Landge et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol.

3 Issue 3 July 2013(106-112)

106

International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment
Vol. 3 I ssue 3 J uly 2013(106-112)
ISSN 2248-9649

Research Paper

Ultrasonic Velocity and Allied Parameters of Glucose-Alcohol-Water
System at 25
o
C


*
Landge M. G.
1
, Badade S. S.
2
, Kendre B. V.
1

1
P.G. Department of Chemistry, Vaidyanath College, Parli-Vaijnath, MS, INDIA
2
Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, MS, INDIA

Available online at: www.ijrce.org
(Received 04
th
April 2013, Accepted 30
th
June 2013)

Abstract: Ultrasonic velocities of glucose-alcohol-water mixtures were measured at 25
o
C by using a
single crystal interferometer at a frequency of 4 MH
z
. The ultrasonic velocity (U), density (d) and
concentration (C) were used to determine adiabatic compressibility B
ad,
apparent molar
compressibility (k
s)
, hydration number (S
k
), relative association (R
a
), intermolecular free length
(L
f
), specific acoustic impedance (Z) etc. to discuss in the light of solute-solvent interactions. The
variation of apparent molar compressibility with a glucose concentration is found linear. The
hydration number is calculated using equation suggested by Passynski, Wada and Nomura.

Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, apparent molar compressibility, hydration number,
relative association, glucose, concentration etc.

Introduction
Sound velocity is a thermodynamic state
function. Accurate thermodynamic data on dilute
electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions are frequently
needed in chemistry. Many other thermodynamic
properties of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions
are derived from the ultrasonic velocity
[1,2]
. Recently,
the ultrasonic velocity studies in many of the aqueous,
pure non-aqueous and mixed

electrolytic solutions
have led to new insight into the process of ion-solvent
and ion-ion interactions. Lesser experimental data on
the salvation behavior of ions are available in mixed
solvents
[3]
. Medicinal macromolecular interactions
involved in drug transport, protein binding and
physiological processes. The mechanism of such
molecular processes is not yet clearly understood.
Adiabatic compressibility, apparent molar
compressibility, intermolecular free length, specific
acoustic impedance, relative association and salvation
number are functions of ultrasonic velocity.

As these activation parameters are more
accurate measure of ion-ion and ion-solvent and
solute-solvent interactions, an ultrasonic study on
solutions of glucose-alcohol-water (G-A-W) in
aqueous medium has been made at different
temperatures. The very poor solubility of these, in
water led to use ethanol as a solvent. The rationale for
choosing glucose as bio molecule is primarily based on
their role in various physiological processes.

Material and Methods
Experimental: The bio molecules e.g. glucose used in
the present study were obtained from S. D. Fine
Chemicals Ltd., and were used as such without further
purifications. The double distilled ethanol was used as
a solvent. The purity of ethanol was checked by
comparing its density and refractive index with the one
reported in the literature
[4]
. The speed of sound were
obtained by using a variable path single crystal
interferometer (Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi, Model
M-81) using a cell frequency of 4 MH
z
. These results
are accurate to 1 ms
-1
. For water and ethanol at 25
0
C,
the values of ultrasonic velocity (U), 1496.35 ms
-1

and 1280.25 ms
-1
respectively obtained in this study
are close agreement to the literature values
[5,6]
.
Weighing was done on Mettler mono pan balance,
0.01 mg which can read to the fifth place of decimal.
The solutions of different molalities were prepared by
dissolving accurately known weights of the bio
molecule in solvent mixtures and kept for some
interval of time.

The density of pure ethanol and glucose
solution were determined in a 15 cm
3
bi capillary
pycnometers. Typically, three pycnometers were used
for one set of measurements. A pycnometer was
Landge et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 3 Issue 3 July 2013(106-112)

107
calibrated by using conductivity water (conductivity
less than 1.0 mhos) with 997.05 kg m
-3
as its density
at 25
o
C. The pycnometers filled with liquids were kept
in a transparent walled water bath with a stability of
0.02
o
C for 20-30 minutes to attain thermal
equilibrium. The density values were reproducible
within 0.02 kgm
-3.


