Modul Chemistry Form 5

Modul Chemistry Form 5
akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com
CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTIONS

A Rate of Reaction
Learning Outcomes You should be able to : state what rate of reaction is identify observable changes to reactants or products for determining rate of reaction determine the average rate of reaction determine the rate of reaction at any given time from a graph solve numerical problems involving average rate of reaction. solve numerical problems involving rate of reaction at any given time.
Activity 1 :
What is rate of reaction?
Rate of reaction is the at which reactants are converted into .. in a chemical reaction. The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in the quantity of . or . against time. Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant /Product Time taken
Activity 2 : Fast (F) or Slow (S) reactions? Write F for the fast reaction and S for the slow reaction. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fading of dyes on a shirt under hot sun A piece of paper turning yellow Frying an egg The weathering of limestone by acid rain Burning of petrol in a car engine 6. 7. 8. 9. Striking a match Rusting of a water pipe Ripening of tomatoes Digesting food
10. Cooking a chicken using microwave oven
Activity 3 :
Observable changes for measuring the rate of reaction
The change in amount of reactant / product that can be measured by : .. in the mass of reactant .. in mass of product .. in volume of gas released .. of precipitate Change in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity 1
For each of the reactions below, write a chemical equation and state the observable change/changes can be used as selected quantities to measure the rate of reaction : Example 1 : The reaction between marble chip with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas and chloride salt. Chemical Equation : . Changes : (i) ...... (reactants) (ii) .(product)
Example 2 : Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution with sulphuric acid to produce yellow precipitate of sulphur, water , sulphur dioxide and sodium sulphate solution. Chemical equation : .. Change : (i) (product)
Example 3 : Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen gas. Chemical equation : .. Change : (i) (product)
Activity 4 : Determine the Rate of Reaction. 4A 1. Two ways to measure the rate of reaction. Average rate of reaction = Increase in the amount of product/decrease in the amount of reactant Time taken for the change to occur 2. a) Determination of average rate of reaction from the graph:
Volume of gas (cm )
3
V4 V3 V2 V1
Overall Average rate of reaction Total Volume of gas collected = V4 Time taken for the reaction = 240 s Average rate of reaction = cm3s-1
60 120
240
180
Time (s)
Average rate of reaction in the first two minutes = volume of gas collected in the first 120 seconds (cm3) time taken (s) = cm3s-1
Average rate of reaction in the third minute Volume of gas collected in the first 180 sec = V3 Volume of gas collected in the first 120 sec = V2 Volume of gas collected in the third minute = ____________ cm3
Time taken for the reaction = 180 120 = _______ s m3s-1
Average rate of reaction in the third minute =
b) Instantaneous rate of reaction (Rate of reaction at any given time)
The rate of reaction at t sec

= gradient of the curve at t sec = a cm3s-1 b
c) Determining the rate of reaction at any given time

Volume of gas (cm )
3
V2
Instantaneous rate of reaction / the rate of reaction at 120 sec = gradient of the curve at 120 sec = cm3s-1
V1
120 30
160
Time (s)
Modul Chemistry Form 5 4B
1. In the experiment to determine the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid, the volume of oxygen gas collected at intervals of 0.5 minutes is recorded in the table below : Time (min) Volume of oxygen gas(cm3) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.00 27.00 46.00 59.00 70.00 79.00 86.00 92.00 95.00 95.00 95.00
Plot a graph of the volume of gas collected against time.

Volume of gas (cm )
3
Graph of volume of oxygen gas liberated against time 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Time (min)
Modul Chemistry Form 5 2. Based on the graph plotted, determine (i) the average rate of reaction in the first 3 minutes
(ii) the average rate of reaction in the third minutes
(iii) the overall average rate of reaction
(iv) the instantaneous rate of reaction at 1 minute
Activity 5 1. The following figure shows the graph of carbon dioxide, CO2 gas produced when an excess of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 reacts with 40 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
(a) Calculate the (i) Average rate of reaction in the first 10 sec
(ii)
Average rate of reaction in the first 30 sec
(iii)
Overall average rate of reaction
(b) Based on the results in (a), how does the rate of reaction change with time. .. (c) Explain your answer in part (b) with respect to the concentration of hydrochloric acid. .. 2. The following table shows the volume of a gas collected from an experiment. Time (s) Volume of gas (cm3) 0 0.00 30 17.00 60 29.00 6 120 36.00 150 36.00
Calculate th average rate of reaction for (a) the first 60 seconds (b) the overall reaction
3. The decrease in mass of a reaction mixture is recorded in the following table. Time (min) Mass of reaction mixture (g) 0 2.90 1 1.90 2 1.25 3 0.75 4 0.40 5 0.10
(a) Draw a graph of mass of reaction mixture against time.
(b) Calculate the rate of reaction at the third minute.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION Learning Outcomes

You should be able to : design experiments to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction. give examples of reactions that are affected by size of reactant, concentration, temperature and catalyst. explain how each factor affects the rate of reaction. describe how factors affecting the rate of reaction are applied in daily life and in industrial processes. solve problems involving factors affecting the rate of reaction.
apply knowledge on factors affecting the rate of reaction in everyday activities.
Activity 6 :
Factors affecting the rate of reaction.
State five factors that affect the rate of reaction : (a) . (b) .. (c) . (d) .. (e) . Activity 7 : Speeding up the Rates of reaction.
The following changes may speed up the rate of a chemical reaction between an acid and magnesium. Put a tick in the box next to each one that will speed up the reaction (assume that there is initially an excess of acid) and state the specific factors that affect the reaction. Statement of factors that affect the rate of reaction Heating the acid. Shaking the flask. Using more-concentrated acid . Using powdered metal, not metal ribbon . Using twice the volume of acid Using a suitable catalyst . Increasing the pressure .. Using larger flask Specific factor
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Activity 8 : Experiments to investigate the rate of reaction. (i) Effect of size of reactants Aim : To investigate the effect of size of reactant in an experiment between marbles and hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction. Equation : ..
Diagram of an experiment (Refer the apparatus set-up for the experiment in page 7 Practical Book)
Volume of gas (cm )
3
Expt 2
Experiment 1 : CaCO3 chips Experiment 2 : CaCO3 powder

Expt 1
Time (s)
The curve of experiment 2 is . than experiment 1. The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is than experiment 1 The smaller the size of reactants, the . the total surface area, the . the rate of reaction. 9
(ii) Effect of concentration Aim : To investigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution on the rate of reaction. Equation : ..
Concentration (moldm ) of sodium thiosulphate solution
-3
Time (s)
The higher the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution, the the time taken.
Concentration (moldm ) of sodium thiosulphate solution
-3
1/ time (s )
-1
1/ t is
The . the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the ..the time taken.
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(iii) Effect of catalyst Aim : To investigate the effect of the presence of catalyst (Manganese (IV) oxide) on the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Equation : .. Draw the apparatus set-up for the experiment.
Diagram of an experiment
Volume of gas (cm )
Expt 1
Experiment 1 : with catalyst Experiment 2 : without catalyst
Expt 2 Time (s)
The curve of experiment 2 is . than experiment 1. The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is .than experiment 1 The presence of catalyst, will .................... the rate of reaction. 11
(iv) Effect of temperature Aim : To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium tiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid. Equation : .
Temperature ( C)
Activity 9 1.
Time (s)
The higher the temperature, the .... the time taken.

