75 so7ution .4here distance o< more than 40 =m are in8o78ed dc transmission is the on75 <easi97e so7ution. "he 11=8> 140m4> 2 =m =ings north-London scheme is a t5;ica7 exam;7e o< dc
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7in= using underground ca97es. Some '($& schemes com9ine the use o< o8erhead 7ine C su9marine ca97e. Ex-!ta7ian *ain7and 00=8> 300m4> dc 7in= consists o< 3 =m o< o8er head 7ine C 1 1=m o< su9marine ca97e. Bac= to 9ac= dc 7in=s: ) 9ac= to 9ac= dc 7in= com;rises o< sending C recei8ing end con8erter stations situated c7ose to each other C the dc 7ine is o< Bero or neg7igi97e 7ength. "hese s5stems are used to cou;7e ac s5stems o< di<<erent <reAuenc5 . Ex: Sa=uma 300m4 scheme interconnecting the 50'E C 10'E s5stems o< Fa;an. $c 7in= in ;ara77e7 4ith ac 7in=: "his s5stem is used to rein<orce the ac 7in= and to enhance its sta9i7it5. ) dc 7in= has an extreme75 ra;id s;eed o< res;onse> so as to change its transmitted ;o4er much more ra;id75 than a tur9ine generator 4hich in turn im;ro8es the sta9i7it5 o< an existing ac 7in=. &onnecting a dc 7in= in ;ara77e7 4ith ac 7in= raises the sta9i7it5 C increases the ;o4er ca;a9i7it5 o< ac 7in=. "he maximum transmitted ;o4er ca;a9i7it5 o< an ac 7in= set 95 its stead5 state sta9i7it5 7imit or transient sta9i7it5 7imit. Ex: 3100m4> 131 =m ;aci<ic intertie G%S)H is a t5;ica7 exam;7e o< dc 7in= set u; in ;ara77e7 4ith an ac 7in= to im;ro8e the sta9i7it5 o< ac 7in= C to increase the ;o4er ca;a9i7it5 o< ac 7in= <rom 10m4 to 500m4. *u7ti termina7 dc 7in=s: ) mu7ti termina7 dc net4or= has a num9er o< recti<ier C in8erter stations. "hree or more con8erter stations can 9e interconnected 95 means o< a mu7ti termina7 '($& 7in=. ,o4er <7o4 <rom each connected ac net4or= can 9e contro77ed inde;endent75. #ne o< the essentia7 reAuirements in a mu7ti termina7 dc scheme is use o< 7arge dc circuit 9rea=er. "4o termina7 dc 7in=s does not need to 9e eAui;;ed 4ith dc circuit 9rea=ers 9ecause <au7ts on the 7in= can 9e c7eared 95 con8erter contro7 action> 9ut mu7ti termina7 scheme needs dc circuit 9rea=ers. $c circuit 9rea=ers ha8e adeAuate interru;ting ca;acit5. ) three termina7 '($& 7in= has 9een setu; in !ta75-&orsica ISardina.

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"he a9o8e <igure sho4s a three termina7 '($& 7in=. !n this con<iguration con8erter 1 C con8erter o;erate as recti<iers. @hi7e con8erter 3 o;erates as in8erters. )7ternati8e75 4ith an automatic re8ersa7 o< 8o7tage a7ong 4ith <iring ang7e contro7> con8erter 1 C con8erter can o;erates as in8erter C con8erter3 as recti<ier. Re8ersa7 o< connections o< t4o 4i77 resu7t in a ne4 con<iguration in 4hich con8erter 1 o;erates as recti<ier C con8erter C con8erter 3 as in8erters. "his com9ination> 4ith automatic re8ersa7 o< 8o7tage a7ong 4ith <iring ang7e contro7 resu7ts in 1 4or=ing as in8erter 4hi7e C 3 4or=s as recti<iers. "hus this 3 termina7 con<iguration 7eads to a greater <7exi9i7it5 o< o;eration. "he 000m4 Radison Nico7et sand5 ;ond 3 con8erter 7in= connects the 0ue9ec h5dro e7ectric s5stem to Ne4 Eng7and through 1500 =m 7ong transmission s5stem. ,o4er trans<er is ;ossi97e <rom 0ue9ec to Ne4 Eng7and as a7so during emergencies <rom Ne4 Eng7and to 0ue9ec.

