OSI Reference Mode

LAYERING BENEFITS & REASONS To divide the interrelated aspects of network operation into less complex operations. To define standard interfaces to achieve compatibility and multivendor integration. To achieve a modular approach to networking protocols so new applications and services can be deployed without redesigning other layers. To keep changes in one area from affecting other layers. To ease troubleshooting using data packets which will have specific information about each layer. Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer Layer " Layer # Layer % Layer ' Application Presentation !ession Transport $etwork &ata Link Physical

APPLICATION LAYER (Layer 7)

Provides interface between (!) *+ and end user applications Provides network services to user client,server-based applications .stablishes and defines program-to-program communication )dentifies availability of intended communication partner .xamples include ftp/ tftp/ http/ www browsers/ &$!/ !+TP/ telnet

PRESENTATION LAYER (Layer 6)

&efines data format for transmission .nsures arriving data from the network can be used by the application and information sent by the application can be transmitted on the network Performs encryption and decryption .xample representations include A!0))/ .10&)0/ 2P.3/ T)44/ P)0T/ +P.3/ +)&)/ 5T+L

OSI Reference Model

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SESSION LAYER (Layer !)

&efines how to start/ control and end sessions *P0s operate at this layer Logon 6alidation happens at this layer. $amed Pipes defined at this layer 7 $amed Pipes use T0P to guarantee communications/ example 7 $etLogon !ession layer organi8es communication through simplex/ half-duplex or fullduplex .xample protocols include !9L/ *P0/ $et1)(!/ $amed Pipes

TRANSPORT LAYER (Layer ")

!egments data to be passed down to the $etwork layer and reassembles data for the !ession and upper layers Provides the choice of connection-oriented and guaranteed :T0P; or connectionless and non-guaranteed :<&P; delivery of data Provides end-to-end transport services Provides flow control to overcome congestion in the receiving host=s buffers T0P uses port numbers to multiplex from the Transport layer through to the Application layer # flow control mechanisms> Buffering .ach computer has enough buffer space to hold data before it is processed Congestion Avoidance *eceiving computer notices its buffers are filling ?uickly and sends a stop message to the sending host to temporarily stop transmitting while it processes data already received. )t then signals that it is ready for more data. .xample protocols 7 !ynchronous &ata Link 0ontrol :!&L0;/ Link Access Procedure/ 1alanced :LAP1;/ )0+P !ource 9uench :slows down rate instead of stopping it; Windowing &efines maximum number of packets that can be sent before an acknowledgement is expected 0onnection-oriented protocols establish and terminate sessions/ for example/ the T0P #-way handshake Ports are defined in *40 '7@@. The first '@%# ports are reserved/ or well-known ports used by the (perating !ystem The remaining ports :'@%" 7 6 / # ; are available for use by client,server-based applications

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%@/ %' %# % # 67 6B

4TP Telnet !+TP &$! &50P !erver &50P 0lient

6A 7@ B@ ''A '6' '7A

T4TP 3opher http $$TP !$+P 13P

.xample protocols include T0P/ <&P/ !PC/)PC

NET#OR$ LAYER (Layer %)

&efines the network address *outers operate at this layer !egments from the Transport layer are placed into packets and passed down to the &ata Link layer $etwork layer routes data from one node to another &etermines the best path,route to destination device to use for routing data on the internetwork 7 this is done by the protocol using hop count :)P *)P; or tick :)PC *)P;/ where ' tick D ','Bth of a second $etwork layer maintains routing table )P addressing consists of a network and host address specified with a !ubnet +ask. :)P Address '#'.'@7.%.' !ubnet +ask % .% .@.@; where '#'.'@7 is the $etwork and %.' is the 5ost address )PC addressing %a.@'c@.'%#". acA consists of network and host :+A0; address. The *ight-most '% 5ex-digits represents the +A0 Address or 5ost address and and remaining 5ex-digits in the front represent the $etwork Address. The $etwork Address can be up to B 5exadecimal digits/ defined by the $etwork Administrator. )n this example/ %a is the network address and @'c@.'%#". acA is the +A0 or host address.

&ATA LIN$ LAYER (Layer ')

Provides error-free link between % devices 7 0*0 used for error checking Packets from the $etwork layer are placed into frames &ata Link layer handles physical transmission of data from one node to another 5andles error notification )... subdivided this layer into % sublayers Logical Link Control (LLC) <ses &estination !ervice Access Points :&!AP; and !ource !ervice Access Points :!!AP; to help lower protocols access $etwork layer protocols Media Access Control (MAC)
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OSI Reference Model

1uilds frames from bits Performs 0*0 5andles +A0 addresses 7 first 6 digits of '% hex define vendor )&/ next 6 is the serial number for that vendor )& Protocols in the %nd layer .thernet/ Token *ing/ 4&&)/ Arc$et PPP/ !L)P/ 4rame *elay/ )!&$/ AT+/ C.% / !&L0/ 5&L0

LA$ EA$

+edia access methods 0ontention-based 7 .thernet Token-passing Polling EA$ technologies Plain Old Telephone ervice (POT ) &ial-up connection 0harged on time/ distance Analog carrier signals !low speed !ntegrated ervices "igital #etwork (! "#) &ial-up connection 0harged on time/ distance &igital carrier signals 1asic *ate )nterface :1*); - % 1 channels at 6" kbps each F ' & channel at '6 kbps for signaling Primary *ate )nterface :P*); - %# 1 channels F ' & channel :6" kbps; Addressing scheme 7 telephone numbers/ !P)&s "edicated leased line $ T% 0harged monthly/ approximately G% - G , mile , month &igital carrier 4ast speed > '. "" +bps Point to Point Protocol (PPP) !upports )P/ )PC/ $et1.<)/ AppleTalk 0an encapsulate any protocol into frames for transmission !upports encryption

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!upports compression !upports authentication

)nternetworking devices used at the %nd layer are 1ridges and !witches P(YSICAL LAYER (Layer )) &efines connections 7 *2-" / *2-''/ 1$0/ 5!!)/ *!-%#% Places frames/ represented as bits/ onto media as electric signals or pulses of light 5ubs and repeaters operate at this layer

OSI Reference Model

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