Temperature ( C)
o
Activity 9
1 / time (s )
-1
1. 1/ time is .. The .. the temperature, the the rate of reaction.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 9 1
Food store in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet. Explain why. [4 marks]
[ Temperature in refrigerator is . The lower temperature caused the bacteria to be less . A little is released by the bacteria. The rate of the food turns bad is . ] // [ Temperature in kitchen cabinet is . The higher temperature caused the bacteria to be reactive. A toxic is released by the bacteria. The rate of the food turns bad is .] 2.
One kilogram of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to cook compared to one kilogram of meat cut into small piece. Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles. [2 marks]
Meat cut into small pieces, have .. size compare to the meat cut into big pieces. The the size, the bigger the . of the meat, hence the the rate of reaction. 3. State and briefly discuss two industrial processes that make use catalyst. [8 marks ]
(i) Haber process is a chemical process to produce from nitrogen and hydrogen gas. The equation of this process is ... The suitable condition of reaction are temperature : , pressure : .. and catalyst : .. (ii) process is a chemical process of synthetisising sulphuric acid. The equation of stage III for this process is.. The suitable condition of reaction are temperature : , pressure : .. and catalyst : .. C COLLISION THEORY Learning Outcomes
You should be able to : relate reaction with energy produced by movement and effective collision of particles. describe activation energy. sketch and describe energy profile diagram relate the frequency of effective collisions with the rate of reaction relate the frequency of effective collisions with factors influencing the rate of reaction describe how a certain factor affects the collision of particles in a reaction
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 10 Understandings the Collision Theory 1. What is collision theory ? A theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of
(i) (ii) .. (iii) . 2. The collision theory states that : (i) A chemical reaction occurs when the reactant particles .. each other. (ii) Not all collision result in the formation of (iii) A collision is . only when the reactant particles have enough energy to overcome the of the reaction and when they collide in the proper orientation. 3. What is activation energy ? The energy which the colliding reactant particles must have that can result a chemical reaction. 4. Energy profile diagram
In the energy profile diagram, the activation energy is the difference in the energy between the energy of the . and the energy shown by the peak of the curve.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 11 On the diagram shown below, identify
(i) the activation energy, Ea and (ii) the activation energy in the presence of catalyst, Ea
Activity 12
Collision theory and factors affecting the rate of reactions..
(i) Effect of total surface area When the size of a fixed mass of solid reactant is smaller, the _____________________ exposed to collision with the particles of the other reactants is _____________. Thus, the frequency of collision among the reacting particles at the surface of the solid reactant ____________ ___. This leads to an _________________ in the frequency of effective collision and hence, a _____________ rate of reactions. (ii) Effect of catalyst The presence of a catalyst in a chemical reaction allows the reaction to take place through an alternative path which requires a ______________ in activation energy which can be shown in the energy profile diagram. Thus, the colliding particles are able to achieve the activation energy. This means that the frequency of effective collision __________________and hence, a _______________ rate of reaction
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 (iii) Effect of temperature An increase in temperature will increase the _________________ of the reacting particles. This leads to the following two changes. Firstly, the particles move _________________ and collide more often with one another. Thus, the frequency of collision is ________________ Secondly, more colliding particles have ____________ energy which are enough to overcome the activation energy. Both these factors contribute to the _________________ frequency of effective collision and hence, a _____________ rate of reaction (iv) Effect of concentration and pressure
An increase in the concentration of the solution of a reactant or in the pressure of gaseous reactants will result in an __________________ in the rate of reaction. Why? When the concentration of the solution of a reactant increases, the _________________ of particles per unit volume of this reactant also _______________. With more particles per unit volume of the solution, the frequency of collisions per unit time between the reacting particles __________________. Thus, the frequency of effective collision ________________ and hence, the rate of reaction becomes ___________________.
Use the words below to fill in the blank boxes in the diagram Bigger surface area more particles slow less particles fast bigger size
cold slow
hot smaller size
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Activity 13 1. A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of a reaction. Table below shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each experiment. Experiment A B C Reactants Excess magnesium ribbons and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid Excess magnesium ribbon and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid Excess magnesium powder and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid Temperature / oC 25 35 35
Sketch a graph of these experiments on the same axes.
[4 m]
2.. A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the factors influencing the rate of reaction. Table below shows the results of the experiments. Experiment Set-up of apparatus I II III
Excess hydrochloric acid 0.2 g magnesium ribbon
Excess hydrochloric acid + copper(II) sulphate
Temperature / oC 30 40 40 Time taken for all the magnesium to 50 20 15 dissolve / s Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiments I, II and III using the same axes.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 14
1 The table below shows the volume of hydrogen gas released when 50.00 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution reacts with 5.0 g of granulated zinc. Time/s Volume of hydrogen gas released/cm3 (a) 0 0.00 30 80.00 60 125.00 90 165.00 120 190.00 150 210.00 180 210.00 210 210.00
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid. ... [2 marks]
(b)
Calculate the overall average rate of reaction of this experiment.
[1 mark] (c) (i) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time. [4 marks] (ii) From the graph , calculate the rate of reaction at the 80th seconds.
[2 marks] (d) Instead of measuring the volume of hydrogen gas released, state another method that can be used to calculate the rate of reaction in this experiment. ... [ 1 mark]
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 2.
Based on the table and graph above, compare the rate of reaction between : (i) Experiment I and Experiment II (ii) Experiment II and Experiment III
Experiment I and Experiment II The rate of reaction of experiment II is compared to experiment I. The temperature of experiment II is . The higher the temperature, the the kinetic energy of the particles. The between hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The frequency of collision . The frequency of collision also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction is. Experiment II and Experiment III The rate of reaction of experiment III is compared to experiment II. The total surface area of the reactants in experiment III is .. The between hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The frequency of collision . The frequency of collision also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction
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CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS
UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND
Learning Outcomes You should be able to: State what carbon compound is, State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and inorganic, State what organic compound is, Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds, State what a hydrocarbon is, List the sources of hydrocarbon, Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compounds
Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. 1 2 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain . as one of their constituent elements.
There are two groups of carbon compounds; .. compounds and .. compounds. Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-living things are classified as ..compounds. Hydrocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. Hydrocarbon contains only two elements, and . Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen together with a few other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens are called Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , .. and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called . Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond is called Natural sources of hydrocarbons are , coal and natural gas. Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce .. and .
6 7. 8
9. 10
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 B ALKANES
Learning Outcomes: You should be able to : state what alkane is, state what structural formula is, deduce the molecular formulae of the first ten alkanes Draw the structural formulae for the first ten straight-chain alkanes, Deduce the general formula of alkanes Name the first ten alkanes, Relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules Explain the effect of the increase in number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules on the molecules boiling points, Describe complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes, Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes, Write chemical equations for combustion and substitution reaction of methane, Describe how methane affects everyday life.
Activity 2 (a) Complete the table below: Number of Carbon 1 Structural formula Molecular formula Name of alkane Condition at room temperature Gas
CH4
Methane
3 4
7 C7H16 8 C8H18
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10
b.
Explain why on going down the alkane series, the melting and boiling point increase? On going down the alkanes series, the .. increases caused by the increase in molecular size. When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point ... This is because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the .. forces of attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to . the forces of attraction during melting or boiling.
c.
Explain why alkanes are non-conductors of electricity. Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of . They dont have ..moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.
Ethane and propene burn in excess of oxygen gas. Balance the chemical equation of the combustion of these hydrocarbons. (i) (ii) C2H6 (g) C3H8 (g) + + O2 (g) O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)
Activity 3 Complete the sentences with the correct word. 1 2 3 4 5 Carbon is placed in Group .. It has . electrons in its outer most shell. An atom of carbon contributes .. electrons to share with other atom of elements to obtain the stable electron arrangement of inert gas elements. Atoms in alkanes are bonded with bond. The first member in this group is the simplest compound called .
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This smallest alkane can be found in natural gas and crude oil. 6 7 The general formula for the alkane family is .. Physical properties of alkanes a b c . d . 8 9 10 11 Alkanes are compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper. Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce and .. The alkanes burn with a flame if the combustion is not complete. Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction atom of H is replaced with .. or with the presence of sunlight or UV rays. 12 According to he IUPAC, the ending indicates the compound is a member of the alkane family.
Activity 4 a) Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f. Complete combustion with excess O2 (a) Methane Incomplete combustion (limited O2 ) (b)
Substitution reaction (chlorination)
Excess chlorine Sunlight or heat
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 b) State the uses of methane in everyday life
i .. ii . iii .. iv .. c) Explain how methane can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps ... C ALKENES
Learning outcomes: You should be able to: state what alkene is, deduce the molecular formulae of the first nine alkenes, deduce the general formula of alkenes, name the first nine alkenes, draw the structural formulae for the first nine straight chain alkenes, relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes molecules, explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes molecules, describe chemicals properties of alkenes, compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes, relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemicals bonds. Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alkanes and alkenes
Activity 5 (a) Complete the table below: Structural formula Molecular formula Name of alkane Condition at room temperature
Number of Carbon 2
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 5 6
7 C7H14 8
9 10
(b)
Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the textbox below.
more , immiscible , soluble , sooty , higher , low, bromine, low, polymerization unsaturated, ene, CnH2n , double, acidified potassium manganate(VII) , increases, cannot
i) ii)
Alkenes are . hydrocarbons. The names end with The general formula for alkenes is
iii)
Generally alkenes have .. melting and boiling point but ..as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Alkenes have densities but increase as the number of carbon per atom increases. Alkenes are with water but are . in organic solvents. Alkenes . conduct electricity. Alkenes burn with more flame compared with alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is Compare to alkane, alkene is reactive, due to the presence of carbon-carbon .. bond. Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using water or
iv)
v) vi) vii)
viii)
ix)
. solution. Alkene decolourises both reagent while alkane does not. 26
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com x) Small alkene molecules undergo addition reaction with one another. Thousands of alkene molecules link together to form a large molecule . This reaction is called Activity 6 (a) Give name for each alkene compounds below Cl i v CH3
ii
vi
Cl
= iii vii
CH3
=
CH3
H
viii
iv
(b) Construct the structural formula for: (i) C5H10 (iv) 2-methylbut-2-ene
(ii)
2-chlorolpropene
(v)
3-methylbutene
(iii) pent-2-ene
(vi) hex-1,3-diene 27
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 7
Write the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for every reaction of propene below.
a)
b)
h)
excess O2, heat acidified KMnO4 (aq)
limited O2 heat
c)
Propene H2 / Ni .180o C g) Cl2(aq) HCl (g) f) e)
Addition polymerization
H2O(g) 300 C,60 atm, H3PO4 d)
Activity 8 (a) Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and alkene. Complete the table.
Reaction Reaction with oxygen Reaction with bromine water Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Observation Hexane Hexane burns with a yellow sooty flame No visible change Hexene
No visible change
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 (b) Calculate the percentage of carbon in [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ] (i) hexane
(ii) hexene
Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .
(c)
List down 4 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
(d)
Compare the chemical properties of alkene with alkane Alkene Aspect Sootiness of flame Bromine water Acidified KMnO4 Alkane
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 D ISOMERS

