Sachpazis Cantilever Retaining Wall Analysis & Design (En1997-1-2004)

Retaining wall Analysis & Design, In accordance with EN1997-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated February 2009 and the
recommended values.
Project: Section
Job Ref.
GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering Consulting Company for Structural Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, Foundation Engineering & Retaining Structures.
Tel.: (+30) 210 5238127, 210 5711263 - Fax.:+30 210 5711461 - Mobile: (+30) 6936425722 & (+44) 7585939944, costas@sachpazis.info
Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date
Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (EN1997-1:2004)

In accordance with EN1997-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated February 2009 and the recommended values
Retaining wall details
Stem type; Stem height; Stem thickness; Slope length to front of stem; Angle to rear face of stem; Angle to front face of stem; Stem density; Toe length; Heel length; Base thickness; Base density; Height of retained soil; Angle of soil surface; Depth of cover; Height of water; Water density; Cantilever with inclined front face hstem = 4000 mm tstem = 450 mm lslf = 100 mm = 90 deg f = 88.6 deg stem = 25 kN/m ltoe = 1000 mm lheel = 4000 mm tbase = 450 mm base = 25 kN/m hret = 3000 mm = 15 deg dcover = 500 mm hwater = 300 mm w = 9.8 kN/m
3 3 3
Retained soil properties

Soil type; Moist density; Saturated density; Characteristic effective shear resistance angle; Characteristic wall friction angle; Medium dense well graded sand and gravel mr = 20 kN/m 'r.k = 25 deg r.k = 16 deg
3 3
sr = 22.3 kN/m
Base soil properties

Moist density; Characteristic cohesion; Characteristic adhesion; Characteristic effective shear resistance angle; Characteristic wall friction angle; Characteristic base friction angle; mb = 20 kN/m3 c'b.k = 5 kN/m ab.k = 5 kN/m b.k = 20 deg bb.k = 25 deg 'b.k = 25 deg
2 2
Loading details
Variable surcharge load; SurchargeQ = 10 kN/m
2
Retaining wall Analysis & Design, In accordance with EN1997-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated February 2009 and the recommended values.
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Calculate retaining wall geometry

Base length; Saturated soil height; Moist soil height; Length of surcharge load; lbase = ltoe + lslf + tstem + lheel = 5550 mm hsat = hwater + dcover = 800 mm hmoist = hret - hwater = 2700 mm lsur = lheel = 4000 mm
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
- Distance to vertical component; Effective height of wall; - Distance to horizontal component; Area of wall stem; - Distance to vertical component; Area of wall base; - Distance to vertical component; Area of saturated soil; - Distance to vertical component; - Distance to horizontal component; Area of water; - Distance to vertical component; - Distance to horizontal component; Area of moist soil; - Distance to vertical component; - Distance to horizontal component;
xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 3550 mm heff = hbase + dcover + hret + lsur tan() = 5022 mm xsur_h = heff / 2 = 2511 mm Astem = hstem (tstem + lslf / 2) = 2 m
2
xstem = (hstem tstem (ltoe + lslf + tstem / 2) + hstem lslf / 2 (ltoe + 2 lslf / 3)) / Astem = 1299 mm Abase = lbase tbase = 2.498 m xbase = lbase / 2 = 2775 mm Asat = hsat lheel = 3.2 m xsat_v = lbase - (hsat
2 2 lheel 2
/ 2) / Asat = 3550 mm
2
xsat_h = (hsat + hbase) / 3 = 417 mm Awater = hsat lheel = 3.2 m xwater_v = lbase - (hsat lheel / 2) / Asat = 3550 mm xwater_h = (hsat + hbase) / 3 = 417 mm Amoist = hmoist lheel + tan() lheel / 2 = 12.944 m
2 3 2 2 2
xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist lheel / 2 + tan() lheel / 6) / Amoist = 3660 mm xmoist_h = ((heff - hsat - hbase) (tbase + hsat + (heff - hsat - hbase) / 3) / 2 + (hsat + tbase) /2) / (hsat + tbase + (heff hsat - hbase) / 2) = 1757 mm
2
Area of base soil; - Distance to vertical component;
Apass = dcover (ltoe + lslf dcover / (2 hstem)) = 0.503 m