Calculations
Different thermodynamic parameters such as
adiabatic compressibility, apparent molar
compressibility, intermolecular free length, specific
acoustic impedance, relative association and salvation
number etc. have been calculated at 25
0
C using
ultrasonic velocity and density of these solutions with
the help of following equations, to have an insight of
the interactions
[7-11]
.

uv=
---------------
1000
do-d
C do
+ ------
M
do
-------- 1

uk=
---------------
1000
||
0
+
-------- 2
C
|
0
uv


qr =
--------
dt
doto
-------3
u
v
= uv
o
+S
v
C4

u
k
= uk
o
+S
k
C5


N
r
= 1+|
C
------6


L
f
=K(|
ad
)--------7


Z=Ud--------------8

R
a
= (dU
o
/d
o
U)
1/3
---------9


Where, d, d
o
and U, U
o
are densities and ultrasonic
velocities of solution and solvent respectively, M is the
molecular weight of the solute, B
o
ad and B
ad
are the
adiabatic compressibilities of solvent and solutions, K
is the Jacobson constant, C is the concentration in
mol/litre, n
1
and n
2
are the numbers of moles of
solvent and solute respectively,
0
k
s
and
0
v
(d
0
) are
the partial molar compressibilities of solvated and
desolvated solute, (
o
V
), is the partial molar volume
of the solute. The value of
0
v
(d
0
) is generally
considered to be zero. The ultrasonic velocity (U),
adiabatic compressibility (B
ad
) and apparent molar
compressibility (k
s
) of glucose in aqueous, 20/, 40/
and 60/ ethanol-water system at 25
o
C are presented in
table 1. (A to D). The ultrasonic velocity increases
with increase in concentrations of glucose and also
with temperature in aqueous medium. This trend exists
for 20%, 40% ethanol-water mixtures but it is reversed
in 60% ethanol-water mixture. The variation of
apparent molar compressibility with concentration of
solute is linear in ethanol-water mixtures for the given
temperature (as shown in figure 1 to 3).

The variation of k
s
. with C of solute is linear
in ethanol-water mixtures for all the three temperature.
The slope of these linear plots increases with the
increase in temperature. Largest slope in 20% than in
an aqueous medium followed by very small S
k
value at
40% with a greater slope in 60% ethanol mixtures,
indicates the structure modification of water in
different ethanol-water mixtures. The S
k
parameters
for some system are presented in (Table 2).



Table 1(A)
Ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility and apparent molar compressibility
of Glucose in aq. Medium at 25
o
C

C Mole/dm
-3
U m/ s
ad
.10
6
bar
-1
k
s
.10
4
cm
3
mole/bar
0.0 1496.39 44.79 -------
0.1 1503.80 44.07 -21.85
0.4 1524.90 41.92 -27.93
0.7 1548.30 39.89 -28.43
1.0 1572.20 37.99 -28.19
1.3 1580.40 36.89 -22.84
1.5 1584.40 36.25 -20.18
2.0 1594.30 34.79 -15.33




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108
Table 1(B)
Ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility and apparent molar compressibility of Glucose in 20%
Ethanol-Water at 25
o
C

C Mole/dm
-3
U m/ s
ad
.10
6
bar
-1
k
s
.10
4
cm
3
mole/bar
0.1 1596.20 40.16 49.94
0.4 1599.20 39.14 46.31
0.7 1601.60 38.22 59.99
1.0 1604.02 37.30 46.94
1.3 1605.65 36.47 42.29
1.5 1607.65 35.90 37.02
2.0 1610.52 34.63 27.26

Table 1(C)
Ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility and apparent molar compressibility of Glucose in 40%
Ethanol-Water at 25
o
C

C Mole/dm
-3
U m/ s
ad
.10
6
bar
-1
k
s
.10
4
cm
3
mole/bar
0.1 1601.54 41.20 -24.06
0.4 1612.01 39.77 -12.21
0.7 1625.37 38.17 -1741
1.0 1634.97 36.82 -17.84
1.3 1644.02 35.59 -17.59
1.5 1649.37 34.84 -17.34
2.0 1658.50 33.22 -16.41

Table 1(D)
Ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility and apparent molar compressibility of Glucose in 60%
Ethanol-Water at 25
o
C

C Mole/dm
-3
U m/ s
ad
.10
6
bar
-1
k
s
.10
4
cm
3
mole/bar
0.1 1603.23 43.06 6.16
0.4 1606.83 41.75 5.52
0.7 1607.02 40.76 5.71
1.0 1600.97 39.99 4.37
1.3 1590.51 39.55 3.92
1.5 1584.01 39.24 4.24
2.0 1549.20 39.44 1.16

Table 2
Partial molar compressibility
0
ks, S
k
values of glucose in aqueous, 20%, 40% and 60% ethanol-water
mixture at different temperatures

Temperature
0
C

0%

0
ks Sk
20%

0
k
s
S
k

40%

0
k
s
S
k

60%

0
k
s
S
k

25 1496 50 1596 6.6 1562 34 1629 -40
35 1516 70 1602 9.8 1573 40 1909 -32
45 1536 100 1608 18 1593 57.5 1520 67.5

Results and Discussion
The precision of obtained values of ultrasonic
velocity (U), measurements is good. The U
0