Learning outcomes You should be able to: Construct various structural formulae of a particular alkane and alkene. Explain what isomerism is Use IUPAC nomenclature to name isomers
Activity 9 a) Match column A with Column B Column A i) Phenomenon whereby two or more molecules are found to have the same molecular formula but different structural formula ii) The molecules that have the same numbers and types of atoms but differ in the arrangement of the atoms. iii) It is an alkane by dropping ane from the name and replacing it with yl iv) These alkenes do not exhibit isomerism. v) Isomerism in alkanes starts with .. Column B Alkyl group
Ethene and Propene
Isomers
Isomerism Butane
b) Draw the structural formula and give name to all isomers of (i) C4H8
(ii)
C4H10
(iii)
C5 H12
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 E ALCOHOLS Learning outcomes
You should be able to: state the general formula of alcohols, identify the functional group of alcohols, list the names and molecular formulae for the first four alcohols, draw structural formulae for isomers of propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH), name isomers of propanol and butanol using IUPAC nomenclature, describe the industrial production of ethanol. ` describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory, state the physical properties of ethanol, predict the chemical properties for other members of alcohols, explain with examples the uses of alcohol in everyday life, explain the effects of the misuse and abuse of alcohols .
Activity 10 (a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the text box below
Hydroxyl ; non-hydrocarbon , alkene , solvents, stronger, molecular mass , -OH , CnH2n+1OH higher, cosmetics,
i) ii) iii)
Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has functional group of .. The general formula for alcohol is . The melting point of alcohol is .. than alkane and alkene due to the presence of .
iv)
This is because the functional group forms hydrogen bonding that is .. than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.
v)
Methanol, ethanol dan propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols decreases as the increases.
vi)
Naming the alcohol compound is likely to .. C1 is numbered from t he carbon that nearest to the functional group..
vii)
Alcohols are used as fuels, ., in medicine, in making . and as a main component in alcoholic drinks.
viii) Alcohol is a compound.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 (b) Complete the table below.
i) Name : iv) structural formula
ii) Name:
iii) Name vi) structural formula
v) structural formula
Name : Propan-2-ol
Name : Butan-1-ol
Name : Pentan-2,3-diol
( c) Draw the structural formula and give names to all isomers of (i) propanol (C3H7OH)
(ii)
butanol (C4H9OH)
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 11 (a) Summarize the physical properties of ethanol in the table below Physical properties Physical state at room temperature Smell and colour Solubility in water Volatility Boiling point
Description
(b)
Ethanol can be prepared in two ways, Fermentation and Hydration. In fermentation process, (i) What is the function of yeast? (ii) Write the chemical equation to show the fermentation process. State the temperature, catalyst and other condition needed for fermentation process. . .. (iv) State the disadvantages of this process. .. .. ..
(iii)
(c)
Hydration process involves hydration of ethene. Ethene is obtained from the cracking of petroleum fractions. (i) Write the chemical equation for hydration process. .. (ii) State the temperature, pressure and catalyst needed for hydration process.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 12 a) Complete the table below 1 In excess oxygen: 2 The Products of Combustion of ethanol In limited oxygen :
The products of Oxidation reaction of alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution or acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution Oxidation of propanol
Oxidation of ethanol
Dehydration of alcohol.
Draw and label the set of apparatus to show the dehydration process of propanol.
b) State True or False for every statement below. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ethanol is an alcoholic drinks Ethanol acts as a depressant on central nervous system. Alcoholic drinks only slow down physical activity, not affect mental activity. Alcoholism create social problems for the family and society. Methanol is a very toxic chemical and can cause permanent blindness when consumed Alcohol is not addictive Long- term excessive consumption of alcohol drinks can cause chronic liver disease and brain damage. Because of alcohol is miscible with water, it cannot be used as a solvent in toiletries. Alcohol is one of the raw materials in manufacture of explosive Alcohol is an antiseptic
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 F CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Learning outcomes You should be able to : state the general formula of carboxylic acids, identify the functional group of carboxylic acids, list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid, draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature, describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory, state the physical properties of carboxylic acids, state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals, predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid, explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life
Activity 13 (a) Complete the diagram below.
Uses : a b c d ..
Functional group :
General formula:
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Ethanoic acid normally prepared by of an alcohol
Physical properties a .. b .. c
names end with .. . Eg. ethanoic acid.
d .. e ..
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 (b) Draw the structural formula of Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
2-methylbutanoic acid
Methyl propanoic acid
( c)
A carboxylic acid, X has an empirical formula CH2O. Experimental determination shows that it has a molar mass of about 59 g mol-1 (i) What is the general formula of carboxylic acid?
(ii)
Calculate the molecular formula of X [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ]
(iii)
Draw the structural formula of X and give name.
Activity 14 a) Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate. Ethene
I
Ethanol
II
Ethanoic acid
Based on the figure above, state Reaction I : Reaction II :
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory Write the chemical reaction that involve.
c)
Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below. Test a. Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate Observation Inference
b. Gas released + lime water 2 a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium b. Gas given off + lighted splinter
3 Ethanoic acid + copper (II)oxide 4 Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulphuric acid + . heat Then the boiling contents are poured into a beaker half filled with water.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 G ESTER
Learning outcomes: You should be able to: state the general formula of esters identify the functional group of esters List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters. Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature, Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory, State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate. Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction. Write equations for the esterification reactions, state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.
Activity 15 (a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise the esters name. Formula Example :HCOOC2H5 Name Ethyl methanoate Carboxylic acid Methanoic acid Alcohol Ethanol
a) CH3 COOCH3
b) CH3 COOC3H7
c) C2H5 COOCH3
d) C3 H7COOC3H7
b) Draw the structural formula for the compound form in the reaction between alchol and carboxylic acid below. (i) methanol and propanoic acid
(ii)
ethanol + butanoic acid
(iii)
propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 16 (a) Complete the diagram below product of an . reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Ester is a .. organic compound
the functional group is COO- or . group
contain , and .
ESTERS uses of ester, a) .. b) .. c) d)
The general formula is The of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters
Physical properties 1 the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from., the second is from the .. All of them end with .. 2. 3. 4. 5.
b)
Write the fruit flavour for each of the ester below (i) n-pentyl ethanoate : . : . : . (ii) Octyl ethanoate (iii) Ethyl butanoate
39
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Order in homologous series
Learning outcomes: You should be able to : describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series. describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.
Activity 17 Butan-1-ol C4H9OH Porcelain chips
Compound P
II I Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution Compound R Compound S
III Hydrogen chloride
Compound Q
IV ethanol
a)
Name the homologous series for (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Butan-1-ol Compound P Compound R Compound S : .. : . : : ..
b)
Write the molecular formula of (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) compound P : ..
compound Q : compound R : .. compound S : .
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 H FATS

