Introduction:

LTE (Long Term Evolution) or the E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network), introduced in 3 !! R", is the access #art o$ the Evolved !acket %&stem (E!%)' The main re(uirements $or the new access network are high s#ectral e$$icienc&, high #eak data rates, short round tri# time as well as $le)i*ilit& in $re(uenc& and *andwidth' LTE is #art o$ the %+ evolutionar& #ath $or mo*ile *road*and, $ollowing E, E,U+T%, -%!A (-%,!A and -%U!A com*ined) and -%!A Evolution (-%!A.)' Although -%!A and its evolution are strongl& #ositioned to *e the dominant mo*ile data technolog& $or the ne)t decade, the 3 !! $amil& o$ standards must evolve toward the $uture' -%!A. will #rovide the ste##ing-stone to LTE $or man& o#erators' The overall o*/ective $or LTE is to #rovide an e)tremel& high #er$ormance radio-access technolog& that o$$ers $ull vehicular s#eed mo*ilit& and that can readil& coe)ist with -%!A and earlier networks' 0ecause o$ scala*le *andwidth, o#erators will *e a*le to easil& migrate their networks and users $rom -%!A to LTE over time' LTE assumes a $ull 1nternet !rotocol (1!) network architecture and is designed to su##ort voice in the #acket domain' LTE is a standard $or wireless data communications technolog& and an evolution o$ the %+2U+T% standards' 1t transits $rom the e)isting U+T% circuit . #acket switching com*ined network, to an all-1! $lat architecture s&stem'

---Evolution $rom %+ to LTE

Figure 1 Network Solutions from GSM to LTE %+ was develo#ed to carr& real time services, in a circuit switched manner (*lue in $igure 3), with data services onl& #ossi*le over a circuit switched modem connection, with ver& low data rates' The $irst ste# towards an 1! *ased #acket switched (green in $igure 3) solution was

taken with the evolution o$ %+ to !R%, using the same air inter$ace and access method, T,+A (Time ,ivision +ulti#le Access)' To reach higher data rates in U+T% (Universal +o*ile Terrestrial %&stem) a new access technolog& 45,+A (4ide*and 5ode ,ivision +ulti#le Access) was develo#ed' The access network in U+T% emulates a circuit switched connection $or real time services and a #acket switched connection $or datacom services (*lack in $igure 3)' 1n U+T% the 1! address is allocated to the UE when a datacom service is esta*lished and released when the service is released' 1ncoming datacom services are there$ore still rel&ing u#on the circuit switched core $or #aging' The Evolved !acket %&stem (E!%) is #urel& 1! *ased' 0oth real time services and datacom services will *e carried *& the 1! #rotocol' The 1! address is allocated when the mo*ile is switched on and released when switched o$$' The new access solution, LTE, is *ased on 67,+A (6rthogonal 7re(uenc& ,ivision +ulti#le Access) and in com*ination with higher order modulation (u# to 89:A+), large *andwidths (u# to ;< +-=) and s#atial multi#le)ing in the downlink (u# to 9)9) high data rates can *e achieved' The highest theoretical #eak data rate on the trans#ort channel is >? +*#sin the u#link, and in the downlink, using s#atial multi#le)ing, the rate can *e as high as 3<< +*#s' The LTE access network is sim#l& a network o$ *ase stations, evolved Node0 (eN0), generating a $lat architecture ($igure ;)' There is no centrali=ed intelligent controller, and the eN0s are normall& inter-connected viathe @;-inter$ace and towards the core network *& the %3-inter$ace ($igure ;)' The reason $or distri*uting the intelligence amongst the *ase-stations in LTE is to s#eed u# the connection set-u# and reduce the time re(uired $or a handover' 7or an end-user the connection set-u# time $or a real time data session is in man& cases crucial, es#eciall& in on-line gaming' The time $or a handover is essential $or real-time services where end-users tend to end calls i$ the handover takes too long'

Figure 2. X2 nd S1 Interf ces Another advantage with the distri*uted solution is that the +A5 #rotocol la&er, which is res#onsi*le $or scheduling, is re#resented onl& in the UE and in the *ase station leading to