&#N(ER"ER S")"!#N E0%!,*EN": Since 1370 a77 ne4 '($& scheme use th5ristor 8a78es. "he other main eAui;ments at a con8erter station are: con8erter trans<ormers> dc reactor> harmonics <i7tering eAui;ment and contro7 eAui;ment. "'+R!S"#R ()L(ES: A thyristor has a better operating life an higher !onsisten!y of performan!e than a mer!"ry ar! #al#e b"t its rating sho"l n$t be e%!ee e &

'n the ()* ri#er pro+e!t ,)ana a- set"p in 1972 .hi!h .as the first /01) s!heme to "se thyristors& 2he thyristors ha a rating of 703. of ! po.er per thyristor& "he current ratings o< the ;resent da5 th5ristor are o< magnitude o< 7ine current reAuired <or transmission. !ndi8idua7 th5ristor 8o7tage ca;a9i7it5 is 8er5 sma77 as com;ared to the 7ine 8o7tage. "he 8a78es are o< !ndoor design> air insu7ated C air or 4ater coo7ed. Since the th5ristors a74a5s <ai7 to an interna7 short circuit. ) th5ristor 8a78e is a74a5s eAui;;ed 4ith a num9er o< extra th5ristor in series. So that e8en i< some o< the th5ristors <ai7> the o;eration o< the 8a78e is not a<<ected. )77 ;resent da5 '($& schemes use 1 I;u7se con8erter.

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C12VE4$E4 $4#20)14/E4: "heir <unction is to trans<orm the ac 8o7tage to a suita97e 8a7ue and to su;;75 the reacti8e ;o4er to the con8erter through ta; changing. Short circuit currents are contro77ed 95 suita97e im;edance 8a7ue o< these trans<ormers. "he reactance o< the con8erter trans<ormer he7;s in harmonic su;;ression. #n 7oad ta; changing is used to reduce the the reduce the reacti8e ;o4er demand in stead5 state o;erating. ) con8erter trans<ormer has a some4hat di<<erent design that o< norma7 ;o4er trans<ormer 9ecause in the con8erter trans<ormer> the insu7ation s5stem has to 9e designed to 4ithstand direct 8o7tage stresses. !n a con8erter trans<ormer the currents ha8e a high harmonic content. So that s;ecia7 care has to 9e ta=en 4ith regard to edd5 current 7osses. &on8erter trans<ormer used in 7arge '($& scheme ha8e high rating a9out 300 *(). C.DC 4E#C$146' ) dc reactor is connected in series 4ith each ;o7e o< con8erter station .!ts inductance 7ies in the range o< 0.4 to 1 '. !t ser8es the <o77o4ing ;ur;oses. !t ;re8ents conseAuent commutation <ai7ures in the in8erter 95 7imiting the rate o< increase o< direct current during commutation in one 9ridge 4hen the direct 8o7tage o< another 9ridge co77a;ses. !t reduces the incidence o< commutation <ai7ures in the in8erter during di;s in the a7ternating 8o7tage . !t decreases harmonic 8o7tages and currents in the dc 7ine .!t 7imits the current in the recti<ier 4hen a short circuits occurs on the 7ine. "he 8a78e o< inductance o< the reactor shou7d 9e such that a resonance o< the dc circuit does not occur at ;o4er <reAuenc5 .!t is usua775 air cored and oi7 coo7ed t5;e and has the non 7inear magnetic characteristics . @ith the increase in inductance the current 4a8e <orm on the dc side im;ro8es 9ut contro7 res;onse s7o4 do4n. D.H#4/123C0 )3+$E4327 E8539/E2$6' !t is necessar5 to use <i7ters to 7imit the am;7itude o< harmonics entering the ac net4or= and the dc 7ine. !< <i7ters are not used some %N desira97e e<<ects 7i=e o8erheating o< ca;acitors and generators> inter<erence 4ith communication s5stems and insta9i7it5 o< con8erter contro7 ma5 occur. !t is necessar5 to use <i7ters on 9oth ac and dc sides. "he ac <i7ters reduce the harmonic 8o7tages and current in the ac ;o4er net4or= to the acce;ta97e 7e8e7s and a7so ;ro8ide 4ho7e or ;art o< the reacti8e ;o4er needed 95 the con8erter> "he remaining reacti8e ;o4er 9eing su;;7ied 95 the shunt ca;acitor or 95 ac ;o4er s5stem ."he dc <i7ters ser8e on75 to reduce harmonics on the dc sides ."he ac <i7ters 4hich ha8e 9een used in '($& s5stems are?-tuned <i7ter 4hich is shar;75 tuned to a harmonic <reAuenc5.
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E.C12$41+ E8539/E2$