Learning outcomes: You should be able to: State what oils are State what fats are State the importance of oils and fats for body processes State the sources of oils and fats List the uses of oils and fats State the differences between oils and fats Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids State what saturated fats are State what unsaturated fats are Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil Justify the use of palm oil in the food production
Activity 18 (I)
ester saturated,
Fill in the blank by choosing the correct answer from the table below.
solid ester link heart attack lipid hydrogenation trigleycerides harden Chlorofom stroke liquid carbon glycerol high blood pressure energy margerine fatty acid
a) b) c) d)
Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ... They are natural .. They are product of the reaction between . and Fats are usually found in animal and they are .while oil is fat from plant and also from animal but they are at room condition. Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 atoms per molecule.
e)
f)
A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an (-COO-). Most fats and oils are . As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as . Fats are an important source of for our body. fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them .. . This can lead to , .and ..
g) h) i) j)
k)
Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called . 41
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com l) is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in vegetable oil. (II) Compare fats and oils Comparison Source Melting point o C Physical state at room temperature Cholesterol content Examples Molecular structure Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard < 20 / lower > 20 / higher Oils Fats
(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils In terms of Molecular formula Similarities
Type of compound
Type of bond .
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Activity 19 a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.
Oil palm fruit bunches The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min. The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria Stripping
Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits
Pressing
The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum drier. b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils i) . ii) iii) .. iv) . v) . I NATURAL RUBBER
Learning outcomes: You should be able to : List examples of natural polymers and their monomers, Draw the structural formula of natural rubber, State the properties of natural rubber, State the uses of natural rubber Describe the coagulation process of latex Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating, Describe the vulcanization of rubber, Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber, Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 20 a) Give explanation for every situation below: i) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.
ii)
When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.
iii)
When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.
b) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.
Aspect Structure
Unvulcanised rubber
Vulcanised rubber
Oxidation
Resistance of heat
Strength
Elasticity
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 ACTIVITY 21
1 Base on the diagram above, (a) Name the product formed in step I. (b) (i) State the reagents needed for step II. (ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II. (c) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step III. . (ii) A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst. (d) (i) Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV. . (ii) What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried out? (e) Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.
(f)
(i)
Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI. .
(ii)
Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI. .
(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 2
Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds. C4H9OH C2H5COOH
C4H8
C4H10
A (a)
Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B. .. State the functional group of compound A and compound D Compound A : .. Compound D : ..
(b)
(c)
Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of compound B.
(d)
Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated sulphuric acid. (i) Name the product formed from the reaction. . State one special characteristic of the product formed. .
(ii)
(e)
Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. (i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. ................................................................................................................. (ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of carbon dioxide molecules formed. [Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]
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CHAPTER 3
A.
: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
REDOX REACTIONS
Learning Outcomes: You should be able to, state what oxidation is state what reduction is explain what redox reaction is state what oxidising agent is state what reducing agent is calculate the oxidation number of an element in a compound. relate the oxidation number of an element to the name of its compound using the IUPAC nomenclature. explain with examples oxidation and reduction processes in terms of electron transfer explain with examples oxidising and reducing agents in redox reactions. write oxidation and reduction half-equations and ionic equations.
Activity 1 1) The tables below describe the meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of (a) loss or gain of oxygen (b) loss or gain of hydrogen (c) transfer of electrons (d) changes in oxidation number Study each table below carefully and fill in the blanks. (a) Loss or gain of oxygen Loss or gain of oxygen Oxidation Reduction The process of gaining oxygen The process of losing oxygen Example : Mg + PbO MgO + Pb In the above redox reaction, Mg gains oxygen to form MgO. This process is called. .. PbO loses oxygen to form Pb. This process is called ..... Mg is a reducing agent because it .. lead(II) oxide to . PbO is an oxidizing agent because it magnesium to..
(b)Loss or gain of hydrogen Loss or gain of hydrogen Oxidation Reduction The process of losing hydrogen The process of gaining hydrogen Example : H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S In the above redox reaction H2S loses hydrogen to form S. The process is called .. ... Cl2 gains hydrogen to form HCl. This process is called .. . H2S is a reducing agent because it to ... 47
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because it to.. (c) Transfer of electrons Transfer of electrons Oxidation Reduction The process of losing electrons The process of gaining oxygen Example : Redox reaction: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Half-equations: Na Na+ + e // Cl2 + 2e 2Cl In the half-equations above, Na atom loses electron to form Na+. This process is called Cl2 molecule gains electrons to form 2Cl. This process is called .. Na is a reducing agent because it to .. Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because it ..to .
(d) Changes in oxidation number Changes in oxidation number Oxidation Reduction The increase in oxidation number The decrease in oxidation number Example : Chemical equation: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Changes in oxidation number Na : 0 +1 // Cl : 0 1 Given above are the changes in oxidation number of Na and Cl, state which element is oxidized or reduced and which element is the oxidizing or reducing agent. Na is ............................. to Na+ : Na is the.. agent Cl2 is .to Cl : Cl2 is the . agent
2) What are redox reactions? . .. Activity 2 The diagram below shows the oxidation and reduction process that occurs in a redox reaction. Reduction CuO + C Cu + CO2
Oxidation By drawing arrows, show and label the oxidation and reduction processes occurring in the redox reactions below.
48
ZnO + Mg MgO + Zn
2HI + Cl2 I2 + 2HCl
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
2NH3 + 3Br2 N2 + 6HBr
Activity 3 (a) Fill in the blanks with suitable words. (i) The substance that causes oxidation is called the ... agent (ii) The substance that causes reduction is called the ..... agent. (b) State the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the chemical reactions given below. (i) 2Zn + O2 2ZnO. Oxidising agent: ... Reducing agent: ... (ii) 2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C Oxidising agent: .. Reducing agent: .... Activity 4 Oxidation numbers of elements can be calculated based on the rules in assigning oxidation numbers as stated in the chemistry text book on page 107. Two examples are given below. Examples: a) Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements (i) H3PO4 (13) + P + (-24) = 0 3 + P + (-8) = 0 P = 8 3 = +5 the oxidation number for phosphorus is +5 (ii) N2H4 2N + (14) = 0 2N + 4 = 0 N = 4/2 = 2
the oxidation number for nitrogen is 2
Answer the following questions. 1. Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements. (a) Fe (b) MgCl2
(c) Na2O
49
Modul Chemistry Form 5 (d) CO2
(e)
SO42
akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com (f) MnO4
2. Calculate the oxidation number for chlorine and nitrogen in their compounds below and write its oxidation in the spaces provided. Chlorine compound Nitrogen Compound HCl HClO HClO2 ClO2 HClO3 HClO4
NH3
N2O
NO
NO2
NO2
NO3
3 Write the oxidation number for the underlined element in the boxes provided and state whether the element undergoes oxidation or reduction process. Part (a) is shown as an example a) Mg 0 + CuO MgO +2 + Cu Process Oxidation
b)
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
Process
c)
Cr2O72
Cr3+ Process
d)
4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Process
e)
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Process
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com 4 Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements in the table below and name the compound using the IUPAC nomenclature. Formula of compound CuSO4 Cu2O CrCl3 Cr2O72 NO3 NO2 NH4+ MnO2 Activity 5 For each of the chemical reactions below, (a) write the oxidation and reduction half-equations, (b) identify the following: (i) Substance that undergoes oxidation (iii) Oxidising agent (ii) Substance that undergoes reduction (iv) Reducing agent Example: Zn + 2Ag+ Zn2+ + 2Ag Based the ionic equation given, it is known that the oxidation number of Zn increases from 0 to +2. Hence zinc undergoes oxidation to form Zn2+ Answer: Oxidation half-equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2eReduction half-equation: 2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag Substance undergoes oxidation: Zinc (Zn) Substance undergoes reduction: Silver ion (Ag+) + Oxidising agent : Silver ion (Ag ) Reducing agent : Zinc (Zn) Based on the chemical equation given, complete the flow charts below. a) Cl2 + 2I 2Cl + I2 Oxidation number Name of compound
Oxidation half-equation:
Reduction half-equation:
Substance undergoes oxidation:
Substance undergoes reduction:
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
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b) Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
c) Pb + Br2 PbBr2
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
d) 4Na + O2 2Na2O
Oxidising Agent:
Reducing Agent:
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Activity 6(a) Writing ionic equation from given oxidation and reduction half-equations: Example: Given: Oxidation half-equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e Reduction half-equation: Ag+ + e Ag [In order to write an ionic equation from the two given half-equations, the electrons that were transferred from Mg to the Ag must be equal. Hence two Ag+ will receive two electrons from an atom of Mg.] Mg Mg2+ + 2e 2Ag+ + 2e 2Ag Mg + 2Ag+ Mg + 2Ag Answer: Ionic equation: Mg + 2Ag+ Mg + 2Ag Based on the given oxidation and reduction half-equations, write the ionic equation for the reaction (a) Oxidation half-equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e Reduction half-equation: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Ionic equation: (b) Oxidation half-equation: Al Al3+ + 3e Reduction half-equation: Ag+ + e Ag Ionic equation: (c) Oxidation half-equation: Reduction half-equation: Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Br2 + 2e 2Br
Ionic equation: (d) Oxidation half-equation: 2I I2 + 2e Reduction half-equation: Cl2 + 2e 2Cl Ionic equation: (e) Oxidation half-equation: Cl2 + 2e 2Cl Reduction half-equation: Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Ionic equation: (f) Oxidation half-equation: Fe Fe2+ + 2e Reduction half-equation: O2 + H2O + 4e 4OH Ionic equation:
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 6(b)