2
xpass_v = lbase - (dcover ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2) + lslf dcover / (2 hstem) (lbase - ltoe - lslf dcover / (3 hstem))) / Apass = 503 mm
2
- Distance to horizontal component; Area of excavated base soil; - Distance to vertical component;
xpass_h = (dcover + hbase) / 3 = 317 mm Aexc = hpass (ltoe + lslf hpass / (2 hstem)) = 0.503 m
2
xexc_v = lbase - (hpass ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2) + lslf hpass / (2 hstem) (lbase - ltoe - lslf hpass / (3 hstem))) / Aexc = 503 mm
2
- Distance to horizontal component;
xexc_h = (hpass + hbase) / 3 = 317 mm
Partial factors on actions - Table A.3 - Combination 1

Permanent unfavourable action; Permanent favourable action; Variable unfavourable action; Variable favourable action; G = 1.35 Gf = 1.00 Q = 1.50 Qf = 0.00
Partial factors for soil parameters Table A.4 - Combination 1

Angle of shearing resistance; ' = 1.00
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014 c' = 1.00 = 1.00
App'd by
Date
Effective cohesion; Weight density;

Design effective shear resistance angle; Design wall friction angle; 'r.d = atan(tan('r.k) / ') = 25 deg r.d = atan(tan(r.k) / ') = 16 deg

Design effective shear resistance angle; Design wall friction angle; Design base friction angle; Design effective cohesion; Design adhesion; 'b.d = atan(tan('b.k) / ') = 25 deg b.d = atan(tan(b.k) / ') = 20 deg bb.d = atan(tan(bb.k) / ') = 25 deg c'b.d = c'b.k / c' = 5 kN/m ab.d = ab.k / c' = 5 kN/m
2 2
Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + 'r.d) / (sin() sin( - r.d) [1 + [sin('r.d + r.d) sin('r.d - ) / (sin( - r.d) sin( + ))]] ) = 0.469 Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(f - 'b.d) / (sin(f) sin(f + b.d) [1 [sin('b.d + b.d) sin('b.d) / (sin(f + b.d) sin(f))]] ) = 4.403
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sliding check Vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; Wall base; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total; Fstem = Gf Astem stem = 50 kN/m Fbase = Gf Abase base = 62.4 kN/m Fsat_v = Gf Asat (sr - w) = 39.8 kN/m Fwater_v = Gf Awater w = 31.4 kN/m Fmoist_v = Gf Amoist mr = 258.9 kN/m Fexc_v = Gf Aexc mb = 10.1 kN/m Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v + Fwater_v = 452.6 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall

Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Fsur_h = KA cos(r.d) Q SurchargeQ heff = 33.9 kN/m Fsat_h = G KA cos(r.d) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase) / 2 = 5.9 kN/m Fwater_h = G w (hwater + dcover + hbase) / 2 = 10.3 kN/m
2 2
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Moist retained soil;
Fmoist_h = G KA cos(r.d) mr ((heff - hsat hbase) / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat + hbase)) = 143.9
2
Total;
kN/m Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h = 194.1 kN/m
Check stability against sliding

Base soil resistance; = 37.3 kN/m Base friction; Resistance to sliding; Factor of safety; Ffriction = ab.d b + Ftotal_v tan(bb.d) = 216 kN/m Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 253.4 kN/m FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.306 PASS - Resistance to sliding is greater than sliding force Fexc_h = Gf KP cos(b.d) mb (hpass + hbase) / 2
2
Overturning check Vertical forces on wall


Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Fsur_h = KA cos(r.d) Q SurchargeQ heff = 33.9 kN/m Fsat_h = G KA cos(r.d) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase) / 2 = 5.9 kN/m Fwater_h = G w (hwater + dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = 10.3 kN/m Fmoist_h = G KA cos(r.d) mr ((heff - hsat hbase) / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat + hbase)) = 143.9 kN/m Base soil; Total; Fexc_h = -Gf KP cos(b.d) mb (hpass + hbase) / 2 = -37.3 kN/m Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fexc_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h = 156.7 kN/m
2 2 2
Overturning moments on wall

