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Roadmap
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Computer Networks

By Prof. Rajender Kumar, AP, ECED, NIT Kurukshetra

13-Nov-13

What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (self study) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

Computer Network?
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The nuts and bolts view of the Internet

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interconnected collection of autonomous computers connected by a single technology

[Tanenbaum]

router

workstation mobile

millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems

PCs workstations, servers PDAs phones, toasters

server local ISP

What is the Internet?

network of networks collection of networks interconnected by routers a communication medium used by millions
Email, chat, Web surfing, streaming media

running network apps

communication links
fiber, copper, radio, satellite Links have different bandwidth

regional ISP

Internet Web
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routers: forward packets Packet: a piece of messg.

Computer Networks

company network
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Roadmap
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Applications (1)
end systems (hosts):
run application programs e.g. Web, email at edge of network

What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (self study) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

client/server model
client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server

Client/server model is applicable in an intranet.

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Applications (2)
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Applications (3)
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peer-peer model:
No fixed clients or servers Each host can act as both client & server

Examples: Napster, Gnutella, KaZaA

WWW Instant Messaging (Internet chat, text messaging on cellular phones) Peer-to-Peer Internet Phone Video-on-demand Distributed Games Remote Login (SSH client, Telnet) File Transfer
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Cool Appliances
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Roadmap
What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (self study) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

IP picture frame http://www.ceiva.com/

Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster Worlds smallest web server http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html

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A Classification of Networks
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Local Area Network (LAN)

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Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Wireless LANs & WANs Home Networks

company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet:

shared or dedicated link connects end system and router 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet
deployment: institutions, home LANs happening now LANs, WLAN ?

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Computer Networks

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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Cable Network Architecture: Overview

A Cable TV Network is an example of a MAN

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend cable distribution network (simplified)

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cable headend home

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cable distribution network (simplified)

Computer Networks

home

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Cable Network Architecture: Overview

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

Spans a large geographic area, e.g., a country or a continent A WAN consists of several transmission lines and routers Internet is an example of a WAN

server(s)

cable headend cable distribution network

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home

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Computer Networks

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Wireless Networks
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Home networks
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shared wireless access network connects end system to router

via base station aka access point

To the wired network router base station

Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point
to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet (switched)
Computer Networks

wireless LANs:
802.11b (WiFi): 11 Mbps

wider-area wireless access

provided by telco operator 3G ~ 384 kbps

wireless laptops wireless access point

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Will it happen??
WAP/GPRS in Europe

mobile hosts
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Computer Networks

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internetworking?
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Roadmap
What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (self study) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

internetwork interconnection of networks also called an internet Subnetwork a constituent of an internet Intermediate system a device used to connect two networks allowing hosts of the networks to correspond with each other
Bridge Routers

Internet is an example of an internetwork.

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Layered Architecture: Why?

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Motivation Continued
Application logic
Application Services Communication Service Application Services

Networks are complex with many pieces Hosts, routers, links, applications, protocols, hardware, software Can we organize it, somehow? Lets consider a Web page request:
Browser requests Web page from server Server should determine if access is privileged Reliable transfer page from server to client Physical transfer of bits from server to client
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Reliable delivery

Communication Service

Network Services

Transfer bits

Network Services

Web Server
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Web Client
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Motivation Continued
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Layers, Protocols, Interfaces

Application Services
Layer Interface

Dealing with complex systems:

explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex systems pieces Application logic protocol Reliable delivery protocol Transfer bits protocol
Application Services

layered reference model for discussion

modularization eases maintenance, updating of system

Communication Service
Layer Interface

Communication Service

change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system
layering considered harmful?
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Network Services

Network Services

Web Server
Computer Networks

Web Client

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Layered Architecture (Review 1/2)

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Review (2/2)
A set of layers & protocols is called a Network Architecture. These specifications enable hardware/software developers to build systems compliant with a particular architecture.
E.g., TCP/IP, OSI

Networks organized as a stack of layers?

The purpose of a layer is to offer services to the layer above it using an interface (programming language analogy: libraries hide details while providing a service) Reduces design complexity

Protocols: peer-to-peer layer-n conversations Data Transfer: each layer passes data & control information to the layer below; eventually physical medium is reached.
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Layering: Design Issues

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Reference Models
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model TCP/IP Model

Identify senders/receivers?
Addressing

Unreliable physical communication medium?

Error detection Error control Message reordering

Sender can swamp the receiver?

Flow control

Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
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Reference Models (2)

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TCP/IP Model: History

Originally used in the ARPANET ARPANET required networks using leased telephone lines & radio/satellite networks to interoperate Goals of the model are:
Seamless interoperability Wide-ranging applications Fault-tolerant to some extent
Application Transport Internet Host-toNetwork

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Computer Networks

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The Internet Layer

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The Transport Layer

Concerned with end-to-end data transfer between end systems (hosts) Transmission unit is called segment TCP/IP networks such as the Internet provides two types of services to applications
connection-oriented service Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connectionless service - User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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End systems inject datagrams in the networks A transmission path is determined for each packet (routing) A best effort service
Datagrams might be lost Datagrams might be arrive out of order

Analogy: Postal system

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TCP: Connection-oriented Service

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UDP: Connectionless Service

No handshaking Send whenever and however you want A best effort service
No reliability No congestion & flow control services

Handshaking between client & server programs

Parameters for ensuing exchange Maintain connection-state

Packet switches do not maintain any connectionstate;

hence connection-oriented

Similar to a phone conversation TCP is bundled with reliability, congestion control, and flow control.
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Why is it needed?