Changing Iron(II) ions, Fe
2+
to Iron(III) ions, Fe
3+
(1) 2.0 cm of Iron(II) sulphate solution (light green)
Procedure: 1. 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution is added into a test tube. 2. A few drops of ...................... is heated. 3. The is recorded. 4. Observation: The colour of iron(II) sulphate solution changed from ....................... to ................... The bromine water changed from ....................... to ........................ . In order to detect presence of iron(III) ion in the solution, add .......................... ........................................ ............... in excess. .............. were added drop by drop into the test tube and mixture
..................................(colour) precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide is formed.
5. Concept: a) Iron(II) ion is to iron(II) ion by . At the same time is reduced to . Ion. b) Oxidation and reduction half-equations: Fe2+ ............. + .............. (Oxidation) Br2 + ............ .................. (Reduction)
c) Ionic equation: .. d) Iron(II) ions .................. electrons to become iron(III) ions. Iron(II) ions are ................................... e) Bromine molecules ............. electrons to form bromide ions. Bromine molecules are ..... f) Reducing agent: ................................... Oxidising agent: ...................................
54
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Changing Iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to Iron(II) ions, Fe2+
(1) 2.0 cm of iron(III) chloride solution (yellow)
Procedure: 1. Add 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution into a test tube. 2. Add ......................................... into the same test tube and heat the mixture. 3. Record the ............................................................. 4. Observation: a. The colour of iron(III) chloride solution changed from ............................ to .............................. b. In order to detect the presence of iron(II) ion in the solution, add ................. excess. A ................ ...................... in
........................... (colour) precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide is formed.
5. Concept: a). Iron(III) ion is ....................... to iron(II) ion by ................. .................. At the same time, zinc is ......................... to .............................. ion. b) Reduction and oxidation half-equations: Fe3+ + .......... .............. (Reduction) Zn ............... + ................ (Oxidation)
c) Ionic equation: d) Iron(III) ions ............. electrons to become iron(II) ions. Iron(III) ions are ....................... e) Zinc atom ................. electrons to form ................ ions. Zinc atoms are ....................... f) Reducing agent: ...................................... Oxidising agent: ........................................ Activity 7 Displacement of metal from its salt solution M(s) + AB(aq) MB(aq) + A(s) Mn+ + ne
Oxidation half-equation: M
The following statements describe the displacement of metal from its salt solution by another element. Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s). 55
1. A ... (more/ less) electropositive element is oxidized more . (easily / harder ) and acts as a .. (stronger / weaker) reducing agent. 2. An element that is located higher in the electrochemical series can displace other elements that are positioned (i).. in the electrochemical series from its salt solution. Example: Displacement copper from copper(II) sulphate solution. Ionic equation: Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Half-equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2e [ Oxidation ] Half-equation: Cu2+ + 2e Cu [ Reduction ] Zinc, Zn is (ii) . electropositive than copper, Cu. Thus Zn atom releases (iii) . electron to form ion Zn2+. The electrons are transferred from (iv) ... to (v).. The copper(II) ion, Cu2+ receives the two electrons from zinc to form copper atom, Cu. Zn atom acts as a (vi) and Cu2+ ion acts as a (vii) Cu
Activity 8 (a) Halogen in aqueous and 1,1,1-trichloroethane Complete the table below by stating the colur of halogen in aqueous solution and in 1,1,1-trichloroethane Colour of halogen Halogen In aqueous solution Chlorine Bromine Iodine In 1,1,1,-trichloroethane
Displacement of halogens from their halide solutions by other halogens.
Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate word from the list displayed above. 1) Halogens are located in Group .. of the Periodic Table 56
2) Halogen elements tend to electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. 3) Halogens are reduced to ions 4) The electronegativity of halogens or their tendency to accept electrons .. when going down Group 17. 5) Thus, the strength of halogens acting as the group 17. ... decreases when going down
6) In displacement reaction of halogen, a .. electronegative halogen will displaces a electronegative halogen from its halide solution.
Activity 9 Transfer of electrons at a distance A. The diagram shows the set up of apparatus for the redox reaction involving bromine water and potassium iodide solution.
The following statement describe the redox reaction between bromine and potassium iodide solution. Fill the blanks with the appropriate word(s).
1. Electrons flow from .. to .through the wire. 2. The colour of potassium iodide solution changes from to . 3. The colour of bromine water changes from to .... 4. Oxidation half-equation: .. Reduction half-equation: .. 5. Overall Ionic Equation : .. 6. Oxidising agent: 7. Reducing agent: 7. To confirm that the brown solution formed is iodine solution, a chemical test can be carry out. 57
Method 1 Some ....................... ......................... is added into a test tube containing the brown solution. A dark blue colouration is obtained if iodine is present. Method 2 2 cm3 of ........................................... is added into a test tube containing the brown soltion. The test tube is then stopperred and its mixture .................. If the lower layer [1,1,1-trichloroethane layer] is ............................. in colour, then it is confirmed iodine is present.
B The diagram below shows the set up of apparatus of redox reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) and potassium iodide soultion.
Carbon rod
Acidified Potassium Manganate (VII) solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
Potassium Iodide Solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
Dilute Sulphuric acid, 1.0 mol dm-3 Below are some of the facts about the redox reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) and potassium iodide soultion. Answer the following question The half-equation for the reaction that occurs around the carbon rod on the left is as follow MnO4- + 8H + + 5e Mn 2+ + 4H2O a) State the change in oxidation number of manganese. .. b) A brown solution was observed forming around the carbon rod on the right. Name the brown solution formed. .... c) Write a half-equation for the formation of the brown solution. .... Write the ionic equation for the reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) and iodide ion. .
d)
58
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com e) On the diagram above, show the direction of the flow of electron by using arrows.
B.
RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION
Learning Outcomes : You should be able to, state the conditions for the rusting of iron state what corrosion of metal is. describe the process of rusting in terms of oxidation and reduction. generate ideas on the use of other metals to control rusting, explain with examples on the use of a more electropositive metal to control metal corrosion,
Activity 10 Rusting as a redox reaction 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable word. a) Oxidation of metal is called (i) .. while (ii) the oxidation of iron is called Oxidation half-equation for corrosion of metal: M Mn+ + . b) The presence of (i). and (ii). will cause iron to rust, The rusting can be accelerated by adding (iii). or (iv) . c) Copper forms a green coating as a result of corrosion, it contains .. ions. d) Metals like (i). and (ii) forms a very tough oxide layer which adhere tightly to the surface of the metal and thus preventing further oxidation. This protect the metals from further corrosion. e) To prevent corrosion, metal A can be coated with a layer of metal B which is more (i). than A. Metal B will corrode first, thus preventing metal A from corrosion. In this situation, metal B is also called the (ii). metal. f) If iron is in contact with another (i)which is less electropositive than iron, the rate of rusting for iron will be (ii). g) Zinc is used to protect iron or steel by coating a thin layer of zinc onto it, this process is called (i).. In industry, zinc is chosen to serve the purpose rather than other metals because zinc is (ii) in cost. h) Some household and bathroom equipments are coated with a layer of shiny finishes, the metals usually used for these coatings are (i). and (ii). . 59
2. Mechanism of rusting of iron in the present of water and oxygen involves some chemical reactions. Figure below shows an unlabeled diagram of a water droplet on the surface of iron.
Write the chemical equations or half equations for the processes below. a) The formation of iron(II) ions from the metal: When iron contacts with water, the iron surface oxidizes to form iron(II) ions. Oxidation half-equation: .
b) The formation of hydroxide ions: Electrons released by iron then flow to the edges of the water droplets, where there is a high concentration of dissolved oxygen. At the cathode area, water and oxygen molecules receive electrons and are reduced to form hydroxide ions. Reduction half-equation: .. c) Formation of green precipitate. Fe2+ readily combines with OH- to form insoluble solid Fe(OH)2 Chemical equation: .. d) Using chemical equations in (a), (b) and (c), the reaction between iron, water and oxygen to form iron(II) hydroxide can be summarized into a overall chemical equation. Chemicall equation: .. e) With excess oxygen, the rust is formed: The Fe2+ ions are further oxidized to form Fe3+ ions, which reacts with OH- ions to form the hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3. xH2O, known as rust. Chemical equation: . f) Complete the diagram above by filling the blanks in the spaces provided.
60
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 11 Answer the questions below. 1. Name three main ways to prevent rusting.
(i) . (ii) . (iii) 2. Galvanising involves coating an iron or steel sheet with a thin layer of 3. Name three metals that can be used in sacrificial protection for an underground pipe. (i) ...(ii) ... (iii) 4. Name a reagent that is usually used to detect the presence of iron(II) ion in an experiment to investigate the rusting of iron. .. Activity 12 1 Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment to study the effect of metals P and Q on the rusting of iron nail. The results are recorded after one day. Test tube Metal Experiment After 1 day Observation Some dark blue precipitate. A Iron only
Iron with metal P
Large amount of dark blue precipitate
Iron with metal Q
No dark blue precipitate. Solution turns pink.
(a)
Write the half-equation for the formation of iron(II) ion from iron. ................................................................................................................................................. State the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution in the experiment and describe its change in colour if a positive result occurred. 61
(b)
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com ................................................................................................................................................... Which test tube shows the highest rate of rusting of iron? Explain your answer. ..................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... (d) Arrange the metals Fe, P and Q in decreasing order of electrochemical series. .............................................................................................................................. (e) (i) What happens to metal Q in test tube C? ..................................................................................................................................... (ii) Suggest a metal that can be used as metal Q.
(c)
(f)
.................................................................................................................................... State the ion that causes the solution in test tube C to turn pink. ...................................................................................................................................................
C.
THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS WITH OXYGEN AND ITS APPLICATION
Learning Outcomes : You should be able to, compare the differences in the vigour of the reactions of some metals with oxygen. deduce the reactivity series of metals. determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals. state what the reactivity series of metals are. describe the extraction of iron and tin from their ores. explain the use of carbon as the main reducing agent in metal extraction. use the reactivity series of metals to predict possible reactions involving metals
Activity 13 1. Figure below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the order of metals in the reactivity series. Solid potassium manganate (VII) is heated to release oxygen gas to react with hot metal powder.
The experiment is carried out using metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead . The observation of the experiments on the metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead in the experiments are shown in table below. 62
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Type of metal Copper Zinc Magnesium Lead (a)
akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Observation Faint glow A bright flame spreads slowly A bright white shiny flame spreads quickly Red hot and embers slowly
Based on the observations in table above, arrange copper, zinc, magnesium and lead in descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.
Descending order of reactivity of metals with oxygen. (b) Name two other substances that can be used to produce oxygen gas in the experiment (i) (ii) (c)
Write a balance chemical equation for each of the reaction below. (i) Copper + oxygen .. (ii) Zinc + oxygen (iii) Magnesium + oxygen Lead + oxygen
(iv)
2) According to the chemical equation below, carbon reacts with oxygen to produce .. gas. C ( s ) + O2 (s ) CO2 ( g ) 3) Based on the reactivity series of metals with oxygen, carbon able to displace a .. metal from its metal oxide. Thus, by heating a mixture of metal oxide and carbon , the reactivity of carbon can be determined. 0 Oxidation +4 CO2 ( g ) + 2Pb(s) 0 63
C ( s ) + 2PbO (s ) +2 Reduction
4) Carbon is to carbon dioxide and lead (II) oxide is reduced to lead. 5) Carbon acts as a (i).. agent which displaces a metal from its oxide while the metal oxide is the (ii) .agent. 6) Carbon is not able to displace a . metal from its metal oxide. Hence, there is no displacement reaction when a mixture of magnesium oxide and carbon is heated. 7) Carbon is positioned in between (i) and (ii) .. in the reactivity series.
8)
Oxides of metals W,X, Y, Z are heated with equal amount of carbon powder in an experiment to compare their reactivity with carbon. The changes observed are recorded in the table below. Mixture Carbon + oxide of W Carbon + oxide of X Carbon + oxide of Y Carbon + oxide of Z (a) No change Dim glow. Grey residue is formed No change Bright glow. Brown residue is formed Observation
Based on the observation , classify the metals in groups that are (i) more reactive than carbon: (ii) less reactive than carbon:
(b) Suggest a possible element for metals X and Z X : Z : .
(c) The reactivity of W and Y can be compared by heating an equal amount of W powder with oxide of Y in a crucible using the same apparatus set-up. (i) What is the expected observation if W is more reactive than Y? Explain your answer (ii) Suggest the possible elements for W and Y W : Y : ..
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between W (charge of +2) and oxide of Y (charge of +3). .. .. 64
(iv) Identify the reducing agent and oxidising agent in the reaction between W and oxide of Y. Reducing agent: .. Oxidising agent:
9.
Complete the reactivity series of metals with oxygen given below by writing the name of the missing elements in the spaces provided. Potassium Calcium Aluminium Reactivity decreases Iron Tin
Mercury Gold 10. The following shows part of the increasing order of reactivity series of metals with oxygen. K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Hg Ag Au
Insert the positions of carbon and hydrogen in the above series by using arrows to indicate its position. 11. Predict what will be observed when, (a) hydrogen gas is heated with copper (II) oxide in tube. .............. .. (b) a piece of burning magnesium ribbon is dropped into a gas jar filled with carbon dioxide. .... ... (c) carbon is heated with magnesium oxide. ....................
65
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com 12. Complete the following table by giving the main mineral in ore and the metal extracted from its ore. Ore (a) Bauxite (b) Hematite (c) Magnetite (d) Cassiterite Main mineral in ore Name Formula Metal extracted
D.
ELECTROLYTIC AND CHEMICAL CELLS
Learning Outcomes : You should be able to, explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various chemical cells. explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various electrolytic cells. state the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells in terms of basic structure, energy conversion and the transfer of electrons at the electrodes . compare and contrast electrolytic and chemical cells with reference to the oxidation and reduction process.
Activity 14 1) Below are listed the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells. Complete the statements by filling in the blanks with the correct words.
It requires a source of .
It does not require a source of The electrodes must be of 66 two ...... metals.
The electrodes may be of the material such as
The electrical energy causes reactions to occur at electrodes. Electrons flow from the . electrode (anode) to the . electrode (cathode) through the . (external circuit)
The chemical reactions that occur at the electrodes produce an Electrons flow from the more . metal terminal) to the less metal (. terminal)
2) The figure above shows the electrolysis process of molten lead (II) bromide. Answer the questions below. (a) State the ions contain in the molten lead (II) bromide. . (b) Pb2+ ions move to the (i) . while Br ions move to the (ii) (c) Br ions act as the (i) . agent, losing electrons at the electrode to become (ii) molecules. Thus, Br ions undergo (iii) .. . (d) Oxidation half-equation: . (e) Pb2+ ions act as the (i) . agent, accepting electrons to become (ii) .. metal. Thus, Pb2+ ions undergo (iii) .... . (f) Reduction half-equation : ...
67
Modul Chemistry Form 5 3) Figure below shows a chemical (voltaic) cell.
a) Label the negative terminal and positive terminal and show the direction of the flow of electrons by using arrows the above figure. b) Write the half-equation for the reaction at the positive terminal. ... c) Write the half-equation for the reaction at the negative terminal. ............... d) State the substance that undergoes oxidation. ... e) State the substance that undergoes reduction. ... 4) Similarities and differences of the redox reactions in electrolytic cell and a voltaic (chemical) cell Similarities In both cells, electrons are transferred from the agent to the agent. oxidation occurs at the anode. occurs at the cathode
Electrolytic cell
Chemical cell
Differences
68
69
CHAPTER 4 : THERMOCHEMISTRY
A ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTION
Learning Outcomes : You should be able to: State what exothermic reaction is, State what endothermic reaction is, Identify exothermic reactions, Identify endothermic reactions, Give examples of exothermic reactions, Give examples of endothermic reactions, Construct energy level diagrams for exothermic reactions, Construct energy level diagrams for endothermic reactions, Interpret energy level diagram, Interrelate energy change with formation and breaking of bonds, Describe the application of knowledge of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life.
Activity 1: (a) What is an exothermic reaction? An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that gives out heat to the surroundings. Heat energy given out from the reaction is (1)to the surroundings The temperature of the surroundings (2). (b) What is an endothermic reaction? An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings . The reactants (3) . heat energy from the surroundings. The temperature of the surroundings (4) .
Activity 2 (a) Identify the following reactions as exothermic or endothermic reaction by writing a at the appropriate box as shown in Question (a). Reaction (a) Combustion of ethanol (b) Burning of magnesium (c) Neutralisation between acid and alkali (d) Adding water to concentrated sulphuric acid 70 Exothermic Endothermic
Modul Chemistry Form 5 (e) Photosynthesis (f) Reaction between acid and magnesium (g) Reaction between acid and calcium carbonate (h) Dissolving ammonium salt in water (i) Thermal decomposition of copper(ll) carbonate (j) Thermal decomposition of zinc nitrate (b)
The amount of heat energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction is called the heat of reaction. It is given a symbol (1). and the unit is (2) .. The heat of reaction , H = H products - H reactants (a) Exothermic reaction : The reactants lose heat energy to form the products . Thus the products formed have less energy than the reactants, Therefore, H is (3) (b) Endothermic reaction : The reactants absorb heat energy to form the products . Thus the products formed have (4) energy than the reactant. Therefore, H is (5).
(c)
(d)
List two other examples of exothermic and endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction 1) 2) Endothermic reaction
Activity 3 : (a) Energy level diagram
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Energy level diagram for exothermic reaction : (i) The products have less energy than the reactants, Energy reactants H = negative products
Construct the energy level diagram based on the given chemical equation, Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) (reactants) ( products ) H = -467 kJ
(ii) Energy level diagram for endothermic reaction : The products have more energy than the reactants, Energy products
H = positive reactants (iii) Construct energy level diagram based on the given chemical equation CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g) H = + 178 kJ
Information that can be obtained from the energy level diagram , 72
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Energy Zn + CuSO4
H = - 190 kJ Cu + ZnSO4 Figure 1 Figure 1 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction between zinc and copper(ll) sulphate, The reaction between (1) and (2). is an (3) .. reaction. During the reaction, the temperature of the mixture (4) The total energy of one mole of (5). and one mole of (6) is (7). than the total energy of one mole of copper and one mole of zinc sulphate by (8). kJ When one mole of (9).. reacts with one mole of (10)to form (11).. .. mole of copper and (12).. mole of zinc sulphate, (13).. kJ of heat is (14) Energy
2HI (g) H = +53 kJ H2 (g) + I2(g) Figure 2 Figure 2 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction between hydrogen gas and iodine The reaction between (15)and (16). is an (17) reaction. During the reaction, the temperature of the mixture (18) The total energy of one mole of (19). and one mole of (20). is (21) than the total energy of two moles of hydrogen iodide by (22) kJ When one mole of (23).reacts with one mole of (24) to form (25) .mole of hydrogen iodide (26)..kJ of heat is (27) 73
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com (b) (i) A chemical reaction involves (1) .... (2) ............... of the reactants and (3).. (4) ........................of the product (ii) Bonds breaking always(1) . energy and bonds formation always (2) energy
Bond breaking
Bond formation
(iii)
If the energy absorbed during bonds breaking is less than the energy released during bonds formation ,energy is (1).. to the surrounding.
The reaction is an (2) .. reaction
(iv)
If the energy absorbed during bonds breaking is more than the energy released during bonds formation, energy is(1). from the surrounding. Hence it is an (2) reaction
(c)
Explain the application of exothermic and endothermic reaction in our daily lives. (i) Instant cold packs : Instant cold packs are used to treat (1), have separate compartments of (2) and (3)in a plastic bag. When the barrier between the two is broken by squeezing the outer bag, the (4).. dissolves in the(5) .endothermically to provide instant coldness. A reusable heat pack:
(ii)
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 B HEAT OF PRECIPITATION