Surcharge load; Msur_OT = Fsur_h xsur_h = 85.2 kNm/m
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Total;
Msat_OT = Fsat_h xsat_h = 2.5 kNm/m Mwater_OT = Fwater_h xwater_h = 4.3 kNm/m Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h xmoist_h = 252.8 kNm/m Mtotal_OT = Msat_OT + Mmoist_OT + Mwater_OT + Msur_OT = 344.8 kNm/m
Restoring moments on wall

Wall stem; Wall base; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total; Mstem_R = Fstem xstem = 65 kNm/m Mbase_R = Fbase xbase = 173.3 kNm/m Msat_R = Fsat_v xsat_v = 141.3 kNm/m Mwater_R = Fwater_v xwater_v = 111.4 kNm/m Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v xmoist_v = 947.6 kNm/m Mexc_R = Fexc_v xexc_v - Fexc_h xexc_h = 16.9 kNm/m Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Msat_R + Mmoist_R + Mexc_R + Mwater_R = 1455.4 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning

Factor of safety; FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 4.222 PASS - Maximum restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Bearing pressure check Vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; Wall base; Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total; Fstem = G Astem stem = 67.5 kN/m Fbase = G Abase base = 84.3 kN/m Fsur_v = Q SurchargeQ lheel = 60 kN/m Fsat_v = G Asat (sr - w) = 53.7 kN/m Fwater_v = G Awater w = 42.4 kN/m Fmoist_v = G Amoist mr = 349.5 kN/m Fpass_v = G Apass mb = 13.6 kN/m Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v + Fwater_v + Fsur_v = 671 kN/m

Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Fsur_h = KA cos(r.d) Q SurchargeQ heff = 33.9 kN/m Fsat_h = G KA cos(r.d) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase) / 2 = 5.9 kN/m Fwater_h = G w (hwater + dcover + hbase) / 2 = 10.3 kN/m Fmoist_h = G KA cos(r.d) mr ((heff - hsat hbase) / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat + hbase)) = 143.9 kN/m
2 2 2
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
2
Date
Base soil; Total;
Fpass_h = -Gf KP cos(b.d) mb (dcover + hbase) / 2 = -37.3 kN/m Ftotal_h = max(Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h - (ab.d b + Ftotal_v tan(bb.d)), 0 kN/m) = 0 kN/m
Moments on wall
Wall stem; Wall base; Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total; Mstem = Fstem xstem = 87.7 kNm/m Mbase = Fbase xbase = 233.9 kNm/m Msur = Fsur_v xsur_v - Fsur_h xsur_h = 127.8 kNm/m Msat = Fsat_v xsat_v - Fsat_h xsat_h = 188.3 kNm/m Mwater = Fwater_v xwater_v - Fwater_h xwater_h = 146.1 kNm/m Mmoist = Fmoist_v xmoist_v - Fmoist_h xmoist_h = 1026.4 kNm/m Mpass = Fpass_v xpass_v - Fpass_h xpass_h = 18.7 kNm/m Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Msat + Mmoist + Mpass + Mwater + Msur = 1829 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure

Distance to reaction; Eccentricity of reaction; Loaded length of base; Bearing pressure at toe; Bearing pressure at heel; Effective overburden pressure; Design effective overburden pressure; Bearing resistance factors; x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 2726 mm e = x - lbase / 2 = -49 mm lload = 2 x = 5452 mm qtoe = Ftotal_v / lload = 123.1 kN/m qheel = 0 kN/m 6.7 kN/m
2 2 2
q = (tbase + dcover) mb - (tbase + dcover + hwater) w = q' = q / = 6.7 kN/m2 Nq = Exp( tan('b.d)) (tan(45 deg + 'b.d / 2)) = 10.662 Nc = (Nq - 1) cot('b.d) = 20.721 N = 2 (Nq - 1) tan('b.d) = 9.011
2
Foundation shape factors;
sq = 1 s = 1 sc = 1 H = Ftotal_h = 0 kN/m V = Ftotal_v = 671 kN/m m=2 iq = [1 - H / (V + lload c'b.d cot('b.d))] = 1 i = [1 - H / (V + lload c'b.d cot('b.d))]
(m + 1) m
Load inclination factors;
=1
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan('b.d)) = 1 Net ultimate bearing capacity; Factor of safety; nf = c'b.d Nc sc ic + q' Nq sq iq + 0.5 (mb - w) lload N s i = 425.7 kN/m FoSbp = nf / max(qtoe, qheel) = 3.459 PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure
2
Partial factors on actions - Table A.3 - Combination 2

