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Can you explain this based on your knowledge of electron energy levels?
6C
Bonding from s is Different from bonding From p. In addition the Angles should be within 900!
Hint: A key to wave mechanics is superposition Which is creating new waves from interference of old ones
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Hybridization
Ground state of C 1s2 2s2 sp2 s
px
py
pz
2s12p3
s px py pz
Hybridize at n=2
Hybridization
The mixing of atomic orbitals to form special orbitals for bonding. The atoms are responding as needed to give the minimum energy for the molecule.
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Equivalent sp
Hybridized orbitals
sp3
3 bonding orbitals Which can accommodate The 1s1 electron from hydrogen
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An orbital energy-level diagram for sp hybridization. Note that one p orbital remains unchanged.
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When an s and two p orbitals are mixed to form a set of three sp2 orbitals, one p orbital remains unchanged and is perpendicular to the plane of the hybrid orbitals.
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a) The orbitals used to form the bonds in ethylene. (b) The Lewis structure for ethylene.
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Pi bond (p) electron density above and below plane of nuclei of the bonding atoms
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The s bonds in ethylene. Note that for each bond the shared electron pair occupies the region directly between the atoms.
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A sigma (s) bond centers along the internuclear axis. A pi (p) bond occupies the space above and below the internuclear axis.
H H
H H
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C sC
The orbital energy-level diagram for the formation of sp hybrid orbitals on carbon.
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When one s orbital and one p orbital are hybridized, a set of two sp orbitals oriented at 180 degrees results.
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1s22s22p4
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(a) The orbitals used to form the bonds in carbon dioxide. Note that the carbonoxygen double bonds each consist of one s bond and one p bond. (b) The Lewis structure for carbon dioxide.
(a) An sp hybridized nitrogen atom. (b) The s bond in the N2 molecule. (c) The two p bonds in N2 are formed when electron pairs are shared between two sets of parallel p orbitals. (d) The total bonding picture for N2.
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1 sigma bond 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds
Double bond
Triple bond
How many s and p bonds are in the acetic acid (vinegar) molecule CH3COOH? H H O s bonds = 6 +1=7 C O H
C
H
p bonds = 1
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10.5
Result in 1 2
5 dsp
3
orbitals 4 5
dsp3 dsp3
dsp3
dsp3
dsp3
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A set of dsp3 hybrid orbitals on a phosphorus atom. Note that the set of five dsp3 orbitals has a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement. (Each dsp3 orbital also has a small lobe that is not shown in this diagram.)
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(a) The PCl5 molecule. (b) The orbitals used to form the bonds in PCl5. The phosphorus uses a set of five dsp3 orbitals to share electron pairs with sp3 orbitals on the five chlorine atoms. The other sp3 orbitals on each chlorine atom hold lone pairs.
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Result in 2 3
6 d sp
2
orbitals 5
d2sp3
ds2p3
d2sp3
d2sp3 d2sp3
d2sp3
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The relationship of the number of effective pairs, their spatial arrangement, and the hybrid orbital set required.
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