WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN THE 21 sT CENTURY

IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication

The IEEE Press Digital and Mobile Communication Series is written for research and development engineers and graduate students in communication engineering. The burgeoning wireless and personal communication fields receive special emphasis. Books are of two types, graduate texts and the latest monographs about theory and practice.

John B. Anderson, Series Editor Ericsson Professor of Digital Communication Lund University, Sweden

Advisory Board

John B. Anderson Dept. of Information Technology Lund University, Sweden

Joachim Hagenauer Dept. of Communications Engineering Technical University Munich, Germany

Rolf Johannesson Dept. of Information Technology Lund University, Sweden

Norman Beaulieu Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Books in the IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication

John B. Anderson, Digital Transmission Engineering Rolf Johannesson and Kamil Sh. Zigangirov, Fundamentals of Convolutional Coding Raj Pandya, Mobile and Personal Communication Systems and Services Lajos Hanzo, P 1. Cherriman, and 1. Streit, Video Compression & Communications over Wireless Channels: Second to Third Generation Systems and Beyond Lajos Hanzo, F. Clare, A. Somerville and Jason P Woodard, Voice Compression and Communications: Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless Channels Mansoor Shafi, Shigeaki Ogose and Takeshi Hattori (Editors), Wireless Communications in the Zl" Century

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN THE 21 ST CENTURY

EDITED BY

Mansoor Shafi
Telecom New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand

Shigeaki Ogose
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan

Takeshi Hattori
Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan

IEEE SERIES ON

DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION

& MOBILE

John B. Anderson, Series Editor

+IEEE
IEEE PRESS

rnWILEY-

~INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION

IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane, PO. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331

IEEE Press Editorial Board Stamatios V Kartalopoulos, Editor in Chief

M. Akay 1. B. Anderson R.1. Baker 1. E. Brewer

M. E. El-Hawary R. 1. Herrick D. Kirk R. Leonardi M. Padgett Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Press Catherine Faduska, Senior Acquisitions Editor John Griffin, Acquisitions Editor

M. S. Newman W D. Reeve S. Tewksbury G. Zobrist

This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 2002 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008. E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL WILEY.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication is available. ISBN 0-471-15041-X

Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Preface 1 Introduction
Mansoor Shaft, Shigeaki Ogose, and Keith Butterworth

xi

1
1 2

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11

History of Mobile Radio Communications Telecommunication Needs for the 21 st Century Data Rate Road Map to 3G Mobile Networks of Tomorrow 4G Mobile Systems Handsets Mobility Management in an IP World Mobile IP Spectrum for Mobile Systems Organization of this Book Summary Acronyms References

3 3
7 9 10 11 12 13 17 18 19

PART 1

Visions of Wireless Communications Applications in the 21st Century

2 Vision of Wireless Communications in the 21st Century

Raymond Steele

23
23 24 25 28 30 39 41

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Introduction Current Scene in Wireless Communications 3G Scene for the Beginning of the 21 st Century Post-3G Systems Global Family of Ad Hoc Networks Peering Through the Future Haze References

3 Wireless Migration to Packet Network: U.S. Viewpoint

Chung Liu and Wayne Strom

43
43 45

3.1 3.2

Future Wireless Network Vision Future Wireless Network Architecture

vi

CONTENTS

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Wireless Packet Network Evolution Migration of Wireless Radio Access to Packet Data Network (Including M-IP and GPRS) Wireless Packet Network Summary References

47 49 51 56 56

4 Vision of Wireless Communications Applications in the 21st Century: A View from Japan
Mitsutoshi Hatori

57
57 58 60 66

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

Introduction Current Wireless Communications Systems Third-Generation Systems Fourth-Generation Systems Other Future Systems Summary References

69
72 72

PART 2

Developments in International Standards 77

77 78 82 85

5 Developments in International Standards

Jane Brownley, Fran O'Brien, Maria Palamara, Derek Richards, and Lynne Sinclair

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Overview lTV's IMT-2000 Standardization Efforts 3G Standardization Consortia Evolving Radio Standards Evolving Network Standards Related Standardization Efforts Summary References