Permanent unfavourable action; Permanent favourable action; Variable unfavourable action; Variable favourable action; G = 1.00 Gf = 1.00 Q = 1.30 Qf = 0.00
Partial factors for soil parameters Table A.4 - Combination 2

Angle of shearing resistance; Effective cohesion; Weight density; ' = 1.25 c' = 1.25 = 1.00

Design effective shear resistance angle; Design wall friction angle; 'r.d = atan(tan('r.k) / ') = 20.5 deg r.d = atan(tan(r.k) / ') = 12.9 deg

Design effective shear resistance angle; Design wall friction angle; Design base friction angle; Design effective cohesion; Design adhesion; 'b.d = atan(tan('b.k) / ') = 20.5 deg b.d = atan(tan(b.k) / ') = 16.2 deg bb.d = atan(tan(bb.k) / ') = 20.5 deg c'b.d = c'b.k / c' = 4 kN/m ab.d = ab.k / c' = 4 kN/m
2 2
Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + 'r.d) / (sin() sin( - r.d) [1 + [sin('r.d + r.d) sin('r.d - ) / (sin( - r.d) sin( + ))]] ) = 0.590 Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(f - 'b.d) / (sin(f) sin(f + b.d) [1 [sin('b.d + b.d) sin('b.d) / (sin(f + b.d) sin(f))]] ) = 3.111
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sliding check Vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; Wall base; Saturated retained soil; Water; Fstem = Gf Astem stem = 50 kN/m Fbase = Gf Abase base = 62.4 kN/m Fsat_v = Gf Asat (sr - w) = 39.8 kN/m Fwater_v = Gf Awater w = 31.4 kN/m
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total;
Fmoist_v = Gf Amoist mr = 258.9 kN/m Fexc_v = Gf Aexc mb = 10.1 kN/m Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v + Fwater_v = 452.6 kN/m

Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Fsur_h = KA cos(r.d) Q SurchargeQ heff = 37.5 kN/m Fsat_h = G KA cos(r.d) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase) / 2 = 5.6 kN/m Fwater_h = G w (hwater + dcover + hbase) / 2 = 7.7 kN/m Fmoist_h = G KA cos(r.d) mr ((heff - hsat hbase) / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat + hbase)) = 136 Total; kN/m Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h = 186.8 kN/m
2 2 2
Check stability against sliding

Base soil resistance; = 27 kN/m Base friction; Resistance to sliding; Factor of safety; Ffriction = ab.d b + Ftotal_v tan(bb.d) = 172.8 kN/m Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 199.8 kN/m FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.07 PASS - Resistance to sliding is greater than sliding force Fexc_h = Gf KP cos(b.d) mb (hpass + hbase) / 2
2
Overturning check Vertical forces on wall


Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Fsur_h = KA cos(r.d) Q SurchargeQ heff = 37.5 kN/m Fsat_h = G KA cos(r.d) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase) / 2 = 5.6 kN/m
2
Project: Section
Job Ref.


2
Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Water; Moist retained soil;
Fwater_h = G w (hwater + dcover + hbase) / 2 = 7.7 kN/m Fmoist_h = G KA cos(r.d) mr ((heff - hsat hbase) / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat + hbase)) = 136 kN/m
2
Base soil; Total;
Fexc_h = -Gf KP cos(b.d) mb (hpass + hbase) / 2 = -27 kN/m Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fexc_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h = 159.8 kN/m
Overturning moments on wall

Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Total; Msur_OT = Fsur_h xsur_h = 94.2 kNm/m Msat_OT = Fsat_h xsat_h = 2.3 kNm/m Mwater_OT = Fwater_h xwater_h = 3.2 kNm/m Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h xmoist_h = 238.9 kNm/m Mtotal_OT = Msat_OT + Mmoist_OT + Mwater_OT + Msur_OT = 338.7 kNm/m
Restoring moments on wall

Wall stem; Wall base; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total; Mstem_R = Fstem xstem = 65 kNm/m Mbase_R = Fbase xbase = 173.3 kNm/m Msat_R = Fsat_v xsat_v = 141.3 kNm/m Mwater_R = Fwater_v xwater_v = 111.4 kNm/m Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v xmoist_v = 947.6 kNm/m Mexc_R = Fexc_v xexc_v - Fexc_h xexc_h = 13.6 kNm/m Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Msat_R + Mmoist_R + Mexc_R + Mwater_R = 1452.2 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning

Factor of safety; FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 4.288 PASS - Maximum restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Bearing pressure check Vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; Wall base; Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Fstem = G Astem stem = 50 kN/m Fbase = G Abase base = 62.4 kN/m Fsur_v = Q SurchargeQ lheel = 52 kN/m Fsat_v = G Asat (sr - w) = 39.8 kN/m Fwater_v = G Awater w = 31.4 kN/m Fmoist_v = G Amoist mr = 258.9 kN/m Fpass_v = G Apass mb = 10.1 kN/m
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Total;
Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v + Fwater_v + Fsur_v = 504.6 kN/m

Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Fsur_h = KA cos(r.d) Q SurchargeQ heff = 37.5 kN/m Fsat_h = G KA cos(r.d) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase) / 2 = 5.6 kN/m Fwater_h = G w (hwater + dcover + hbase) / 2 = 7.7 kN/m Fmoist_h = G KA cos(r.d) mr ((heff - hsat hbase) / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat + hbase)) = 136 kN/m Base soil; Total; Fpass_h = -Gf KP cos(b.d) mb (dcover + hbase) / 2 = -27 kN/m Ftotal_h = max(Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h - (ab.d b + Ftotal_v tan(bb.d)), 0 kN/m) = 0 kN/m
2 2 2 2
Moments on wall
Wall stem; Wall base; Surcharge load; Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total; Mstem = Fstem xstem = 65 kNm/m Mbase = Fbase xbase = 173.3 kNm/m Msur = Fsur_v xsur_v - Fsur_h xsur_h = 90.4 kNm/m Msat = Fsat_v xsat_v - Fsat_h xsat_h = 139 kNm/m Mwater = Fwater_v xwater_v - Fwater_h xwater_h = 108.2 kNm/m Mmoist = Fmoist_v xmoist_v - Fmoist_h xmoist_h = 708.7 kNm/m Mpass = Fpass_v xpass_v - Fpass_h xpass_h = 13.6 kNm/m Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Msat + Mmoist + Mpass + Mwater + Msur = 1298.1 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure

Distance to reaction; Eccentricity of reaction; Loaded length of base; Bearing pressure at toe; Bearing pressure at heel; Effective overburden pressure; Design effective overburden pressure; x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 2573 mm e = x - lbase / 2 = -202 mm lload = 2 x = 5145 mm qtoe = Ftotal_v / lload = 98.1 kN/m qheel = 0 kN/m 6.7 kN/m
2 2 2 2
q = (tbase + dcover) mb - (tbase + dcover + hwater) w = q' = q / = 6.7 kN/m
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
2
Date
Bearing resistance factors;
Nq = Exp( tan('b.d)) (tan(45 deg + 'b.d / 2)) = 6.698 Nc = (Nq - 1) cot('b.d) = 15.273 N = 2 (Nq - 1) tan('b.d) = 4.251
Foundation shape factors;
sq = 1 s = 1 sc = 1
Load inclination factors;
H = Ftotal_h = 0 kN/m V = Ftotal_v = 504.6 kN/m m=2 iq = [1 - H / (V + lload c'b.d cot('b.d))] = 1 i = [1 - H / (V + lload c'b.d cot('b.d))] ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan('b.d)) = 1
(m + 1) m
=1
Net ultimate bearing capacity; Factor of safety;
nf = c'b.d Nc sc ic + q' Nq sq iq + 0.5 (mb - w) lload N s i = 217.7 kN/m FoSbp = nf / max(qtoe, qheel) = 2.22
2
PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure
RETAINING WALL DESIGN

