AC PROBLEMS 3 A3.1. A 2.4-kg object on a frictionless horizontal surface is attached to one end of a horizontal spring of force constant k = 5kN/m.

The other end of the spring is held stationary. The spring is stretched 10 cm from equilibrium and released. Find the systems total mechanical energy and the maximum speed.. A3.2 Find the total energy of a system consisting of a 3.0-kg object on a frictionless horizontal surface oscillating with an amplitude of 10 cm and a frequency of 2.4 Hz at the end of a horizontal spring. A3.3 A 1.50-kg object on a frictionless horizontal surface oscillates at the end of a spring (force constant k = 500N/m). The objects maximum speed is 70cm/s (a) What is the systems total mechanical energy? (b) What is the amplitude of the motion? A3.4. A 3.0-kg object on a frictionless horizontal surface oscillating at the end of a spring that has a force constant equal to 2.0kN/m has a total mechanical energy of 0.90 J. (a) What is the amplitude of the motion? (b) What is the maximum speed? A3.5 An object on a frictionless horizontal surface oscillates at the end of a spring with an amplitude of 20 cm. Its total mechanical energy is 12 J. What is the force constant of the spring? A3.6 A 3.0-kg object on a frictionless horizontal surface oscillates at the end of a spring with an amplitude of 8.0 cm. Its maximum acceleration is 4.0m/s2 .Find the total mechanical energy. A3.7. Find the resonance frequency for the oscilating (ideal) systems in picture below.

A3.8. Find the frequency of oscillation for the systems in figures a) and b).

A3.9. The position of an object moving with simple harmonic motion is given by the equation x = 4 cos (6t), where x is in meters and t is in seconds. (A huge oscillator) (a) What is the period of the oscillating system? (b) What is the shortest time duration between two successive passages of the object in the same position (elongation) of 2m from the equilibrium position?

A3.10. An object of weight .4 N, hanging from a spring with a spring constant of 8 N/m, is set into an up-and-down simple harmonic motion. (g = 10m/s2). (a) What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the object when it is at its maximum displacement of 0.10 m from the equilibrium position? (b) If the natural length of the spring is 2m, what are the positions of the lowest and the highest points of the oscillation, measured from the fix point of the spring. A3.11. A massspring system moves with simple harmonic motion along the x axis between turning points at x1 = 20 cm and x2 = 60 cm, distances measured from the fix point of the spring. (a) Which is the position, x3 , measured from the same reference, where the particle has the greatest magnitude of the linear momentum? (b) At which position does the particle-spring system have the greatest energy? A3.12. (a) If the coordinate of a particle varies as x = - A cos 10t, what is the phase constant and (b)the frequency, if we want to express the position of the particle as x = Acos(t + )? (c)At what position is the particle at t = 0? A3.13. A 1.00-kg object is attached to a horizontal spring. The spring is initially stretched by 0.1 m, and the object is released from rest there. It proceeds to move without friction. The next time the speed of the object is zero (again) is 0.5 s later. (a) What is the maximum speed of the object? (b) What is the maximum acceleration? A3.14. A 50.0-g object connected to a spring with a force constant of 35.0 N/m oscillates with an amplitude of 4.00 cm on a frictionless, horizontal surface. Find: (a) the total energy of the system (b) the speed of the object when its position is 1.00 cm. (c) the kinetic energy and the potential energy when its position is 3.00 cm. A3.15. A large block of mass M = 4kg attached to a light spring executes horizontal, simple harmonic motion, as it slides across a frictionless surface with a period of T = 0.1 sec 0.314s. Block m = 1kg rests on it as shown in Figure 3.03, and the coefficient of static friction between the two is s = 0.6. (a) What maximum amplitude of oscillation Figure 3.03 can the system have if block m is not to slip? (b) When the spring is compressed at maximum (with the value of the amplitude from point a) what is the force of the spring? A3.16. One end of a stretched ideal spring is attached to a fix point and the other is attached to a glider with a mass of 0.355 kg. The glider is released and allowed to oscillate in SHM. If the distance of the glider from the fixed end of the spring varies between 1.80 m and 1.06 m, and the period of the oscillation is 2.15 s, find (a) the force constant of the spring, (b) the maximum speed of the glider (c) the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the glider. A3.17. A simple harmonic oscillator consists of a block of mass 2.00kg attached to a spring of spring constant 100 N/m. When t = 1.00s, the position and velocity of the block are x = 0.129 m and v =3.415 m/s. (a) What is the amplitude of the oscillations? (b) What was the position at t = 0s (c) What was the velocity of the block at t = 0 s?