Learning Outcomes You should be able to: State what heat of reaction is, State what heat of precipitation is, Determine the heat of precipitation for a reaction, Construct an energy level diagram for a precipitation reaction, Solve numerical problems related to heat of precipitation
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION The change in the amount of heat in a chemical reaction Symbol : H The
HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT
HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
HEAT OF COMBUSTION
Activity 4: Match the chemical equation with the type of reaction below : Chemical equation HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3 Type of reaction Precipitation Displacement Neutralization Combustion
The heat change in a reaction can be calculated using the formula , H = mc m = mass of solution, g c = specific heat capacity of the solution, J g-1 oC-1 = temperature change , 0C Assumption : i) The solution is dilute, it has the same density as water , 1 g cm-3 ( 1 cm3 = 1 g ) ii) The solution has the same specific heat capacity as water, 4.2 J g-1 oC-1
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Example :
Calculate the amount of heat change when the temperature of 200 cm3 of water is raised from 280C to 400C, Q = mc = 200 g x 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 x 12 0C = 10080 J = 10.08 kJ m = 200 g c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 = 40 - 28 = 12 0C
Guidelines for the calculation of the heat of reaction Steps to follow: Step 1 - Calculate the heat change using the formula, H = mc ( p Joule ) Step 2 - Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs Step 3 - Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts using either the following formulae : Number of moles = mass = q mol or molar mass Number of moles = (Solution) MV ( q mol) M : Molarity of the solution V : volume of the solution in dm3
Step 4 - Link the number of moles of reactants ( step 3 ) with the heat change ( step 1 ) q mol of reactants react heat lost/gain is p J 1 mol of reactants react heat lost/gain is p J q Heat of reaction , H = +/p kJ mol-1 1000 x q = +/- r kJ mol-1 Note : + is used for endothermic reaction and - is used for exothermic reaction Step 5 - Draw the energy level diagram
Activity 5 : (a) What is meant by heat of precipitation ? .. .. (b) To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl
25 cm 0.5 mol dm sodium chloride solution 25 cm 0.5 mol dm silver nitrate solution
3 -3
-3
Procedure : 1. Measure 25 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and pour it into the polystyrene cup, 76
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com 2. Put the thermometer into the silver nitrate solution. Record the initial temperature, 3. Measure 25 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution and record the initial temperature, 4. Pour the sodium chloride solution quickly into the silver nitrate solution in the polystyrene cup. 5. Stir the solution mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature achieved. Result : Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution = 28.5 0C Initial temperature of sodium chloride solution = 29.5 0C Highest temperature of the mixture = 32.0 0C Calculation Temperature change, = 32.0 0C - 29.0 0C = 3.0 0C Heat change , H = mc m = ( 25 + 25 ) g = 50 g c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 = 3.0 0C H =(1) .........J
Average initial temperature = 29.00C
Step 1 : Calculate the heat change using the formula H = mc
Step 2: Write balanced chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs
Chemical equation : AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

Precipitate
Ionic equation : (2). Deduce the mole ratio from the ionic equation : (3)mol silver ion, Ag+ react with (4) mol of chloride ion, Cl- to produce (5). mol of silver chloride , AgCl.
Step 3 : Calculate the number of moles of reactant that reacts, Use the formula :
n = MV 3 ( V in dm )
Number of moles of silver ion = the number of moles of silver nitrate = (6) .. mol Number of moles of chloride ion = the number of moles of sodium chloride = (7).. mol Number of moles of silver chloride formed = (8) .. mol
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com When (9) .. mol of silver chloride formed, heat released is (10) ... Step 4 Calculate the heat When 1 mol of silver chloride formed, heat released is (11)...................... of precipitation of silver chloride, H Heat of precipitation of silver chloride, H = (12) - kJ mol 1 Step 5 Energy level diagram Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction that occurs in this experiment (13)
(c)
Calculate the heat change when 200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 calcium chloride, CaCl2 solution is added to 200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 solution if the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is +12.6 kJ mol-1 [ Specific heat capacity of solution : 4.2 J g-1 0C-1 . Density of solution : 1 g cm-3 ]
(d) The thermochemical equation for the precipitation of silver chloride is as follows : Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl H = 65.5 kJ mol-1
Calculate the temperature change when 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 , solution is added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chloride, KCl solution
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 C HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT Learning Outcomes,