90 96
98 98

6 Standardization on Broadband Wireless Access: Wireless ATM and IP

Masahiro Umehira

101
101 102 110 115 120 121

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Introduction Standardization Efforts Related to Broadband Wireless Access Standardization on Radio Access Layer Standardization on Mobile ATM Conclusions References

PART 3

Propagation Issues 125

125 127

7 Multipath Effects Observed for the Radio Channel

Henry L. Bertoni

7.1 7.2

Introduction Measurement of Multipath Arrivals

CONTENTS

vii

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

Multipath Phenomena for Narrowband Excitation Multipath Phenomena for Broadband Excitation Angular Spread for Space-Time Signal Processing Summary References

129 138 144 144 145 149 149 150 152 156 157 158 159 161 163 166 166 169 169 169 174 179 181 182 185 185 186 187 189 192 192

8 Indoor Propagation Modeling

Homayoun Hashemi

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10

Introduction Types of Variations in the Channel Wideband Channel Large-Scale Path Losses rms Delay Spread Spatial Variations of the Channel Temporal Variations of the Channel Comparison Between Indoor and Outdoor Radio Channels Indoor Infrared Channel Conclusions References

9 Propagation Loss Prediction Models

Masaharu Hata

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

Introduction Empirical Models Analytical Models Deterministic Methods Summary References

10 Path-Loss Measurements for Wireless Mobile Systems

Dongsoo Har and Howard H. Xia

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Overview Macrocellular Measurements Microcellular Measurements Indoor Measurements Summary References

PART 4

Technologies 197 197 198 201

11 Coding and Modulation for Power-Constrained Wireless Channels

Ezio Biglieri, Giuseppe Caire, and Giorgio Taricco

11.1 11.2 11.3

Introduction Designing a C1M Scheme: The Gaussian Channel Perspective Wireless Channel: A New Perspective

viii

CONTENTS

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7

Flat Independent Fading Channel Block-Fading Channel Interference-Limited Channel Conclusions References

203 209 211 213 214

12 Modulation and Demodulation Techniques for Wireless Communication Systems

Seiichi Sampei

217 217 218 219 221 224 225 227 228 230 235 235 239 239 240 241 255 263 263 265

Introduction 12.1 Outline of Modulation and Demodulation Techniques 12.2 12.3 GMSK 12.4 QPSK nj4-QPSK 12.5 12.6 M-ary QAM 12.7 Pilot Signal-Aided Fading Compensation Techniques Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 12.8 Adaptive Modulation 12.9 12.10 Summary References 13 Fundamentals of Multiple Access Techniques
Fumiyuki Adachi

13.1 Introduction 13.2 Multiple Access Techniques 13.3 Demand-Assign-Based Multiple Access 13.4 Random Multiple Access 13.5 Summary References 14 Spatial-Temporal Signal Processing for Broadband Wireless Systems
David Falconer

14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7

Introduction: Motivation and Configurations for Space-Time Processing Channel Models for Multielement Arrays Receiver Space-Time Processing Recent Space-Time Wireless Communication Architectures Adaptation Issues Transmitter Space-Time Processing Conclusions and Future Applications References

265 266 268 280 280 282 285 286 291 291 292

15 Interference Cancellation and Multiuser Detection

Ryuji Kohno

15.1 15.2

Introduction CDMA System Model

CONTENTS

ix

15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6

Multiuser Detection for CDMA Co-Channel Interference Cancellation for DSjCDMA Co-Channel Interference Cancellation for FHjCDMA Concluding Remarks References

294 295 307 314 314

PART 5

Wireless Systems and Applications 319 319 319 320 323 327 329 329

16 EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM and TDMAj136 Evolution

Stefan Jdverbring

16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6

Introduction Background Physical Layer Link Layer EGPRS Performance Conclusions References