"he contro7 o< <iring ang7e is 8er5 im;ortant in '($& s5stem . E7ectrica7 im;u7ses <or <iring ha8e to 9e sent simu7taneous75 to a77 th5ristors connected in series. *ost o< the modern '($& s5stem uses 7ight ;u7ses conducted through <i9er o;tic 7ight guides. )t each th5ristor 7e8e7> the 7ight ;u7se is con8erted 95 e7ectronic circuit to an e7ectric ;u7se 4hich is sent to the th5ristor gate. )n im;ortant di<<erence 9et4een the o;eration o< dc s5stem C an ac s5stem is that the ;o4er transmitted o8er a dc 7in= is a74a5s contro77ed. "he 8a78es o< the con8erter stations are contro77ed in such a 4a5 that one o< the stations genera775 the in8erter contro7s the 8o7tage C the other station that is the recti<ier contro7 the current. "hese contro7s a77o4 the 7in= to maintain constant ;o4er. !t is a7so ;ossi97e to add other in;ut signa7s to the contro7 s5stem in order to attain the o;timum conditions <or the connected ac s5stem.

-.RE)&"!(E ,#@ER &#*,ENS)"!#N

No reacti8e ;o4er is transmitted o8er a dc 7ine. "he con8erters at the t4o ends dra4 reacti8e ;o4er <rom the ac s5stem. "he reacti8e ;o4er 9a7ance must 9e maintained at the t4o ends to ensure that ac 8o7tage is he7d 4ithin s;eci<ied 7imits. "his reAuires insta77ation o< reacti8e com;ensation eAui;ment in the '($& termina7 stations. "his eAui;ment ma5 consist o< ac <i7ter ca;acitor> shunt ca;acitor> s5nchronous condenser or static ()R s5stem. '($& con8erter station reAuires reacti8e ;o4er 9ecause o< con8erter contro7 C commutation ;rocess. "he reacti8e ;o4er reAuirement o< a recti<ier 8aries as the sine o< the <iring ang7e that is sin a7;ha 4here as the ;o4er reAuirement o< the in8erter 8aries as the sine o< the extinction ang7e that is sin 9eta. "he reacti8e ;o4er reAuirement is in the range o< 50 to 10J. #< the transmitted ;o4er. 74152D 4E$542: ) ground return means a return ;ath through ground or sea or 9oth. *ost dc transmission 7ines use ground return <or reasons o< econom5 and re7ia9i7it5. "he rmono;o7ar 7in= and homo;o7ar 7in= use the ground return continuous75 <or carr5ing the return current ."he 9i;o7ar 7in= uses ground return <or short ;eriods 4hen 1 o< the 7ine is under re;air or maintenance . "he ground ;ath has a 7o4 resistance and hence 7o4 ;o4er 7oss as com;ared to a meta77ic conductor ;ath ;ro8ided the ground e7ectrodes are ;ro;er75 designed ."he resistance is 7o4 9ecause direct current in the earth un7i=e a7ternating current does not <o77o4 c7ose75 the route o< the 7ine 9ut s;reads o8er a 8er5 7arge cross-sectiona7 area in 9oth de;th and 4idth ."he cost o< mono;o7ar or homo;o7ar 7in= 4ith ground return is much 7ess
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than the cost o< such a 7in= 4ith a return meta77ic conductor . "here<ore mono;o7ar C homo;o7ar 7in=s a74a5s use ground return. !n a 9i;o7ar 7in= the main ad8antage o< ground return is that the 7ine can 9e 9ui7t in stages.