$ast communication and decisions *etween the eN0 and the UE' 1n U+T% the +A5 #rotocol, and scheduling, is located in the controller and when -%,!A was introduced an additional +A5 su*-la&er, res#onsi*le $or -%!A scheduling was added in the N0' The scheduler is a ke& com#onent $or the achievement o$ a $ast ad/usted and e$$icientl& utili=ed radio resource' The Transmission Time 1nterval (TT1) is set to onl& 3 ms' ,uring each TT1 the eN0 scheduler shallA B consider the #h&sical radio environment #er UE' The UEs re#ort their #erceived radio (ualit&, as an in#ut to the scheduler to decide which +odulation and 5oding scheme to use' The solution relies on ra#id ada#tation to channel variations, em#lo&ing -AR: (-&*rid Automatic Re#eat Re(uest) with so$t-com*ining and rate ada#tation' B #rioriti=e the :o% service re(uirements amongst the UEs' LTE su##orts *oth dela& sensitive real-time services as well as datacom services re(uiring high data #eak rates' B in$orm the UEs o$ allocated radio resources' The eN0 schedules the UEs *oth on the downlink and on the u#link' 7or each UE scheduled in a TT1 the user data will *e carried in a Trans#ort 0lock (T0)' ,L there can *e a ma)imum o$ two T0s generated #er TT1 #er UE C i$ s#atial multi#le)ing is used' The T0 is delivered on a trans#ort channel' 1n LTE the num*er o$ channels is decreased com#are to U+T%' 7or the user #lane there isonl& one shared trans#ort channel in each direction' The T0 sent on the channel, can there$ore contain *its $rom a num*er o$ services, multi#le)ed together' To achieve high radio s#ectral e$$icienc& as well as ena*le e$$icient scheduling in *oth time and $re(uenc& domain, a multicarrier a##roach $or multi#le access was chosen *& 3 !!' 7or the downlink, 67,+A (6rthogonal 7re(uenc& ,ivision +ulti#le Access) was selected and $or the u#link %5-7,+A (%ingle 5arrier - 7re(uenc& ,ivision +ulti#le Access) also known as ,7T (,iscrete 7ourier Trans$orm) s#read 67,+A ($igure 3)'

Figure ! "F#M$ nd S%&F#M$ 67,+ is a multicarrier technolog& su*dividing the availa*le *andwidth into a multitude o$ mutual orthogonal narrow*and su*carriers' 1n 67,+A these su*carriers can *e shared *etween multi#le users' The 67,+A solution leads to high !eak-to-Average !ower Ratio (!A!R) re(uiring e)#ensive #ower am#li$iers with high re(uirements on linearit&, increasing the #ower consum#tion $or the sender' This is no #ro*lem in the eN0, *ut would lead to ver& e)#ensive handsets' -ence a di$$erent solution was selected $or the UL' As illustrated in $igure 3, the %5-7,+A solution generates a signal with single carrier characteristics, hence with a low !A!R' To ena*le #ossi*le de#lo&ment around the world, su##orting as man& regulator&

re(uirements as #ossi*le, LTE is develo#ed $or a num*er o$ $re(uenc& *ands C E-UTRA o#erating *ands- currentl& ranging $rom ><< +-= u# to ;'> -=' The availa*le *andwidths are also $le)i*le starting with 3'9 +-= u# to ;< +-=' LTE is develo#ed to su##ort *oth the time division du#le) technolog& (T,,) as well as $re(uenc& division du#le) (7,,)' 1n R" there are 3? *ands s#eci$ied $or 7,, and eight *ands $or TT,' 1n RD $our *ands were added $or 7,,' Also added in RD were $or e)am#le +ultimedia 0roadcast +ulticast %ervice (+0+%), and -ome eN0 (-eN0), see $igure 9' +0+% is used to #rovide *roadcast in$ormation to all users, $or e)am#le advertisement, and multicast to a closed grou# su*scri*ing to a s#eci$ic service, e'g' streaming TE' -eN0s are introducedmainl& to #rovide coverage indoors, in homes or o$$ices'The -eN0 is a low #ower eN0 that will *e used in small cells C $emto cells' Normall& it will *e owned *& the customer, de#lo&ed without an& network #lanning and connected to the o#erators E!5 (Ev

7igure 9 New in LTE RDA a) +0+%, *) -eN0'

LTE c ' (ilities include: ,ownlink #eak data rates u# to 3;8 +*#s with ;< +-= *andwidth U#link #eak data rates u# to "8'9 +*#s with ;< +-= *andwidth