In accordance with EN1992-1-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated January 2008 and the recommended values Concrete details - Table 3.1 - Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete
Concrete strength class; Characteristic compressive cylinder strength; Characteristic compressive cube strength; Mean value of compressive cylinder strength; Mean value of axial tensile strength; 5% fractile of axial tensile strength; Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete; N/mm
2
C20/25 2 fck = 20 N/mm fck,cube = 25 N/mm

2 2 2 2 2 2/3
fcm = fck + 8 N/mm = 28 N/mm fctk,0.05 = 0.7 fctm = 1.5 N/mm

2 2
fctm = 0.3 N/mm (fck / 1 N/mm )
= 2.2 N/mm = 29962
Ecm = 22 kN/mm (fcm / 10 N/mm ) C = 1.50 cc = 1.00 fcd = cc fck / C = 13.3 N/mm hagg = 20 mm
2 2 2
2 0.3
Partial factor for concrete - Table 2.1N; Compressive strength coefficient - cl.3.1.6(1); Design compressive concrete strength - exp.3.15; Maximum aggregate size; Reinforcement details Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement;
fyk = 500 N/mm
Es = 200000 N/mm
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014 S = 1.15 fyd = fyk / S = 435 N/mm

2
App'd by
Date
Partial factor for reinforcing steel - Table 2.1N; Design yield strength of reinforcement;
Cover to reinforcement
Front face of stem; Rear face of stem; Top face of base; Bottom face of base; csf = 40 mm csr = 50 mm cbt = 50 mm cbb = 75 mm
Check stem design at base of stem

Depth of section; h = 550 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 6.1

Design bending moment combination 1; Depth to tension reinforcement; M = 235.8 kNm/m d = h - csr - sr / 2 = 488 mm K = M / (d fck) = 0.050 K' = 0.196 K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required Lever arm; 463 mm Depth of neutral axis; Area of tension reinforcement required; Tension reinforcement provided; Area of tension reinforcement provided; Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; mm /m Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1.1(3); Asr.max = 0.04 h = 22000 mm /m max(Asr.req, Asr.min) / Asr.prov = 0.477 PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
2 2 2
z = min(0.5 + 0.5 (1 3.53 K) , 0.95) d = x = 2.5 (d z) = 61 mm Asr.req = M / (fyd z) = 1171 mm /m 25 dia.bars @ 200 c/c Asr.prov = sr / (4 ssr) = 2454 mm /m Asr.min = max(0.26 fctm / fyk, 0.0013) d = 634
2 2 2
0.5
Crack control - Section 7.3

Limiting crack width; Variable load factor - EN1990 Table A1.1; Serviceability bending moment; Tensile stress in reinforcement; Load duration; Load duration factor; Effective area of concrete in tension; mm /m Mean value of concrete tensile strength; Reinforcement ratio; Modular ratio; Bond property coefficient; fct.eff = fctm = 2.2 N/mm e = Es / Ecm = 6.675 k1 = 0.8
2 2
wmax = 0.3 mm 2 = 0.3 Msls = 152.3 kNm/m s = Msls / (Asr.prov z) = 134 N/mm Long term kt = 0.4 Ac.eff = min(2.5 (h - d), (h x) / 3, h / 2) = 156250
2
p.eff = Asr.prov / Ac.eff = 0.016
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014 k2 = 0.5 k3 = 3.4 k4 = 0.425
App'd by
Date
Strain distribution coefficient;
Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; Maximum crack width - exp.7.8;
sr.max = k3 csr + k1 k2 k4 sr / p.eff = 441 mm wk = sr.max max(s kt (fct.eff / p.eff) (1 + e p.eff), 0.6 s) / Es wk = 0.177 mm wk / wmax = 0.59 PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width
Rectangular section in shear - Section 6.2