A3.18 A wave traveling along a string is described by

y(x, t) = 0.00327 sin(72.1x - 2.72t),

in which the numerical constants are in SI units (0.00327 m=3.27mm, 72.1 rad/m, and 2.72 rad/s). (a) What is the amplitude of this wave? Answer: Equation of the wave is of the form y = ym sin(kx - t), so we have a sinusoidal wave. By comparing the two equations, we can find the amplitude. We see that ym = 0.00327 m = 3.27 mm = A (the amplitude) (b) What are the wavelength, period, and frequency of this wave? Answer: the angular wave number and angular frequency are: k = 72.1 rad/m and v = 2.72 rad/s. For the wavelength : = 2/k = 2 rad/72.1 rad/m = 0.0871m = 87.1mm For the period T: T = 2/ = 2/2.72 s-1 = 2.31 s For the frequency f = 1/T = 1/2.31s = 0.433Hz Similar we can take the equation y(x,t) = ymsin [2(x/ t/T)] = 0.00327sin (72.1x 2.72t) giving that 2/ = 72.1 and 2/T = 2.72 and the answers are, of course, the same. (c) What is the velocity of this wave? The velocity of the wave is v = /k = (2.72 rad/s)/(72.1 rad/m) = 0.0377m/s = 37.7mm/s Because the equation contains the position variable x, in the phase expression, the wave is moving along the x axis. Also, because the wave equation is written with the minus sign in front of the t term , this indicates that the wave is moving in the positive direction of the x axis (d) What is the displacement y of the point of the string in a position x = 225 mm and at time moment t = 18.9 s? y = 0.00327 sin(72.1 x 0.225 - 2.72 x18.9) = (0.00327 m) sin(-35.1855 rad) = (0.00327 m)(0.588) =0.00192 m = 1.92 mm. Thus, the displacement is positive. (Be sure to change your calculator mode to radians before evaluating the sine. Also, note that we do not round off the sines argument before evaluating the sine. Also note that both terms in the argument of sine function are properly in radians, a dimensionless quantity.) (e) What is u, the transverse velocity of the same element of the string, at that time? (This velocity, which is associated with the transverse oscillation of an element of the string, is in the y direction. Do not confuse it with v, the constant velocity at which the wave form travels along the x axis.) y(x,t) = ymsin [2(x/ t/T)] For an element at a certain location x, we find the rate of change of y by taking the derivative with respect to t while treating x as a constant. A derivative taken while one (or more) of the variables is treated as a constant is called a partial derivative and is represented by the symbol y/t rather than dy/dt. y/t =-ym cos(kx -t). This transversal velocity u = y/t = (-2.72rad/s)(3.27mm)cos(-35.1855rad) = 7.2 mm/s Thus, at t = 18.9 s, the element of the string at x = 225 mm is moving in the positive direction of y with a speed of 7.20 mm/s. (f) What is the transverse acceleration ay of the same element at that time? ay = u/t = - 2ym sin(kx - t) = - 2y(x,t) We see that the transverse acceleration of an oscillating string element is proportional to its transverse displacement but opposite in sign. This is completely consistent with the action of the element itself namely, that it is moving transversely in simple harmonic motion. Substituting numerical values yields ay = - (2.72 rad/s)2(1.92 mm) = -14.2 mm/s2.

Thus, at t = 18.9 s, the element of string at x = 225 mm is displaced from its equilibrium position by 1.92 mm in the positive y direction, has a transverse velocity u = 7.2 mm/s and has an acceleration ay = 14.2 mm/s2 in the negative y direction. A3.19 Two identical sinusoidal waves, moving in the same direction along a stretched string, interfere with each other. The amplitude ym of each wave is 9.8 mm, and the phase difference between them is 100. (a) What is the amplitude ym of the resultant wave due to the interference, and what is the type of this interference? Answer: These are identical sinusoidal waves traveling in the same direction along a string, so they interfere to produce a sinusoidal traveling wave The waves have the same amplitude. Thus, the amplitude ym of the resultant wave is given by ym = |2ym cos /2| = |(2)(9.8 mm) cos(100/2)| = 13 mm. We can tell that the interference is intermediate in two ways. The phase difference is between 0 and 180, and, correspondingly, the amplitude ym is between 0 and 2ym (= 19.6 mm). (b) What phase difference, in radians, will give the resultant wave an amplitude of 4.9 mm? Answer: Now we are given ym and seek . From ym = |2ym cos |, we now have: 4.9 mm = (2)(9.8 mm) cos/2, which gives us (with a -1 calculator in the radian mode): = 2 cos (4.9mm/19.6mm =(+and -)2.636 rad +2.6 rad or -2.6rad. There are two solutions because we can obtain the same resultant wave by letting the first wave lead (travel ahead of) or lag (travel behind) the second wave by 2.6 rad. A3.20 Suppose a bat emits ultrasound at frequency fbe = 82.52 kHz while flying with velocity vb = (9m/s)i as it chases a moth that flies with velocity vm = (8m/s)i. (a)What frequency fmd does the moth detect? (b)What frequency fbd does the bat detect in the returning echo from the moth? Answer: The frequency is shifted by the relative motion of the bat and moth. Because they move along a single axis, the shifted frequency is given by the general Doppler effect equation. Motion toward tends to shift the frequency up, and motion away tends to shift the frequency down.

The general Doppler equation is Here, the detected frequency f that we want to find is the frequency fmd detected by the moth ( m from moth and d from detected). On the right side of the equation, the emitted frequency f is the bats emission frequency fbe = 82.52 kHz, the speed of sound is v = 343 m/s, the speed vD of the detector is the moths speed vm = 8.00 m/s, and the speed vS of the source is the bats speed vb = 9.00 m/s. These substitutions into are easy to make. However, the decisions about the plus and minus signs can be tricky. Think in terms of toward and away. We have the speed of the moth (the detector) in the numerator , The moth moves away from the bat, which tends to lower the detected frequency. Because the speed is in the numerator, we choose the minus sign to meet that tendency (the numerator becomes smaller). We have the speed of the bat in the denominator . The bat moves toward the moth, which tends to increase the detected frequency. Because the speed is in the denominator, we choose the minus sign to meet that tendency (the denominator becomes smaller). fmd = fbe(v - vm)/(v - vb) = 82.52kHz(343 8)/343-9)=82.767kHz In the echo back to the bat, the moth acts as a source of sound, emitting at the frequency fmd we just calculated. So now the moth is the source (moving away) and the bat is the detector (moving toward). fbd = fmd(v + vb)/(v + vm) = 83.00 kHz.