6#eration in *oth T,, and 7,, modes %cala*le *andwidth u# to ;< +-=, covering 3'9 +-=, 3 +-=, ? +-=, 3< +-=, 3? +-=, and ;< +-= in the stud& #hase 1ncreased s#ectral e$$icienc& over Release 8 -%!A *& two to $our times Reduced latenc&, u# to 3< milliseconds (ms) round-tri# times *etween user e(ui#ment and the *ase station, and to less than 3<< ms transition times $rom inactive to active

LTE re)uirements *e k d t r te

1nstantaneous downlink #eak data rate o$ 3<< +*2s within a ;< +-= downlink s#ectrum allocation (? *#s2-=) 1nstantaneous u#link #eak data rate o$ ?< +*2s (;'? *#s2-=) within a ;<+-= u#link s#ectrum allocation)

%ontrol&'l ne l tenc+

Transition time o$ less than 3<< ms $rom a cam#ed state, such as Release 8 1dle +ode, to an active state such as Release 8 5ELLF,5Transition time o$ less than ?< ms *etween a dormant state such as Release 8 5ELLF!5- and an active state such as Release 8 5ELLF,5-

%ontrol&'l ne c ' cit+

At least ;<< users #er cell should *e su##orted in the active state $or s#ectrum allocations u# to ? +-=

,ser&'l ne l tenc+

Less than ? ms in unload condition (i'e' single user with single data stream) $or small 1! #acket

,ser t-roug-'ut

,ownlinkA average user through#ut #er +-=, 3 to 9 times Release 8 -%,!A U#linkA average user through#ut #er +-=, ; to 3 times Release 8 Enhanced U#link

S'ectrum efficienc+

,ownlinkA 1n a loaded network, target $or s#ectrum e$$icienc& (*its2sec2-=2site), 3 to 9 times Release 8 -%,!A ) U#linkA 1n a loaded network, target $or s#ectrum e$$icienc& (*its2sec2-=2site), ; to 3 times Release 8 Enhanced U#link

Mo(ilit+

E-UTRAN should *e o#timi=ed $or low mo*ile s#eed $rom < to 3? km2h -igher mo*ile s#eed *etween 3? and 3;< km2h should *e su##orted with high #er$ormance +o*ilit& across the cellular network shall *e maintained at s#eeds $rom 3;< km2h to 3?< km2h (or even u# to ?<< km2h de#ending on the $re(uenc& *and)

%o.er ge

Through#ut, s#ectrum e$$icienc& and mo*ilit& targets a*ove should *e met $or ? km cells, and with a slight degradation $or 3< km cells' 5ells range u# to 3<< km should not *e #recluded'

Furt-er En- nced Multimedi /ro dc st Multic st Ser.ice 0M/MS1

4hile reducing terminal com#le)it&A same modulation, coding, multi#le access a##roaches and UE *andwidth than $or unicast o#eration' !rovision o$ simultaneous dedicated voice and +0+% services to the user' Availa*le $or #aired and un#aired s#ectrum arrangements'

S'ectrum fle2i(ilit+

E-UTRA shall o#erate in s#ectrum allocations o$ di$$erent si=es, including 3';? +-=, 3'8 +-=, ;'? +-=, ? +-=, 3< +-=, 3? +-= and ;< +-= in *oth the u#link and downlink' 6#eration in #aired and un#aired s#ectrum shall *e su##orted The s&stem shall *e a*le to su##ort content deliver& over an aggregation o$ resources including Radio 0and Resources (as well as #ower, ada#tive scheduling, etc) in the same and di$$erent *ands, in *oth u#link and downlink and in *oth ad/acent and nonad/acent channel arrangements' A GRadio 0and ResourceG is de$ined as all s#ectrum availa*le to an o#erator

%o&e2istence nd Inter&working wit- !G** 3 dio $ccess Tec-nolog+ 03$T1

5o-e)istence in the same geogra#hical area and co-location with ERAN2UTRAN on ad/acent channels' E-UTRAN terminals su##orting also UTRAN and2or ERAN o#eration should *e a*le to su##ort measurement o$, and handover $rom and to, *oth 3 !! UTRAN and 3 !! ERAN' The interru#tion time during a handover o$ real-time services *etween E-UTRAN and UTRAN (or ERAN) should *e less than 3<< msec'