Design shear force; V = 153.5 kN/m CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120 k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.641 Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; vmin) d VRd.c = 207.2 kN/m V / VRd.c = 0.741 PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force l = min(Asr.prov / d, 0.02) = 0.005 vmin = 0.035 N /mm k
1/2 3/2
fck
2
0.5
= 0.329 N/mm
4 1/3
VRd.c = max(CRd.c k (100 N /mm l fck) ,
Horizontal reinforcement parallel to face of stem - Section 9.6

Minimum area of reinforcement cl.9.6.3(1); 614 mm /m Maximum spacing of reinforcement cl.9.6.3(2); Transverse reinforcement provided; Area of transverse reinforcement provided; ssx_max = 400 mm 16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c Asx.prov = sx / (4 ssx) = 1005 mm /m
2 2 2
Asx.req = max(0.25 Asr.prov, 0.001 (tstem + lslf)) =
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Check base design at toe


Design bending moment combination 1; Depth to tension reinforcement; M = 48.9 kNm/m d = h - cbb - bb / 2 = 367 mm K = M / (d fck) = 0.018 K' = 0.196 K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required Lever arm; 349 mm Depth of neutral axis; Area of tension reinforcement required; x = 2.5 (d z) = 46 mm Abb.req = M / (fyd z) = 323 mm /m
2 2
z = min(0.5 + 0.5 (1 3.53 K) , 0.95) d =
0.5
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014 16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
App'd by
Date
Tension reinforcement provided; Area of tension reinforcement provided; Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; mm /m Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1.1(3);
2
Abb.prov = bb / (4 sbb) = 1005 mm /m Abb.min = max(0.26 fctm / fyk, 0.0013) d = 477 Abb.max = 0.04 h = 18000 mm /m max(Abb.req, Abb.min) / Abb.prov = 0.475
2

Limiting crack width; Variable load factor - EN1990 Table A1.1; Serviceability bending moment; Tensile stress in reinforcement; Load duration; Load duration factor; Effective area of concrete in tension; mm /m Mean value of concrete tensile strength; Reinforcement ratio; Modular ratio; Bond property coefficient; Strain distribution coefficient;
2
wmax = 0.3 mm 2 = 0.3 Msls = 35.3 kNm/m s = Msls / (Abb.prov z) = 100.8 N/mm Long term kt = 0.4 Ac.eff = min(2.5 (h - d), (h x) / 3, h / 2) = 134708 fct.eff = fctm = 2.2 N/mm e = Es / Ecm = 6.675 k1 = 0.8 k2 = 0.5 k3 = 3.4 k4 = 0.425
2 2
p.eff = Abb.prov / Ac.eff = 0.007
Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; Maximum crack width - exp.7.8;
sr.max = k3 cbb + k1 k2 k4 bb / p.eff = 619 mm wk = sr.max max(s kt (fct.eff / p.eff) (1 + e p.eff), 0.6 s) / Es wk = 0.187 mm wk / wmax = 0.625 PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width

Design shear force; V = 97.4 kN/m CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120 k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.738 Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; vmin) d VRd.c = 134.9 kN/m V / VRd.c = 0.722 PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force l = min(Abb.prov / d, 0.02) = 0.003 vmin = 0.035 N /mm k
1/2 3/2
fck
2
0.5
= 0.359 N/mm
4 1/3
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date
Check base design at heel


Design bending moment combination 2; Depth to tension reinforcement; M = 238.1 kNm/m d = h - cbt - bt / 2 = 388 mm K = M / (d fck) = 0.079 K' = 0.196 K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required Lever arm; 358 mm Depth of neutral axis; Area of tension reinforcement required; Tension reinforcement provided; Area of tension reinforcement provided; Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; mm /m Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1.1(3); Abt.max = 0.04 h = 18000 mm /m max(Abt.req, Abt.min) / Abt.prov = 0.623 PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
2 2 2
z = min(0.5 + 0.5 (1 3.53 K) , 0.95) d = x = 2.5 (d z) = 73 mm Abt.req = M / (fyd z) = 1529 mm /m 25 dia.bars @ 200 c/c Abt.prov = bt / (4 sbt) = 2454 mm /m Abt.min = max(0.26 fctm / fyk, 0.0013) d = 504
2 2 2
0.5