Corresponding to pure water increases with
temperature. The observed value 1465.84 ms
-1
is in
good agreement with literature value i.e. 1465.13 ms
-1
.
For water, adiabatic compressibility B
0
ad and


partial
Landge et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 3 Issue 3 July 2013(106-112)

109
molar compressibility
0
K
s,

decrease with
temperature. The carbohydrates are structure makers
due to the hydrogen bonding between the water
dipoles and OH groups of the carbohydrates. The
increase in ultrasonic velocity on the addition of
glucose is the case of increase in compressibility
which is due to the utilization of greater number of
water molecules with increase in glucose
concentration. The variation of ultrasonic velocity in a
solution depends on the intermolecular free length on
mixing. On the basis of a model for sound propagation
proposed by Erying and Kincaid
[12,13]
. Ultrasonic
velocity increases on decrease of free length and vice
versa. L
f
is a predominant factor in determining the
variation of ultrasonic velocity in fluids and their
solutions. In the present study, L
f
increases with
temperatures in all the system i.e. 0.0%, to 60%
ethanol-water mixture. The (Z) values increases with
temperatures in aqueous medium only but exactly
reverse observations are found in 20%, 40%and 60%
ethanol-water mixtures, where the (Z) value decreases
with temperatures and also with percentage of ethanol-
water mixtures i.e. from 20%to 60%. The increase of
R
a
with concentration suggests that salvation of solute
predominates over the breaking up of the solvent
aggregates (ethanol-water or others)
[14,15].
As the
temratures of solution rises, the aggregates of solvent
molecules breaks down, resulting in increased
salvation of solute by free solvent molecule and there
by increase in R
a
with increase in temperatures. The
value of R
a
increases with concentration and
temperatures. It decreases in 0%, 20%, 40% and 60%
ethanol-water. The L
f
increases with temperatures in
all the systems i.e. an aqueous, 20%, 40% and 60%
ethanol-water mixtures at various temperatures are set
out in table 3 and their plots are as shown in figure 4 to
6.




Figure 1: Concentration Vs Ultrasonic velocity



Figure 2: Concentration Vs Adiabatic Compressibility

Landge et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 3 Issue 3 July 2013(106-112)

110


Figure 3: Concentration Vs apparent molar compressibility



Figure 4: Concentration Vs Inter molecular free length



Figure 5: Concentration Vs specific acoustic impedance

Landge et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 3 Issue 3 July 2013(106-112)

111


Figure 6: Concentration Vs relative association

Table 3
intermolecular free length, specific acoustic impedance and relative association of Glucose in aqueous and
20%, ethanol-water medium at different temperatures

C
m/l

0.0% at 25
o
c 20% at 25
o
c
L
f
A
0
Z 10
4
kg/sec/m

R
a
Lf
A
o

Z 10
4
kg/sec/m

R
a

0.1 414.89 15.09 1.00 3.961 15.60 1.01
0.4 404.66 15.64 1.02 3.910 15.98 1.02
0.7 394.68 16.19 1.04 3.864 16.34 1.05
1.0 385.23 16.74 1.05 3.817 16.71 1.07
1.3 379.61 17.15 1.07 3.775 17.08 1.09
1.5 376.28 17.41 1.08 3.745 17.32 1.11
2.0 368.67 18.03 1.11 3.678 17.93 1.14

20%at 35
o
c 20%at 45
o
c
L
f
A
0
Z 10
4
kg/sec/m

R
a
Lf A
o
Z 10
4
kg/sec/m

R
a

4.031 15.52 1.01 4.099 15.48 1.00
3.985 15.88 1.03 4.053 15.83 1.03
3.941 16.22 1.05 4.033 16.19 1.05
3.891 16.61 1.07 3.958 16.55 1.07
3.853 16.93 1.09 3.912 16.88 1.09
3.826 17.93 1.10 3.885 17.14 1.10
3.762 17.73 1.14 3.816 17.73 1.14


The salvation number (S
n
) is calculated using equation
suggested by Passynski, Wada and Nomura et al. The
values of S
n
derived from equation were (0.07) in 20%
and (0.25) in 40% of glucose , it is well established
that glucose molecule forms hydrogen bonds with
water through the OH groups which are five in
number. The fractional number less than 1, observed is
rather difficult to explain. It is certainly not due to any
experimental error or an error in calculations. Possibly,
it indicates the limitation of Wadas equation for its
application for non-electrolyte.

Conclusion
The allied parameters were used to discuss in
the light of solute-solvent interactions in solution
chemistry. In present study the change in apparent
molar compressibility with glucose concentration is
observed linear.

Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Dr. R.K. Ippar
Principal, Vaidyanath Arts, Science and Commerce
College, Parli-vaijnath, Dist-Beed for encouragement
Landge et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 3 Issue 3 July 2013(106-112)

112
and U.G.C. New Delhi for a research grants through
minor research project.

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