$rc-itecture nd migr tion

%ingle E-UTRAN architecture The E-UTRAN architecture shall *e #acket *ased, although #rovision should *e made to su##ort s&stems su##orting real-time and conversational class tra$$ic E-UTRAN architecture shall minimi=e the #resence o$ Gsingle #oints o$ $ailureG E-UTRAN architecture shall su##ort an end-to-end :o% 0ackhaul communication #rotocols should *e o#timised

3 dio 3esource M n gement re)uirements

Enhanced su##ort $or end to end :o% E$$icient su##ort $or transmission o$ higher la&ers %u##ort o$ load sharing and #olic& management across di$$erent Radio Access Technologies

%om'le2it+

+inimi=e the num*er o$ o#tions No redundant mandator& $eatures

Multi'le&In'ut Multi'le&"ut'ut 0MIM"1: +ulti#le-1n#ut +ulti#le-6ut#ut (+1+6) is an antenna technolog& C %ometimes called smart antenna technolog& C that is used *oth in transmission and receiver e(ui#ment $or wireless radio communication' +1+6 uses multi#le antennas to send multi#le #arallel signals ($rom transmitter)'

+1+6 has *een variousl& de$ined as two or more uni(ue radio signals, in the same radio channel, where each signal carries di$$erent digital in$ormation and2or two or more radio signals which use *eam-$orming, receive com*ining, and s#atial multi#le)ing'

%ontent -ere - s (een directl+ dded from offici l !g'' we(site $rc-itecture:

The E-UTRAN consists o$ eN0s which are interconnected with each other *& the @; inter$ace' Each eN0 is connected to the Evolved !acket 5ore (E!5) network *& the %3 inter$ace' 6n the User !lane the %3 inter$ace terminates the %erving atewa& (%- 4), on the %ignalling !lane the %3 inter$ace terminates the +o*ilit& +anagement Entit& (++E)'The eN0s are terminating #oints $or 5ontrol- and User !lane towards the UEs in the Evolved UTRA'

eN/ Functions
The eN0 hosts the $ollowing $unctionsA 7unctions $or Radio Resource +anagementA Radio 0earer 5ontrol, Radio Admission 5ontrol, 5onnection +o*ilit& 5ontrol, ,&namic allocation o$ resources to UEs in *oth u#link and downlink (scheduling) 1! header com#ression and encr&#tion o$ user data stream %election o$ an ++E at UE attachment when no routing to an ++E can *e determined $rom the in$ormation #rovided *& the UE Routing o$ User !lane data towards %erving atewa& %cheduling and transmission o$ #aging messages (originated $rom the ++E) %cheduling and transmission o$ *roadcast in$ormation (originated $rom the ++E or 6H+ +easurement and measurement re#orting con$iguration $or mo*ilit& and scheduling

Functional Split between E-UTRAN and EPC

Gener l 'rinci'les of t-e E&,T3$N $rc-itecture 0see TS !4.5611

The general #rinci#les guiding the de$inition o$ E-UTRAN Architecture as well as the EUTRAN inter$aces are the $ollowingA Logical se#aration o$ signalling and data trans#ort networks E-UTRAN and E!5 $unctions are $ull& se#arated $rom trans#ort $unctions' Addressing scheme used in E-UTRAN and E!5 shall not *e tied to the addressing schemes o$ trans#ort $unctions' The $act that some E-UTRAN or E!5 $unctions reside in the same e(ui#ment as some trans#ort $unctions does not make the trans#ort $unctions #art o$ the E-UTRAN or the E!5' +o*ilit& $or RR5 connection is $ull& controlled *& the E-UTRAN' 4hen de$ining the E-UTRAN inter$aces the $ollowing #rinci#les were $ollowedA the $unctional division across the inter$aces shall have as $ew o#tions as #ossi*le' 1nter$aces should *e *ased on a logical model o$ the entit& controlled through this inter$ace' 6ne #h&sical network element can im#lement multi#le logical nodes'