You should be able to: State what heat of displacement is, Determine the heat of displacement, Construct an energy level diagram for a displacement reaction, Solve numerical problems related to heat of displacement,
Activity 6 (a) What is meant by the heat of displacement ? .. .. (b) To determine the heat of displacement of copper from a copper (ll) sulphate solution by zinc.
zinc powder 25 cm 0.2 mol dm copper(ll) sulphate solution
3 -3
Procedure : 1. Measure 25 cm3 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(ll) sulphate solution and pour into a polystyrene cup. 2. Put the thermometer into the copper(ll) sulphate solution. Record the initial temperature, 3. Add half a spatula of zinc powder (in excess) quickly into copper(ll) sulphate solution. 5. Stir the mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature achieved. Result : Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution Highest temperature of the mixture Calculation Step 1 : Calculate the heat change using the formula H = mc Changes of temperature, = 40.0 0C - 30.0 0C = 10.0 0C Heat change , H = mc m = 25 g c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 = 10.0 0C H = (1).. J Chemical equation : Zn (s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq)
copper displaced
= 30.0 0C = 40.0 0C
Step 2: Write balanced chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs Step 3 : Calculate the number of moles of reactant that
Deduce the mole ratio from the equation : (2) mol copper metal, Cu is displaced from (3) .. mol of copper(ll) sulphate solution, CuSO4 by zinc Number of moles copper(ll) sulphate = (4).. mol Number of moles of copper = (5).. mol 79
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com reacts Step 4 When (6) .. mol of copper is displaced, the heat released is (7) ... Calculate the heat When 1 mol of copper is displaced, the heat released is (8)................. of displacement of copper, H Heat of reaction , H = (9) kJ mol 1 Step 5 Energy level diagram Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction that occurs in this experiment (10)
(c)
Figure shows an experiment carried out to determine the heat of displacement of silver from silver nitrate by copper metal.
Based on figure above, calculate the heat of displacement for the reaction.
In an experiment, excess magnesium powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 iron(ll) sulphate solution at 29.0 0C. The thermochemical equation is shown below, Mg(s) + Fe2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Fe (s) H = -80.6 kJ mol - 1
(d) What is the highest temperature reached in this experiment ?
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 D HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
Learning Outcomes : You should be able to: State what heat of neutralization is, Determine the heat of neutralization, Construct energy level diagrams for various types of neutralization reactions, Compare the heat of neutralization for the reactions between a strong acid and a strong alkali with the heat of neutralization for a reaction between a weak acid and a weak alkali, Explain the difference of the heat of neutralization for a strong acid and a strong alkali with heat of neutralization for a reaction involving a weak acid and/or a weak alkali. solve numerical problems related to heat of neutralization,
Activity 7 (a) What is meant by the heat of neutralization .. (b) To determine the heat of neutralisation between a strong acid ( hydrochloric acid ) and a strong alkali ( sodium hydroxide )
50 cm 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution
3 -3
50 cm 2.0 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution
-3
Procedure : 1. Measure 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and pour it into the polystyrene cup, 2. Put the thermometer into the sodium hydroxide solution. Record the initial temperature, 3. Measure 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution and record the initial temperature, 4. Pour the hydrochloric acid solution quickly into the sodium hydroxide solution in the polystyrene cup. 5. Stir the mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature achieved. Result : Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 29.0 0C Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid solution = 29.0 0C Highest temperature of the mixture = 42.0 0C Calculation Step 1 : Calculate the heat change using the formula H = mc Changes of temperature, = 42.0 0C - 29.0 0C = (1) .0C Heat change , H = mc m = ( 50 + 50 ) g = 100 g c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 = (2) .0C H = (3).. J Chemical equation (4) . Ionic equation (5) . 81 Average initial temperature = 29.0 0C
Step 2: Write balanced chemical equation
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com or ionic equation for Deduce the mole ratio from the ionic equation : the reaction that occurs (6)mol hydrogen ion, H+ react with (7)mol of hydroxide ion, OHto produce (8). mol of water , H2O Step 3 : Number of moles of H+ = the number of moles of hydrochloric acid Calculate the number of moles of = (9).. mol reactant that reacts, Number of moles of OH- = the number of moles of sodium hydroxide Use , n = MV 3 ( V in dm ) = (10).. mol Number of moles of water formed = (11) .. mol When (12) .. mol of water formed, heat released is (13) ... When 1 mol of water formed, heat released is (14) ................. Heat of neutralisation , H = (15) kJ mol - 1
Step 4 Calculate the heat of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, H Step 5 : Energy level diagram
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction that occurs in this experiment (16)
(c)
The thermochemical equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide is given below, CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCH3COO (aq) + H2O (l) H = -55 kJ mol - 1
Calculate the heat given out when 200 cm3 of ethanoic acid 0.5 mol dm-3 is added to 200 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 0.5 mol dm-3
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com (d) The energy level diagram of a neutralization reaction is shown in figure below Energy
H2SO4 + 2NaOH H = - 114 kJ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
When 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. What is the change in temperature?
E : HEAT OF COMBUSTION
Learning Outcomes You should be able to : state what heat of combustion is, determine heat of combustion for a reaction, construct an energy level diagram for a combustion reaction, compare the heats of combustion of various alcohols, state what fuel value is, describe the difference between heats of combustion of various alcohols, describe the applications of fuel value, compare and contrast fuel values for various fuels, solve numerical problems related to heat of combustion.
Activity 8 : (a) What is meant by the heat of combustion . (b) To determine the heat of combustion of ethanol
83
Experiment to determine the heat of combustion. Procedure : 1. Measure 200 cm3 of water and pour it into a copper can. Record the initial temperature of the water and place the copper can on a tripod stand. 2. Fill a lamp with ethanol and weigh it. Record the mass of the lamp together with its content. 3. Light up the wick of the lamp immediately. Stir the water continuously until the temperature of the water increases by about 30 0C. 5. Put off the flame and record the highest temperature reached by the water 6. Weigh again the lamp and record the mass of the lamp. Result : Mass of lamp and ethanol before burning Mass of lamp and ethanol after burning Initial temperature of water Highest temperature of water Calculation Step 1 : Calculate the heat change/heat absorbed by the water using the formula, H = mc Step 2: Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol Step 3 : Calculate the number of moles of ethanol that is used in the experiment, [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 : C,12; O,16 ] Changes of temperature, = 59.00C - 29.00C = 30.0 0C Mass of water, m = 200 g Heat change/ heat absorbed by water , H = mc c = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 = 30.0 0C H = (1).. J C2H5OH + (2)= (3)+ (4) .
= 190.55 g = 189.80 g = 29.00C = 59.00C
Mass of ethanol burnt/used = (5) . g Number of moles of ethanol burnt = (6) __________ molar mass of ethanol = .. mol
Step 4 Calculate the heat of combustion of ethanol, H
When(7) .. mol of ethanol is burnt in oxygen heat released is(8) . When 1 mol of ethanol is burnt in oxygen, heat released is (9) .......... Heat of combustion of ethanol , H = (10) kJ mol - 1
84
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Step 5 Energy level diagram
Draw an energy level diagram for the combustion of ethanol in this experiment (11)
(c) The following results are obtained by a student in an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of alcohols. Complete the table and calculate the heat of combustion of methanol, propanol and butanol based on the data given in the table below . [ Relative atomic mass : H,1 ; C,12 ; O,16 . Specific heat capacity of water , 4.2 J g-1 0C-1 ] Alcohol Volume of water/cm3 Initial temperature of water / 0C Final temperature of water / 0C Mass of alcohol burnt/g Changes in temperature / 0C Molecular formula Number of carbon atoms Molar mass Number of moles of alcohol burnt Heat change/ absorbed by the water / J Heat of combustion of alcohol / kJ mol-1 (i) Methanol 200 28.0 60.0 Propanol 200 28.0 58.0 Butanol 200 28.0 59.0
1.184 (1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (2) (5) (8) (11) (14)
0.750 (3) (6) (9) (12) (15)
0.719
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
State the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in an alcohol and the heat of combustion,
. .
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 (ii) Predict the heat of combustion for pentanol
(d )
When 1 mole of butanol, C4H9OH is burnt in excess of oxygen, 2600 kJ of heat is produced. Calculate the mass of butanol needed to burn completely in oxygen in order to raise the temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 300C ( Relative atomic mass : H , 1 ; C , 12 ; O , 16, Specific heat capacity of water , 4.2 J g-1 0C-1)
(e )
The fuel value of a fuel is the amount of heat energy given out when one gram of the fuel is completely burnt in excess of oxygen.
Fuel value ( kJ g-1 ) = heat of combustion of alcohol ( kJ mol-1 ) molar mass The heat of combustion of propanol, C3H7OH is -2016 kJ mol -1 What is its fuel value ? Solution : (i) Calculate the molar mass of propanol, C3H7OH.
(ii) Calculate the fuel value of propanol, C3H7OH.
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CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