D30#DV#2$#7E0 1) 74152D 4E$5426 $esign o< grounding e7ectrodes <or 7o4 cost o< insta77ation C maintenance. $esigning o< ground e7ectrodes <or 7o4 resistance. ,re8ention o< inter<erence o< the ground arrest 4ith the o;eration o< other se4r8ices such as ac ;o4er transmission> rai74a5 signa7 shi;6s com;asses etc. E#4$H E+EC$41DE #2D 0$#$312 E#4$H: Earth e7ectrode is an arra5 o< conducting e7ements ;7aced in the earth or sea 4hich ;ro8ides a 7o4 resistance ;ath 9et4een the dc circuit and the earth ."he earth e7ectrode at 1 o< the stations 9eha8es as an anode. )t anode direct current enters earth <rom the termina7 station 4hi7e at cathode direct current returns <rom earth to '($& circuit and at other end it 9eha8es as cathode ."he termina7 station is Koined to the earth e7ectrode through an insu7ated ca97e> ca77ed the earth e7ectrode 7ine .Station earth is an arra5 o< conducting e7ements ;7aced in earth at the su9station it ;ro8ides connection 9et4een the earth ;arts o< the station eAui;ment trans<ormer and the earth .!t is used <or the ;rotection o< eAui;ment <rom o8er 8o7tages and sa<et5 o< ;ersonne7 .!n '($& scheme return ;ath through sea >the earth e7ectrode is either sea e7ectrode or shore e7ectrode . /#$E43#+ 1) E#4$H E+EC$41DE: /ra;hite e7ectrodes 9uried in a ;it <i77ed 4ith crushed co=e are used. "he e7ectrode trans<er current to co=e 4hich distri9utes it to earth ."he arrangement reduces the 7oss o< materia7 due to corrosion .!ron and gra;hite cannot 9e em;7o5ed as materia7 <or earth e7ectrode 9ecause iron has high rate o< corrosion and gra;hite 4hen 9uried in earth causes signi<icant 7oss o< materia7 due to corrosion ."he e7ectrode trans<ers current to co=e 4hich distri9ute it to the earth ."his arrangement reduces the 7oss o< materia7 due to corrosion to a neg7igi97e 8a78e. DE0372 1) E#4$H E+EC$41DE:' "he design as;ects o< earth e7ectrode are : &urrent densit5 o< e7ectrode sur<ace shou7d not exceed 1.5 a:m.
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 "em;erature rise o< e7ectrode and surroundings shou7d 9e 7imited. Earth resistance shou7d 9e 7o4. Ste; 8o7tage on the ground sur<ace a9o8e the e7ectrode shou7d 9e 4ithin sa<e 7imit. 0H#9E 1) E#4$H E+EC$41DE:' )n earth e7ectrode ma5 9e a straight e7ectrode> a ring e7ectrode or a radia7 star e7ectrode 9uried horiBonta775 in earth at a de;th o< a9out 1m. "he radia7 star arrangement is common75 em;7o5ed as it uses 7and area more e<<ecti8e75.