T-e E.ol.ed * cket %ore

The Evolved !acket 5ore (E!5) is the core network o$ the LTE s&stem' The E!5 is the latest evolution o$ the 3 !! core network architecture' 1n %+, the architecture relies on circuit-switching (5%)' This means that circuits are esta*lished *etween the calling and called #arties throughout the telecommunication network (radio, core network o$ the mo*ile o#erator, $i)ed network)' This circuit-switching mode can *e seen as an evolution o$ the Gtwo cans and a stringG' 1n %+, all services are trans#orted over circuit-switches tele#hon& #rinci#all&, *ut short messages (%+%) and some data is also seen' 1n !R%, #acket-switching (!%) is added to the circuit-switching' 4ith this technolog&, data is trans#orted in #ackets without the esta*lishment o$ dedicated circuits' This o$$ers more $le)i*ilit& and e$$icienc&' 1n !R%, the circuits still trans#ort voice and %+% (in most cases)' There$ore, the core network is com#osed o$ two domainsA circuit and #acket' 1n U+T% (3 ), this dual-domain conce#t is ke#t on the core network side' %ome network elements have evolved *ut the conce#t remains ver& similar' 4hen designing the evolution o$ the 3 s&stem, the 3 !! communit& decided to use 1! (1nternet !rotocol) as the ke& #rotocol to trans#ort all services' 1t was there$ore agreed that the E!5 would not have a circuit-switched domain an&more and that the E!5 should *e an evolution o$ the #acket-switched architecture used in !R%2U+T%' This decision had conse(uences on the architecture itsel$ *ut also on the wa& that the services were #rovided' Traditional use o$ circuits to carr& voice and short messages needed to *e re#laced *& 1!-*ased solutions in the long term'

$rc-itecture of t-e E*% E!5 was $irst introduced *& 3 !! in Release " o$ the standard' 1t was decided to have a G$lat architectureG' The idea is to handle the #a&load (the data tra$$ic) e$$icientl& $rom #er$ormance and costs #ers#ective' 7ew network nodes are involved in the handling o$ the tra$$ic and #rotocol conversion is avoided' 1t was also decided to se#arate the user data (also known as the user #lane) and the signalling (also know as the control #lane) to make the scaling inde#endent' Thanks to this $unctional s#lit, the o#erators can dimension and ada#t their network easil&' 7igure ; shows a ver& *asic architecture o$ the E!% when the User E(ui#ment (UE) is connected to the E!5 over E-UTRAN (LTE access network)' The Evolved Node0 (eNode0)

is the *ase station $or LTE radio' 1n this $igure, the E!5 is com#osed o$ $our network elementsA the %erving atewa& (%erving 4), the !,N atewa& (!,N 4), the ++E and the -%%' The E!5 is connected to the e)ternal networks, which can include the 1! +ultimedia 5ore Network %u*s&stem (1+%)'

7SS 0asicall&, the -%% ($or -ome %u*scri*er %erver) is a data*ase that contains user-related and su*scri*er-related in$ormation' 1t also #rovides su##ort $unctions in mo*ilit& management, call and session setu#, user authentication and access authori=ation' 1t is *ased on the #re-3 !! Release 9 - -ome Location Register (-LR) and Authentication 5entre (Au5)' Ser.ing G8 The gatewa&s (%erving 4 and !,N 4) deal with the user #lane' The& trans#ort the 1! data tra$$ic *etween the User E(ui#ment (UE) and the e)ternal networks' The %erving 4 is the #oint o$ interconnect *etween the radio-side and the E!5' As its name indicates, this gatewa& serves the UE *& routing the incoming and outgoing 1! #ackets' 1t is the anchor #oint $or the intra-LTE mo*ilit& (i'e' in case o$ handover *etween eNode0s) and *etween LTE and other 3 !! accesses' 1t is logicall& connected to the other gatewa&, the !,N 4' *#N G8 The !,N 4 is the #oint o$ interconnect *etween the E!5 and the e)ternal 1! networks' These networks are called !,N (!acket ,ata Network), hence the name' The !,N 4 routes #ackets to and $rom the !,Ns' The !,N 4 also #er$orms various $unctions such as 1! address 2 1! #re$i) allocation or #olic& control and charging' 3 !! s#eci$ies these gatewa&s inde#endentl& *ut in #ractice the& ma& *e com*ined in a single G*o)G *& network vendors' MME The ++E ($or +o*ilit& +anagement Entit&) deals with the control #lane' 1t handles the signalling related to mo*ilit& and securit& $or E-UTRAN access' The ++E is res#onsi*le $or the tracking and the #aging o$ UE in idle-mode' 1t is the termination #oint o$ the Non-Access %tratum (NA%)'

