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1. Unitary system: Political organization where most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government. 2. Federal system: System of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units. 3. Jurisdiction of federal court and Supreme Court: The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over all courts and the federal court (under them) has jurisdiction over the smaller courts. 4. Classification of government: oligarchy, autocracy, democracy: Democracy: form of government which people vote for the leader Autocracy: government by a single person having unlimited power Oligarchy: autocracy but power given to a few people or group 5. Federalist vs. Antifederalist: Federalist wanted new constitution ratified, Antifederalist the opposite. Against: no bill of rights, too much power to national government 6. Preamble of the Constitution: We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 7. Capitalism, socialism, communism, and command economy: Capitalism: economic/political system in which countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by state Socialism: a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Communism: a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. Command: an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. 8. Concurrent resolution and joint resolution: Concurrent resolution: A resolution adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that does not have the force of law and does not require the signature of the chief executive. Joint Resolution: A type of measure that Congress may consider and act upon, the other types being bills, concurrent resolutions, and simple resolutions, in addition to treaties in the Senate.

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9. How a bill becomes a law: 1. Introduced by any member. Goes through House (hopper) and Senate. 2. Committee Action 3. Floor Action 4. Conference Committee 5. The President 6. The Bill Becomes A Law 10. Adam Smith: The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 11. John Locke: Social contract, human nature is selfish 12. Karl Marx: Founded Communism 13. Electoral College: its flaws, proposed reforms: Possibility of electing minority president, risk of faithless Electors, depressing voter turnout, failure to accurately reflect national popular will. Reforms: Direct election, proportional electoral votes, direct vote with plurality rule, congressional district method, national bonus plan, binding proposal 14. Articles of Confederation and its weaknesses: First constitution of the United States 1 The national government could not force the states to obey its laws. 2 It did not have the power to tax 3 It did not have the power to enforce laws 4 Congress lacked strong and steady leadership 5 There was no national army or navy 6 There was no system of national courts 7 Each state could issue its own paper money 8 Each state could put tariffs on trade between states. (A tariff is a tax on goods coming in from another state or country.)

15. Structure of Congress: House and Senate

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16. Formal qualifications for representatives and senators, length of term and term limits: Representative: 25 years of age, citizen for 7 years, live in elected state, term limit 2 years, Senator: 30 years old, citizen for 9 years, live in elected state, term limit 6 years, 17. Checks and Balances and examples: system of separating three branches of powers. EX: President vetoes bill, Senate checks on Presidents appointments to offices 18. Separation of Powers: Enforcing law to Executive, determining extent of law to Judicial, making laws to Legislative 19. Politics: Practice and theory of influencing other people on a civic or individual level 20. Formal qualifications for presidency, term and limit: natural born citizen, at least 35 years old, permanent resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years, 2 terms 4 years each term. 21. Powers of Congress and President: Congress: money, defense declare war President: executive agreements, 30 days of undeclared war 22. Direct democracy vs. Representative democracy: People individual counts vs. People vote for representatives to represent them. 23. Opinions of the Supreme Court: unanimous, concurring, dissenting, majority: Unanimous: all justices agree on Concurring: written by one or more judges which agree with decision by for different reason Dissenting: written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion Majority: agreed by more than half of members 24. Cause and effect of the Intolerable Acts: Cause: The British believed that the colonists should have to pay some of the cost of the French and Indian War. Parliament taxed the colonists. The colonists didnt like taxation without representation. The colonists kept having protests against taxes, leading to the Boston Tea Party. The British wanted the colonists to pay England back for all the tea that the colonists destroyed during the Boston Tea Party. Parliament also wanted more control over the colonies so it passed a series of acts, called the Coercive Acts, in 1774. These acts were to punish the colonists and bring them back into submission of the king. They included: * The Boston Port Act (March 31, 1774) closed the port until the colonists paid Britain back for the tea they dumped into the harbor. * Massachusetts Government Act (May 20, 1774) a town could only have a meeting if the Governor allowed them to have it. * Administration of Justice Act (May 20, 1774) British officials charged with a crime would be sent to

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England for their trial. * The Quartering Act (June 2, 1774) colonists could be forced to allow soldiers to use their homes for quarters. * The Quebec Act (June 22, 1774) extended the boundaries of Canada. The colonies referred to these acts as the Intolerable Acts. Effects: These Acts had many effects. The Massachusetts Government Act got rid of elected officials. Almost all of the government positions were to be appointed by the British and were under the seal of Great Britain. The Administration of Justice Act allowed the Governor of Massachusetts to transfer trials to Great Britain. The Boston Port Act closed the port until damages for the Boston Tea Party were paid back to Great Britain. This hurt Boston economically. Other colonies supported them in protest. These acts made the other colonies feel sorry for Massachusetts. Ordinarily, the colonies didnt really work together but now they did. Boston wanted all the colonies to boycott British goods. Virginia proposed that the colonies meet to list their objections and decide what to do. This led to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, in September 1774. The Intolerable Acts were the last straw for Britain and the colonists, leading to the beginning of the American Revolution. 25. Magna Carta: forced onto a King of England, give basic rights to citizens and other rights 26. Amendment 1: Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition 27. Amendment 2: right to bear arms 28. Amendment 3: quartering of troops 29. Amendment 4: warrant for search and seizure 30. Amendment 5: grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process 31. Amendment 6: jury trial, right to confront and to counsel 32. Amendment 7: Law suits, jury trial 33. Amendment 8: excessive bail or fines, cruel and unsual punishment 34. Amendment 9: non-enumerated rights 35. Amendment 10: rights reserved to states or people 36. Amendment 14 and Due Process: citizenship rights, equal protection of the laws Due Process: state must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person

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Slander - the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation. Libel - a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation. 38. Constituent: part of a whole 39. Presidential succession: Order: V.P. , Speaker of House, Pres. Pro Tempore of Senate, Secretary of State/ Treasury/ Defense , Attorney General, Secretary of Interior / Agriculture/ Commerce/ Labor/ Health and Human services/ Housing and Urban develop/ Transportation/ Energy/ Education/ Veterans Affairs/ Homeland Security 40. Separate-but-equal doctrine: Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law that justified systems of segregation. 41. Vice president and his duties: Succeed the President and reside over senate 42. Impeachment process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Resolution Committee Vote House Vote Hearing Report House Vote Senate Trial Senate Vote

43. Subpoena: writ by a government agency, most often a court, that has authority to compel testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure 44. Political parties: organization seeks to influence, or entirely control, government policy 45. Presidents judicial powers: appoint federal court judges, pardon people convicted of federal crimes, reduce persons jail sentence or fine 46. Line item veto: president selects certain part of bill and changes it 47. Different forms of mass media: internet, t.v., radio, newspaper 48. Factors that influence political party selection: money, popularity, influence 49. Minor political parties: Green party etc. 50. Extradition: one country transfers a suspected or convicted criminal to another country. 51. Problems of the national government after the revolutionary war: due to articles, very little power