17 Continuing Evolution of CDMA into New and Improved Services

Andrew J. Viterbi

331 331 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 342 348 348

17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10

Commercial CDMA: A Brief Condensed History System Features of Code Division Multiple Access Early CDMA Evolution for Data Services Improvement and Evolution to CDMA 2000 Generational Evolution and Emphasis on Wider Bandwidths Alternate Implementation of Wider Band CDMA Reexamining the Goal: Wireless High-Speed Data Transmission CDMAjHDR for High-Speed Wireless Internet Access Implementation of CDMAjHDR Summary and Concluding Remarks References

18 WCDMA Radio Access Technology for Third-Generation Mobile Communication

Erik Dahlman, Fredrik Ovesjo, Per Berning, Christiaan Roobol, Magnus Persson, Jens Knutsson, and Joakim Sorelius

351

18.1 Introduction 18.2 Background to WCDMA 18.3 UMTSjIMT-2000 System Overview 18.4 WCDMA Radio Protocol Operation 18.5 WCDMA Physical Layer 18.6 WCDMA Radio Resource Management 18.7 Performance-Enhancing Technologies References

351 351 352 357 359 370 373 377

CONTENTS

19 New Systems for Personal Communications via Satellite

J. V Evans

379

19.1 Introduction 19.2 Mobile Satellite Services 19.3 Proposed Global Satellite Phone System Designs 19.4 Data and Multimedia Services 19.5 Concluding Remarks

379 381 383 392 403

PART 6

Wireless ATM Networks

20 Wireless ATM Networks

D. Raychaudhuri, P Narasimhan, B. Rajagopalan, and D. Reininger

407
407 409 411 418 428 432 433
435

20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6

Introduction Wireless ATM Architecture WATM Radio Access Layer Mobile ATM Network QoS Control in Wireless ATM Concluding Remarks References

Index About the Editors

441

PREFACE

Wireless communications is an area of communications that is expanding very rapidly and is one of the most promising areas of research. Third-generation wireless systems, which provide streaming video, access to the internet and much more, are now becoming commercial realities. Standardization of systems beyond third-generation is already underway. The aim of the new wireless networks is to make personal communications available anywhere, anytime. This book consists of individual chapters written by notable specialists in their fields. It has a bias toward the physical layer. The key objectives of this book are to provide the reader with a broad overview based on: The kinds of services can we expect from wireless networks in the 21 st century, The standardization efforts underway to ensure that such networks will be commercially realized, The technology building blocks that are needed, and Examples of some new systems that are being deployed. Preparing an overview text with these broad aims also poses a key difficulty, especially in a dynamic area such as wireless communications. This is because the ideas that were "new" some years ago (when work on this text began) are somewhat dated now. Furthermore, "new" areas are always emerging that may be not covered in this book at all. This book is aimed at a wide audience consisting of researchers, practising engineers, and design engineers. With this intention, the contributing authors have prepared specialist articles that provide a comprehensive tutorial style overview of the scope of the article. The first part consists of an introductory article written by the editors. This is followed by three visionary chapters on wireless network developments. Standardization efforts are covered in Part 2 by two chapters. Part 3 consists of four chapters on propagation issues, because the vagaries on the radio channel continue to provide a continuous challenge to radio engineers. Part 4 consists of 5 chapters on key technologies that form the building blocks of the physical layer of a wireless system. Parts 5 and 6 consist of 5 chapters on the examples of the new systems being deployed.
xi

xii

PREFACE

Our last words in this Preface must be ones of thanks to our respective families, who have provided us moral support and the friendship needed during this project. We also wish to express our gratitude to our respective organizations for providing us the facilities to complete this work. We would like to acknowledge the efforts of Ms. Lisa Van Hom and her colleagues at John Wiley & Sons, Inc. in the final completion of this work.
MANSOOR SHAFI SHIGEAKI OGOSE

January 2002

TAKESHI HATTORI

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN THE 21 sT CENTURY