3 dio Interf ce:

The $igure *elow shows the #rotocol stack $or the user-#lane, where !,5!, RL5 and +A5 su*la&ers (terminated in eN0 on the network side) #er$orm header com#ression, ci#hering, scheduling, AR: and -AR:'

,ser&'l ne 'rotocol st ck The $igure *elow shows the #rotocol stack $or the control-#lane' The NA% control #rotocol is mentioned $or in$ormation onl& and is #art o$ UE -E!5 communication' The !,5! su*la&er #er$orms e'g' ci#hering and integrit& #rotection, RL5 and +A5 su*la&ers #er$orm the same $unctions as $or the user #lane' The RR5 #er$orms *roadcast, #aging, RR5 connection management, Radio 0earer control, +o*ilit& $unctions, UE measurement re#orting and control'

%ontrol&'l ne 'rotocol st ck / nd $rr ngement E-UTRA is designed to o#erate in the $re(uenc& *ands de$ined in ta*le *elow' The re(uirements are de$ined $or 3'9, 3, ?, 3<, 3? and ;<+-= *andwidth with a s#eci$ic con$iguration in terms o$ num*er o$ resource *locks (8, 3?, ;?, ?<, >? and 3<< R0)' The $igure *elow shows the relation *etween the total channel *andwidth, the transmission *andwidth con$iguration i'e' the num*er o$ resource *locks' The channel raster is 3<<I-= (the center $re(uenc& must *e a multi#le o$ 3<<I-=)'

To su##ort transmission in #aired and un#aired s#ectrum, two du#le) modes are su##ortedA 7re(uenc& ,ivision ,u#le) (7,,), su##orting $ull du#le) and hal$ du#le) o#eration, and Time ,ivision ,u#le) (T,,)'

Relation between Channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration

Tr nsmission sc-eme The multi#le access scheme $or the LTE #h&sical la&er is *ased on 6rthogonal 7re(uenc& ,ivision +ulti#le Access (67,+) with a 5&clic !re$i) (5!) in the downlink and a %ingle 5arrier 7re(uenc& ,ivision +ulti#le Access (%5-7,+A) with 5! in the u#link' 67,+A techni(ue is #articularl& suited $or $re(uenc& selective channel and high data rate' 1t trans$orms a wide*and $re(uenc& selective channel into a set o$ #arallel $lat $ading narrow*and channels, thanks to 5!' This ideall&, allows the receiver to #er$orm a low com#le) e(uali=ation #rocess in $re(uenc& domain, i'e' 3 ta# scalar e(uali=ation' The *ase*and signal re#resenting a downlink #h&sical channel is de$ined in terms o$ the $ollowing ste#sA scram*ling o$ coded *its in each o$ the code words to *e transmitted on a #h&sical channel modulation o$ scram*led *its to generate com#le)-valued modulation s&m*ols ma##ing o$ the com#le)-valued modulation s&m*ols onto one or several transmission la&ers #recoding o$ the com#le)-valued modulation s&m*ols on each la&er $or transmission on the antenna #orts ma##ing o$ com#le)-valued modulation s&m*ols $or each antenna #ort to resource elements generation o$ com#le)-valued time-domain 67,+ signal $or each antenna #ort

The *ase*and signal re#resenting the #h&sical u#link shared channel is de$ined in terms o$ the $ollowing ste#s, as shown in the *elow $igureA

scram*ling modulation o$ scram*led *its to generate com#le)-valued s&m*ols trans$orm #recoding to generate com#le)-valued s&m*ols ma##ing o$ com#le)-valued s&m*ols to resource elements generation o$ com#le)-valued time-domain %5-7,+A signal $or each antenna #ort

,'link '-+sic l c- nnel 'rocessing 3F 3el ted 3e)uirements 1n T% 38'3<3 and T% 38'3<9 di$$erent re(uirements can *e $ound $or the R7' 1n #articular the $ollowing classi$ication can *e done' 7or the UE transmitter, re(uirements are given $or the $ollowing (uantitiesA Transmit signal (ualit& (Error Eector +agnitude (EE+))J +a)imum 6ut#ut !ower (+6!), +a)imum !ower Reduction (+!R), 6ut#ut #ower d&namicsJ 6ut#ut R7 s#ectrum emissionA (6ccu#ied *andwidth, s#ectrum emission mask' 6ut o$ *and emission, Ad/acent 5arrier Leakage Ratio (A5LR), s#urious emission)J Transmit intermodulation'