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#DV#2$#7E0 1) HVDC $4#20/3003126

Reacti8e ;o4er reAuirement?-"he reacti8e ;o4er generated 95 the 7ine ca;acitance eAua7s the reacti8e ;o4er a9sor9ed 95 the 7ine inductance on75 4hen the 7oad im;edance is eAua7 to the surge im;edance o< the 7ine .Since the 7oad 8ar5 4ith time the 7ine cannot a74a5s 9e o;erated at its natura7 7oad .)t the time o< 7ight 7oad the reacti8e ;o4er a9sor9ed 95 the 7ine inductance is 7ess than the reacti8e ;o4er generated 95 the 7ine ca;acitance and net reacti8e ;o4er is generated 95 the 7ine .!n dc transmission no reacti8e ;o4er is transmitted o8er the 7ine .Line 7ength L 400=m . S5stem sta9i7it5?- )n ac s5stem must remain s5nchroniBation ."o maintain sta9i7it5 under transient condition the 7ength o< 50'E un com;ensated ac 7ine must 9e Ma9out 500.* .!< series com;ensation is used the 7ength can 9e some4hat 7onger than this 8a7ue . "he dc transmission has no such 7imitation and no sta9i7it5 ;ro97em. Short circuit current:-"he inter connection o< ac s5stem 95 an ac 7ine increases the short circuit current in the s5stem "he contri9ution o< a dc 7ine to the short circuit current is on75 u; to the rated current o< the dc 7ine. !nde;endent contro7 o< ac s5stems:-"he ac s5stem inter connected 95 a dc 7ine can 9e contro77ed inde;endent75. "he5 can 9e com;7ete75 inde;endent as regards <reAuenc5> s5stem contro7> short circuit rating etc. -ast change o< energ5 <7o4:- !< ac s5stems are inter connected 95 a dc 7ine > a <ast change in direction o< energ5 <7o4 is ;ossi97e ."his a77o4s a more <7exi97e co-ordination o< s5stem contro7 at the ends >a more economica7 use o< chea; ;o4er generation in either o< the ac s5stems. Lesser corona 7oss C radio inter<erence: - "he corona 7oss C radio inter<erence es;ecia775 during 9ad 4eather> are 7o4er <or a dc 7ine as com;ared to that in ac 7ine o< the same conductor diameter C 8o7tage. /reater re7ia9i7it5: - ) - conductor 9i;o7ar dc 7ine is more re7ia97e is more re7ia97e than a 3conductor 3-;hase ac 7ine 9ecause in the e8ent o< a <au7t on one conductor> the other conductor o< the dc 7ine can continue to o;erate 4ith ground return. ) mono ;o7ar dc 7ine 4ith ground return is sim;7er than a 3 ;hase ac 7ine and is eAua775 re7ia97e. E&#N#*!& )$()N")/ES #- '($& "R)NS*!SS!#N:$c 7ine and ca97es are chea;er than ac 7ines C ca97es. "he dc 7ine termina7 eAui;ment is more ex;ensi8e than ac 7ine termina7 eAui;ment ."his is 9ecause o< the high cost o< con8erters <or the dc 7ine.

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$!S)$()N")/ES #- '($& "R)NS*!SS!#N: #8era77 cost increases <or 7ine 7ength 7ess than 50 =m. &ircuit 9rea=ing is di<<icu7t and ex;ensi8e. #8er7oad ca;acit5 o< '($& con8erter is 7o4. 'armonic generation C <i7tration ;ro97em

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&#N&L%S!#N:-

-or 7onger transmission th5ristor use o< high-8o7tage '($& transmission shou7d 9e &onsidered> '($& can 9e a more economic 4a5 to more e7ectricit5 o8er 7onger $istances? a '($& s5stem can carr5 greater ;o4er ;er conductor than an eAui8a7ent )& s5stems> resu7ting in greater ca;acit5 ;er transmission 7ine ."oda5> '($&6s main a;;7ications are <or e<<icient 9u7= ;o4er trans<er> ;oint-to-;oint> o8er 7onger distances. %sing o8erhead 7ines.

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RE--EREN&ES:

B.R /%,") S"E(ENS#N ER .$!LL!, .%*)R .')*)R!. ER. S R .)B)". ER ,L)()N $)S.

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