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The Application Layer

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The Host-to-Network Layer

Somehow, host has to connect to the network and be able to send IP Datagrams How?

Residence of network applications and their application control logic Examples include:
HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP DNS

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Computer Networks

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Internet protocol stack

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Layering: logical communication

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application: supporting network applications

FTP, SMTP, STTP

application transport network link physical

Each layer: distributed entities implement layer functions at each node entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers

transport: host-host data transfer

TCP, UDP

application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical

network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

IP, routing protocols

link: data transfer between neighboring network elements

PPP, Ethernet

physical: bits on the wire

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application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

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Layering: logical communication

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Layering: physical communication

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take data from app generate segment according to transport protocol add addressing, reliability check info to form datagram send datagram to peer wait for peer to ack receipt

data application transport transport network link physical ack application transport network link physical data network link physical data application transport transport network link physical

data application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

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Computer Networks

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Protocol layering and data

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Roadmap
What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (self study) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

Each layer takes data from above adds header information to create new data unit passes new data unit to layer below source
M Ht M Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht M

destination application Ht transport Hn Ht network link Hl Hn Ht physical

M M M M message segment datagram frame

application transport network link physical

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The Network Core

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Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-to-end resources reserved for call
Link bandwidth, switch capacity Dedicated resources with no sharing Guaranteed transmission capacity Call setup required Blocking may occur
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mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net?

circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Computer Networks

Network Core: Circuit Switching

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Circuit Switching: TDMA and TDMA

Example: FDMA 4 users

Capacity of medium exceeds the capacity required for transmission of a single signal
How can we improve efficiency? Lets multiplex.

frequency time TDMA

Divide link bandwidth into pieces: frequency division - FDMA time division TDMA

frequency time

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Computer Networks

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Network Core: Packet Switching

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Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

A B
10 Mbs Ethernet

store-and-forward transmission source breaks long messages into smaller packets packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resource contention
aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mbs

queue of packets waiting for output link

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern statistical multiplexing. In TDM each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
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Packet switching versus circuit switching

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Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R R R

Is packet switching a slam dunk winner? Great for bursty data

resource sharing
Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss

protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control

Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?

bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (chapter 6)

Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward delay = 3L/R

Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps delay = 15 sec

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Computer Networks

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Packet Switching: Message Segmenting

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Packet-switched networks: forwarding

datagram network:
destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session (flexible?) no per flow state, hence more scalable

Now break up the message into 5000 packets Each packet 1,500 bits 1 msec to transmit packet on one link pipelining: each link works in parallel Delay reduced from 15 sec to 5.002 sec

virtual circuit network:

each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop fixed path determined at call setup time path is not a dedicated path as in circuit switched (i.e., store & forward of packets) routers maintain per-call state

datagram networks need per packet routing.

Computer Networks 13-Nov-13 Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

Network Taxonomy
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Roadmap
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Telecommunication networks

Circuit-switched networks

Packet-switched networks

FDM

TDM

Networks with VCs

Datagram Networks

What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (Tutorial) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

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How do loss and delay occur?

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Four sources of packet delay

1. nodal processing:
check bit errors determine output link

packets queue in router buffers

packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn if queue is full, arriving packets dropped (Drop-Tail)
packet being transmitted (delay)

2. queueing
time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router

A B
packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers Computer Networks

A B

transmission propagation

nodal processing

queueing
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Delay in packet-switched networks

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Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
dproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less

3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R

4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s Note: s and R are very different quantities!

dqueue = queuing delay

depends on congestion

A B

transmission

dtrans = transmission delay

= L/R, significant for low-speed links

propagation

dprop = propagation delay

a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

nodal processing Computer Networks

queueing

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Computer Networks

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Queueing delay (revisited)

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Real Internet delays and routes

What do real Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes 3 probes

R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!
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Roadmap
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Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage

What is a Computer Network? Applications of Networking Classification of Networks Layered Architecture Network Core Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Internet Structure Transmission Media (Tutorial) History (self study)
Computer Networks 13-Nov-13

treat each other as equals

Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

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Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Sprint US backbone network

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP

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Internet structure: network of networks

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Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!
local ISP

Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs

last hop (access) network (closest to end systems)
local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP

local ISP

local ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

local ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

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Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP Computer Networks

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

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Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP Computer Networks

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Recap/ Summary
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Computer Networks
You now have: context, overview, feel of networking more depth, detail to follow!

Covered a ton of material! Internet overview whats a protocol? network edge, core, access network

Thanks
Prof. Rajender Kumar Email: rkumar@nitkkr.ac.in, rkumar.kkr@gmail.com

packet-switching versus circuit-switching

Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, delay layering and service models history (which you will be reading on your own)
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