A : SOAP AND DETERGENT
Learning Outcome: You should be able to: state what soap is state what detergent is describe soap preparation process describe the cleansing action of soap describe the cleansing action of detergent compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent. identify the additives in detergent and their respective functions.
Activity 1 Complete the sentences using the following words:
Surface tension, saponification, calcium, sodium, magnesium,potassium, sodium palmitate, sodium hydroxide, fat/oil ,potassium stearate, RCOO-Na+
1. Soap are.. or salts of long-chain fatty acids. 2. General formula of a soap is.. or .. 3. Examples of soap are . and .. 4. Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains the salt of.. and 5. The process of the production soap is known as . 6. The two materials used to prepare soap are .. and .. 7. When soap dissolved in water, it reduces the of water. Activity 2 : Preparation of soap A. 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salts (sodium chloride) are added. B. 25 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added in the same beaker
C. The mixture is boiled and stirred for a few minutes
D. The mixture is boiled slowly while being stirred with a glass rod for 15 minutes 87
Modul Chemistry Form 5 E. The observations are recorded in the table provided
F. The mixture in the beaker is left to cool down and the resulting white solid is filtered
G. The following tests are carried out on the white solid: a) Touched using a finger b) Some of the white solid is shaken together with water in a test tube. c) Tested with a red litmus paper. H. 5 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker
I. The white solid that is produced is washed with a little water and dried with the filter paper
1 Rearrange the methods for preparation of soap in the correct sequence. Then write your answers in the spaces provided. (i) 5 cm 3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker. (ii) (iii) ..
(iv) .. (v) .. (vi) .. (vii) 2. Name another substance that can be used to replace sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution in the preparation of soap. 3. Why was sodium choride, NaCl used in this activity? 4. Write a word equation for the reaction between palm oil and sodium hydroxide. .. 88
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com 5. Name two other substances that can be used to replace the palm oil in this activity. ..
Activity 3 Match the questions with the correct answers. 1 2 3 4 5 6 State an example of detergent. What is hard water? Name the additive that removes organic stain. What is the advantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent? Name the three materials used to prepare detergent. State the observations when a little soap is added to hard water. An additive that prevents the fading of color. An additive that reduces the formation of foam. Explain why detergent can be used in hard water. White precipitate Biological enzyme Sodium perborate Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Alkylbenzene,sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide Calcium of magnesium salts of detergent are soluble. Works effectively in hard water. Alkyl monoethanolamide Water that contains calcium ion or magnesium ions
7 8 9
Activity 4: Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent Complete the sentences by using the words in the box below hydrophobic , emulsion, hydrophilic, small droplets ,
surface tension, scrubbing
Soap /detergent reduces the of water. Hence water can wet the cloth thoroughly.
The part of the soap/detergent anion dissolves in grease. 89
The .. part of the soap/detergent is attracted to the water molecules.
The action helps to lift off the grease from the cloth.
The grease is broken into during scrubbing. These droplets remain suspended and separated as an .. due to the repulsion between the negative charges on the surface
Activity 5 Complete tables with the correct answers. (Refer to page 182 186 from your text book) DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT SOAP DETERGENT or potassium salts of longchain fatty acids. Sodium salt of.. acid Sodium laurate ,CH3(CH2)10COONa, Sodium alkyl sulphate . palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COONa+ .,CH3(CH2)16COO K+ Potassium oleate, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO OK+
DEFINITION EXAMPLES
Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate.
90
Modul Chemistry Form 5 PREPARATION NAME OF METHOD MATERIALS
Saponification Palm oil, .
Sulphonation .. Concentrated sulphuric acid , long chain alcohol, sodium hydroxide. Chemical Equation :
CH3(CH2)10 CH2-O-SO3H + NaOH CH3(CH2)10CH2-0-S+ O3Na + H2O
CHEMICAL EQUATION
Chemical Equation :
(RCO)3(C3H5O3) (s) + 3NaOH) (aq) 3RCOONA (aq) + C3H5(OH)3 (aq)
SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
From.. resources. Animal fats examples cows and goats, vegetable oils palm oil, olive oil and coconut oil.
Synthetic resources such as petroleum.
EFFECTIVENESS
Soaps are effective cleaners in soft water.
Effective cleaners in both soft and .. water.
FORMATION OF SCUM IN HARD WATER
Hard water contains calcium or magnesium ions. These ions react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate known as ..
Detergents do not form scum with hard water. They form soluble substances with calcium or ions.
EFFECT TO ENVIRONMENT
Soaps are .. and do not cause any pollution.
Detergents are ... Detergents give thick foam that kill aquatic lives
ACTIVITY 6 : Additives in Detergent And Their Functions Complete the table below with the correct answer.
Type of additive Biological enzyme
Example Amylase, protease, cellulases and lipase Sodium perborate
Function.
To convert stains into colorless substances.
Optical whitener
Fluorescent dyes
91
Modul Chemistry Form 5 Builder Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by softening the water To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics.
Filler
Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate.
Foam control agent
To add fragrance to both the detergent and fabrics.
Activity 7 : Cleansing Action Of Soap And Detergent (Refer to page 184 and 185 from your text book to answer the following questions) 1 The statement below is about soap and detergent. The cleaning action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.
You have two socks stained with oil. Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observations and conclusions to prove the above statement, by using substances such as soap, detergent and hard water.
Procedure of the experiment: .. .. .. . . Observations: . . Conclusions: 92
. 2 The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory. Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate(soap) + glycerol boil a) What is the name of this reaction? b) What is the homologous series of palm oil? .. c) Complete the anion part of the soap particle in the space provided
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
A pupil wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap. What alkali should he use? .
Figure 2.1 shows part of the washing action of detergent particle on grease stained cloth.
i)
State the part of a detergent particle that is soluble in grease. ..
ii)
Based on figure 2.1 explain the washing action of detergent particles on greasy stains. .. 93
Modul Chemistry Form 5 B .FOOD ADDITIVES
:Learning Outcomes: You should be able to State the types if food additives and their examples. State the functions of each type of food additives. Justify the use of food additives. Describe the effects of food additives on health and the environment.
ACTIVITY 8 1. A food additive is a natural or synthetic substance which is added to food to_________________ or ____________________its appearance, ________________ or ____________________ 2. Complete the chart. Types of additives
3. Complete the following table. Type of food additive. State the function To slow down the growth of microorganisms so that food can be kept for longer periods of time. To prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits To improve the taste of food and restore taste loss due to processing. To prevent emulsion from separating out To thicken food To add or restore the color in food to enhance Its visual appeal. Give two examples Salt, vinegar, benzoic acid.
Vitamins C and E
94
Modul Chemistry Form 5 akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives? ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
5. Figure 5.6 shows a part of the label of a tin of baked beans. a) State the food additives present in the food.
Baked beans in tomato sauce Ingredients: Beans, sugar, tomato puree, salt and spice, permitted modified starch.
b) To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong Food additives present in baked beans in tomato sauce Type of food additives
6. Sugar is used as food preservative as well as for sweetening. Patients with medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus or obesity must be wary of their intake of sugar. a) i) Name one artificial sweetener that can replace sugar. ii) Name one natural sweetener that can replace sugar. b) Artificial food colorings are used in some processed foods. Suggest two reasons for using food coloring.
.. .. 95
Modul Chemistry Form 5 C: MEDICINE
Learning Outcome You should be able to: State examples of traditional medicines State the types of modern medicines and their examples. State the functions of each type of modern medicines Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicines.
ACTIVITY 9 Traditional medicines Complete the table below using the words in the box. Lemon grass, lemon, garlic, aloe vera , ginseng , tongkat ali, ginger , quinine, Centella asiatica(pegaga), misai kucing, hempedu bumi,selasih, Plant Uses/function For preventing flu attack or asthma attack. For reducing high blood pressure. For treating stomach pain due to wind in stomach For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm. For treating itchy skin For treating burns on the skin. For treating boils or abscesses on the skin For preventing flu attack For treating skin diseases For treating malaria For preventing muscle cramps As tonic to improve the overall health of human beings For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue Has antibacterial and antifungal properties For treating coughs As a tonic for after birth and general health To increase male libido To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes To treat coughs colds and bronchitis. To treat depression and for longevity
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 Activity 10 : Modern Medicines
Complete the table below for classification of modern medicines and its function. (Please refer to page 198 201 from your text book) Type of modern drugs Aspirin a) Analgesic Paracetamol Codeine Penicillin b) .. Streptomycin Stimulants : examples amphetamine, dextroamphetamine methylphenidate Antidepressant :examples tranquilizers, barbiturates Antipsychotic Examples To relieve pain . To treat headache and cough To cure bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia. To reduce fatigue and elevate mood. Uses
Psychotherapeutic drugs
To calm down a person and reduce tension and anxiety .. ..
Activity 11 : Modern Medicines and Its Side Effects State one side effect for the following drugs Type of modern drug Side effect Aspirin Paracetamol Codeine Penicillin Streptomycin Amphetamine Activity 12 Answer the following questions. 1. Codeine, insulin, streptomycin and tranquilizer are examples of modern medicine. Which of the examples is used to a) Treat diabetes mellitus? . 97
Modul Chemistry Form 5 b) Treat pneumonia
. c) Calm down the patient. . d) Relieve headache. . 2. Antibiotic is a group of medicine used to kill and prevent the growth of bacteria. a) Name a disease that can be treated by antibiotic. .. b) State two examples of antibiotic .. c) Describe a good practice of taking antibiotic. . d) Explain your answer in ( c ) .. 3. Aspirin is an example of analgesic. a) What is an analgesic? b) Normally aspirin is not prescribed to two groups of patient. Name the groups. c) Explain your answer in (b) d) Give another example of analgesic.
4. What is the use of insulin? .. 5. State two differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines. 98
6. Penicillin and streptomycin are the examples of antibiotics. a) What is the function of an antibiotic?
b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin given by injection and not taken orally? . Activity 13 1. Psychotherapeutic medicines can be classified into stimulant, antidepressant and antipsychotic. For each group in the classification, a) State its function b) Give one example c) Give one side effect. Psychotherapeutic medicines Stimulant Function Example Side effect
Antidepressant
antipsychotic
2. Suggest one proper way to manage each of the following chemicals. Chemicals Detergent Proper management
Food additives
Medicines
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Modul Chemistry Form 5 3. Figure 3.1 shows a part of the label of a tin of sardines.
Taiping sardines Ingredients: Fish, tomato sauce, salt, xanthan gum. Figure 3.1 List all the food additives used in the sardines. 4. To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong? . . Activity 14 1 a) Diagram 1.1 shows a ginger plant. Ginger can be used as a traditional medicine.
i) Which of the parts P, Q, R or S is used as the main source of medicine? Mark ( ) for your answer in the box provided in Diagram 1.1 ii) What illness can be cured by using ginger?
iii) How is ginger used to treat the illness in 1 (a) (ii)?
100
Modul Chemistry Form 5 b) Table 1.1 shows the functions of three types of medicine.
Functions Prevents pain Kills or prevents the reproduction of bacteria. Changes the emotions and behavior of the patient. Table 1.1
Type of medicine X: . Y Z: .
i) Complete Table 1.1 to show which medicines have the functions given in the table.
ii) What is the side effect of medicine of type X if it is used by a child of less than 2
years?
.. iii) A patient treated by medicine of type Y must complete all the supply given by the doctor in order to make sure all the bacteria are killed. What will happen if not all the bacteria is killed? . iv) Tranquilizer is an example of medicine of type Z. Give one change that might happen to a patients emotions when treated using this medicine. .
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Modul Chemistry Form 5

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Modul Chemistry Form 5

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTIONS

What is rate of reaction?

10. Cooking a chicken using microwave oven

Observable changes for measuring the rate of reaction