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A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is a machine tool used for grinding, which is a type of machining using an abrasive

wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece.

Grinding is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality (low surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in grinding is on the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing operation and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50 mm depth. However, there are some roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus, grinding is a diverse field.

These machines include the: Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is the common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kind of applications like finishing, deburring, and stock removal. Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a workbench or floor stand. Its uses include shaping tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually operated. Cylindrical grinder, which includes both the types that use centers and the centerless types. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The workpiece is rotated and fed past the wheel(s) to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods, tubes, bearing races, bushings, and many other parts.

Cylindrical grinder Tool and cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can perform the minor function of the drill bit grinder, or other specialist toolroom grinding operations. Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing jigs, dies, and fixtures. Its primary function is in the realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill. Gear grinder, which is usually employed as the final machining process when manufacturing a high-precision gear. The primary function of these machines is to remove the remaining few thousandths of an inch of material left by other manufacturing methods (such as gashing or hobbing). Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder has a "head" which is lowered, and the workpiece is moved back and forth past the grinding wheel on a table that has a permanent magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls. Rotary surface grinders or commonly known as "Blanchard" style grinders, the grinding head rotates and the table usually magnetic but can be vacuum or fixture, rotates in the opposite direction, this type
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machine removes large amounts of material and grinds flat surfaces with noted spiral grind marks. Used to make and sharpen; burn-outs, metal stamping die sets, flat shear blades, fixture bases or any flat and parallel surfaces.

Surface grinder

Lathe machine is the only one of the most versatile machine in the engineering workshop. While many soma to types lathe machine was used before the 18th century, first nanun lathes that can cut threads are only created in 1797 by an Englishman named Henry Maudslay mechanics. His invention was a machine used in the construction of railroad steam engine James Watt invention in the early 19th century at the time of the industrial revolution England.sejak of time this machine has been improved and added with some additional equipment in order to manufacture the components correctly and precision. In Malaysia, the machine is very popular that every engineering workshops have at least one machine.

Function of Lathe Machine The main parts lathe machine consists of a platform , tools front , rear tool , quick change gear box and a car. Base a) (a ) The track is the backbone of a lathe machine . The accuracy depends on the rigidity of lathe machines , precision alignment and on track. b) ( b ) The top of the track can be V-shaped or flat and lie on top of other equipment such as front equipment , front of cars and equipment . c) ( c ) The track is made of high quality cast iron . Heat treatment of violence committed against him so as to be resistant to wear .

Front Tools a) (a ) This section is located to the left of the track machine . b) ( b ) the main spindle shaped a hollow shaft which is supported by several bearings are located in this section . Hujunjg spindle or tool nose to drop out before the form of a tapered , threaded type or types of key cam ( kam lock) c) ( c ) At the end of the spindle is some peraltan like chuck , lathe and tetengah live dish can be installed and used discretion to hold a workpiece or component to be indiameter . d) ( d ) To turn the main spindle , a tool for future tools tackle or a series of networking gear . Front Tools Geared have a wider range of rotation speeds and more accurate when compared with devices that bertakal front . After the pulley can slip when exposed to oil and this run resulted in an uneven or slippery .

Back Equipment a) (a ) This section is located on the right track. It can be activated throughout the track and can also be locked in any desired position . Tools back consists of two main parts, the body and the base.

b) ( b ) In the body there is a spindle with a Morse penirusan standards . Morse taper clipper handle , such as drilling and reaming can be mounted on the spindle .

c) ( c ) Sites with precision machined tools back to be seated on the right track . On site there are two screws that are used coordinator to align the parallelism between tetengah dead or alive tetengah tool offset turning back so kaedh tuirus with this .

Apron a) The apron is installed in front of the bolt gap . Aprons have some gear and equipment used to control movement and kekesot latitude intervals . A hand lever mounted to the pinion mesh with the rack is located under the runway. The lever arm is rotated when to move the car manually. Overall the car and kekesot Lintan can be moved automatically or manually

Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a pre-existing design. These designs are often CAD directed, and many milling machines are CNC-operated, although manually and traditionally-automated milling devices are also common. Milling machines are capable of dynamic movement, both of the tool and the workpiece, and many milling machines can perform multi-axis machining. Because of variations in orientation, operation and application, milling machines have varying functions and different operating principles. Tooling Milling machines can be outfitted with a number of tool heads to accomplish different machining needs. Some of these tool heads include cutters, rounding mills, fluted mills and ball end mills. Some milling machines have rotating tool ends that can change depending on the needed taskcomputer programming communicates with the machine when to change its tooling.

The different tooling used in milling machines is based on material and desired shape. Because materials like wood and steel have different physical properties, different tool bits are needed to properly machine the materials. If a milling machine uses a tool bit that is not strong enough to machine steel, the tooling and even the machine itself can be damaged. Tooling that is too strong for softer materials can damage the workpiece. The basic tooling bit on a milling machine is called the cutter. A cutter is a shaped bar that has saw teeth. The cutter rotates rapidly to cut down and shape materials. The cutter is attached to an arbor, which is sometimes called a mandrel or mandril, a shaped bar that varies in size, length and ending, and is used to hold the cutter firmly.

A milling cutters saw ending can be spaced, sized and oriented in many ways. Generally, the teeth are either positioned in a straight up-and-down orientation, or
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angled in a helical orientation. Straight teeth are preferable in operations on denser materials, while helical teeth can create very smooth cuts on softer materials. There are a variety of cutters within these categories, including dense end cutters, t-slot cutters, and angle cutters. Cutters are subject to different standardized sizes, with CAT sizes as the most commonly-used standardization category in the United States. Types of Milling Machines Milling machines are categorized by their orientation to their workpiece and their degree of motion.

Die Sinking EDM Electric discharge machining (EDM), sometimes colloquially also referred to as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking or wire erosion, is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained using electrical discharges (sparks).[1] Material is removed from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One of the electrodes is called the tool-electrode, or simply the tool or electrode, while the other is called the workpiece-electrode, or workpiece. When the distance between the two electrodes is reduced, the intensity of the electric field in the volume between the electrodes becomes greater than the strength of the dielectric (at least in some point(s)), which breaks, allowing current to flow between the two electrodes. This phenomenon is the same as the breakdown of a capacitor (condenser) (see also breakdown voltage). As a result, material is removed from both the electrodes. Once the current flow stops (or it is stopped depending on the type of generator), new liquid dielectric is usually conveyed into the inter-electrode volume enabling the solid particles (debris) to be carried away and the insulating properties of the dielectric to be restored. Adding new liquid dielectric in the inter-electrode volume is commonly referred to as flushing. Also, after a current flow, a difference of potential between the two electrodes is restored to what it was before the breakdown, so that a new liquid dielectric breakdown can occur.

Wire-cut EDM The wire-cut type of machine arose in the 1960s for the purpose of making tools (dies) from hardened steel. The tool electrode in wire EDM is simply a wire. To avoid the erosion of material from the wire causing it to break, the wire is wound between two spools so that the active part of the wire is constantly changing. The earliest numerical controlled (NC) machines were conversions of punched-tape vertical milling machines. The first commercially available NC machine built as a wire-cut EDM machine was manufactured in the USSR in 1967. Machines that could optically follow lines on a master drawing were developed by David H. Dulebohn's group in the 1960s at Andrew Engineering Company for milling and grinding machines. Master drawings were later produced by computer numerical controlled (CNC) plotters for greater accuracy. A wirecut EDM machine using the CNC drawing plotter and optical line follower techniques was produced in 1974. Dulebohn later used the same plotter CNC program to directly control the EDM machine, and the first CNC EDM machine was produced in 1976

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