Limiting crack width; Variable load factor - EN1990 Table A1.1; Serviceability bending moment; Tensile stress in reinforcement; Load duration; Load duration factor; Effective area of concrete in tension; mm /m Mean value of concrete tensile strength; Reinforcement ratio; Modular ratio; Bond property coefficient; Strain distribution coefficient; fct.eff = fctm = 2.2 N/mm e = Es / Ecm = 6.675 k1 = 0.8 k2 = 0.5 k3 = 3.4 k4 = 0.425 Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; Maximum crack width - exp.7.8; sr.max = k3 cbt + k1 k2 k4 bt / p.eff = 387 mm wk = sr.max max(s kt (fct.eff / p.eff) (1 + e p.eff), 0.6 s) / Es wk = 0.142 mm
2 2
wmax = 0.3 mm 2 = 0.3 Msls = 107.7 kNm/m s = Msls / (Abt.prov z) = 122.5 N/mm Long term kt = 0.4 Ac.eff = min(2.5 (h - d), (h x) / 3, h / 2) = 125559
2
p.eff = Abt.prov / Ac.eff = 0.020
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014 wk / wmax = 0.475
App'd by
Date
PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width

Design shear force; V = 89.9 kN/m CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120 k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.718 Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; vmin) d VRd.c = 186.3 kN/m V / VRd.c = 0.483 PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force l = min(Abt.prov / d, 0.02) = 0.006 vmin = 0.035 N /mm k
1/2 3/2
fck
2
0.5
= 0.353 N/mm
4 1/3
Secondary transverse reinforcement to base - Section 9.3

Minimum area of reinforcement cl.9.3.1.1(2); Transverse reinforcement provided; Area of transverse reinforcement provided; Abx.req = 0.2 Abt.prov = 491 mm /m 16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c Abx.prov = bx / (4 sbx) = 670 mm /m
2 2 2
Maximum spacing of reinforcement cl.9.3.1.1(3); sbx_max = 450 mm
Project: Section
Job Ref.


Sheet no./rev. 1
Dr. C. Sachpazis
04/04/2014
App'd by
Date

Sachpazis Cantilever Retaining Wall Analysis & Design (En1997-1-2004)

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Sachpazis Cantilever Retaining Wall Analysis & Design (En1997-1-2004)

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Retaining wall Analysis & Design, In accordance with EN1997-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated February 2009 and the

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (EN1997-1:2004)

Retained soil properties

Base soil properties

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Calculate retaining wall geometry

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Area of base soil; - Distance to vertical component;

Apass = dcover (ltoe + lslf dcover / (2 hstem)) = 0.503 m

- Distance to horizontal component;

xexc_h = (hpass + hbase) / 3 = 317 mm

Partial factors on actions - Table A.3 - Combination 1

Partial factors for soil parameters Table A.4 - Combination 1

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

04/04/2014 c' = 1.00 = 1.00

Effective cohesion; Weight density;

Retained soil properties

Base soil properties

Using Coulomb theory

Sliding check Vertical forces on wall

Horizontal forces on wall

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Moist retained soil;

kN/m Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fmoist_h + Fwater_h + Fsur_h = 194.1 kN/m

Check stability against sliding

Overturning check Vertical forces on wall

Horizontal forces on wall

Overturning moments on wall

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Saturated retained soil; Water; Moist retained soil; Total;

Restoring moments on wall

Check stability against overturning

Bearing pressure check Vertical forces on wall

Horizontal forces on wall

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Base soil; Total;

Check bearing pressure

Foundation shape factors;

Load inclination factors;

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Partial factors on actions - Table A.3 - Combination 2

Partial factors for soil parameters Table A.4 - Combination 2

Retained soil properties

Base soil properties

Using Coulomb theory

Sliding check Vertical forces on wall

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis

Civil & Geotechnical Engineering

Moist retained soil; Base soil; Total;

Horizontal forces on wall

Check stability against sliding

Overturning check Vertical forces on wall

Horizontal forces on wall

GEODOMISI Ltd. - Dr. Costas Sachpazis