7or the UE receiver, re(uirements are given $or the $ollowing (uantitiesA Re$erence sensitivit& #ower level +a)imum 1n#ut level Ad/acent 5hannel sensitivit& 0locking characteristic %#urious res#onse 1nter-modulation characteristics %#urious emissions'

7or the 0% transmitter, re(uirements are given $or the $ollowing (uantitiesA 0ase station out#ut #ower and out#ut #ower d&namics, Transmit 6N2677 #owerJ Transmitted signal (ualit&, EE+ and $re(uenc& errorJ Unwanted emissions (occu#ied *andwidth, A5LR, 6#erating *and unwanted emissions, transmitter s#urious emissions )J

Transmitter intermodulation'

7or the 0% receiver, re(uirements are given $or the $ollowing (uantitiesA Re$erence sensitivit& levelJ ,&namic rangeJ 1n-channel selectivit&, Ad/acent 5hannel %electivit& (A5%), *locking and narrow *and *lockingJ Receiver s#urious emissionsJ Receiver intermodulation'

1n E-UTRA, the varia*le *andwidth o$ the s&stem #resents a s#ecial #ro*lem in the de$inition o$ the R7 re(uirementsJ there ma& *e the need to de$ine some #arameters as man& times as there are *andwidth modes' %#ecial attention has *een given also to the coe)istence issue, since LTE has to coe)ist with all the other alread& e)isting s&stems'

eN"#E/:
G-ome Node0 and -ome eNode0G re$er to the de#lo&ment as small UTRA and E-UTRA cells, res#ectivel&, in domestic, small o$$ice and similar environments' The -ome Node 02eNode0 interconnects with the 3 core 2 Evolved !acket 5ore (E!5) over a $i)ed *road*and (e'g' ,%L, 5a*le, etc') access network' Although man& o$ the e)isting service re(uirements $or Node0 and eNode0 access a##l& e(uall& to -ome Node02eNode0, additional service re(uirements ma& also *e needed to address e'g' securit&, (ualit&, charging and access restrictions resulting $rom the envisaged de#lo&ment scenarios' 1t is e)#ected that -ome Node0 and -ome eNode0 will have common re(uirements' As there are ongoing trials o$ -ome Node0s using non-standardi=ed solutions, this work develo#s common and, when needed, s#eci$ic re(uirements $or *oth -ome Node02eNode0 access s&stems' The derived re(uirements su##ort related ongoing work in other 3 !! T% s' 1nitial work $ocussed on reviewing this to#ic, drawing u#on the work on %oL%A, with a view to identi$&ing modi$ications to e)isting s#eci$ications' 5onsideration was given to service re(uirements $or e'g'A -ome Node0 UTRA access to 3 servicesJ -ome eNode0 E-UTRA access to Evolved !acket %&stem servicesJ %u##ort $or 5losed %u*scri*er rou#s (5% )J %u##ort o$ Emergenc& 5allsJ 6A+ 1ssuesJ

Locali=ation o$ -ome Node02eNode0 to com#l& with Radiocommunications license conditionsJ Locali=ation o$ -ome Node02eNode0 to com#l& with Emergenc& call re(uirementsJ Authentication o$ -ome Node02eNode0'

%ervice re(uirements $or *oth UTRA an E-UTRA access $or -ome Node02eNode0 take into account access ca#a*ilities and #ossi*le limitations e'g' :o% and *andwidth restrictions' !articular attention was given to the o#eration o$ the e(ui#ment in accordance with the licence granted to the !L+N o#erator' ++1-As#ects - the need $or #ossi*le de#lo&ment re(uirements (e'g' #lugH#la&) and remote con$iguration *& the !L+N o#erator, and degree o$ control a##ro#riate $or the user o$ the -ome Node 02eNode0 were considered' 5onsideration was given to di$$erential charging $or di$$erent classes o$ su*scri*er e'g' the owner o$ the -ome Node02eNode0 and authori=ed Kvisiting guestL su*scri*ers'