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The official publication of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Issue 36, Summer 2013
High-intensity exercise: Evidence summary and relevance to public health Gaining Chartered Scientist status
ISSN 1754-3452
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Contents
On the cover 6 BASES Position Stand on Graduate Internships Good practice recommendations for the provision of quality graduate internships with a guide for establishing the employment status and rights of graduate interns Michael Pye, Dr Claire Hitchings, Dr Lance Doggart, Graeme Close and Lisa Board 10 High-intensity exercise: Evidence summary and relevance to public health Our expert panel discuss the evidence for high-intensity exercise and its appropriateness as a public health strategy for physical activity promotion 18 Gaining Chartered Scientist status How BASES members can become Chartered Scientists Kate Yule 22 Research spotlight - a focus on research undertaken by sport and exercise scientists Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle Dr Jonathan Bartlett and Dr James Morton Regulars 4 News 5 View from the Chair Prof Ian G. Campbell 5 Diary dates 12 Reviews 16 CHuTzPAH: CHarlies Thoughtz on Physical Activity for Health Why does recruitment matter? Dr Charlie Foster 27 Final word Prof Richard Tong FBASES Also inside 14 Using science to accelerate the rehabilitation of injured Olympic athletes The role of science in rehabilitation including applied examples Ben Rosenblatt and Rachel Sheldrick 20 Recognising the co-curriculum: The HEAR has arrived The Higher Education Achievement Record (HEAR) Prof David James and Kelly Goodwin 24 Sport and exercise psychology Who is legally qualified to provide support? Guidance for current and potential Sport and Exercise Psychologists Prof Ian Maynard FBASES and Dr Sandy Wolfson FBASES
For most quality sport and exercise graduate internship positions there is an obligation to perform work and a contract or formal arrangement; meaning the intern should be classed as either a worker or an employee and entitled to be paid at least the National Minimum Wage (NMW). Michael Pye, Dr Claire Hitchings, Dr Lance Doggart, Graeme Close and Lisa Board, p6.
The Sport and Exercise Scientist The Sport and Exercise Scientist is published quarterly for the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The publication is free to BASES members. BASES is a nonprofit professional membership organisation promoting excellence in sport and exercise sciences. It is a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered in Cardiff No. 5385834. Editor Dr Claire Hitchings n chitchings@bases.org.uk Editorial Advisory Board Dr Kevin Currell n Kelly Goodwin n Adam Hawkey Dr James Morton n Len Parker Simpson Samantha Parnell n Claire-Marie Roberts n Dr Garry Tew Dr Ken van Someren FBASES Editorial Assistants Jane Bairstow n Marsha Stankler Want to place an advertisement? Visit www.bases.org.uk/SES-Advertisers or contact Jane Bairstow 0113 8126162 n jbairstow@bases.org.uk What do you think of The Sport and Exercise Scientist? Were keen to know what you want more of, whats missing and what we should drop. Were also keen to hear from potential contributors. Contact the editor, Dr Claire Hitchings n chitchings@bases.org.uk Want to submit a letter to the editor? Letters, which may be edited or shortened for reasons of space or clarity, should be no longer than 300 words, must refer to an article that has appeared in the last issue, and must include the writers name. Publisher Mercer Print, Newark Street, Accrington BB5 0PB Tel: 01254395512 n info@mercer-print.co.uk www.mercer-print.co.uk
Front Cover Photography Sam Collard. Courtesy Dr Claire Hitchings and Andy Smyth Disclaimer The statements and opinions contained in the articles are solely those of the individual contributors and are not necessarily those of BASES. The appearance of advertisements in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement or approval of products or services. BASES has undertaken all reasonable measures to ensure that the information contained in The Sport and Exercise Scientist is accurate and specifically disclaims any liability, loss or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly of the use and application of any of the contents. Copyright BASES, 2013 All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in substantial part without permission of BASES is strictly prohibited. Please apply to the editor in writing. Authors may use their own material elsewhere without permission. We ask that the following note be included: First published in The Sport and Exercise Scientist, date and issue number. Published by the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences www.bases.org.uk BASES Board Prof Ian Campbell (Chair) n Dr Claire Hitchings Dr Stephen Ingham n Dr Keith Tolfrey FBASES Prof Richard Tong FBASES Want to contact BASES? BASES, Leeds Metropolitan University, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Beckett Park, Leeds, LS63QT n Tel/Fax: 01138126162/63 enquiries@bases.org.uk n www.bases.org.uk www.twitter.com/basesuk www.facebook.com/BASESUK The Sport and Exercise Scientist is printed on paper from sustainably managed forests and controlled sources. Please recycle
Issue 36
Summer 2013
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News
BASES signs up to the Voluntary Code of Good Governance BASES Re-Accreditation and Accreditation
Re-Accreditation Dr Sally Akehurst, University of Derby, Scott Bradley, Bucks New University, Dr Tracey Devonport, University of Wolverhampton, Dr Phil Graham-Smith, University of Salford, Dr Maria Konstantaki, Bucks New University, Dr Jamie McDonald, Bangor University, Dr Ross Roberts, Bangor University, Caroline Robertson, Loughborough University, Prof John Saxton, University of East Anglia, Prof Craig Williams, University of Exeter, Karen Williams, University of Surrey, William Winstone, Performance 1 Ltd. Accreditation Simon Crampton, ECB/EIS/University of Roehampton, John Currie, Sunderland FC, Hannah Druce, NHS, Emma Huntley, Edgehill University, Nick Hutchings, LeAF Elite Athlete Academy, Dr Stefan Koehn, University of Abertay, Duncan Locke, RFU/PGIR, Amanda Miller, Coventry University, Dr Ian Sadler,York St John University, Rachel Sheldrick, EIS, Dr Tony Turner, University of Edinburgh. BASES Certified Exercise Practitioner Amy Rigby.
The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences has signed up to the Voluntary Code of Good Governance, an initiative backed by Minister for Sport and the Olympics Hugh Robertson MP. The Code aims to enable sport and recreation organisations to aspire to and maintain good governance by providing signatories with practical, simple and realistic advice on improving structures and decision-making processes in their sport or activity. The Code was developed by a coalition of organisations led by the Sport and Recreation Alliance including the British Olympic Association, the British Paralympic Association and UK Sport. It has seven basic principles: Integrity: ensure all organisations act as guardians of the sport, recreation, activity or area Defining and evaluating the role of the board Delivery of a vision, mission and purpose Objectivity: The implementation of a balanced, inclusive and skilled board The creation of basic standards, systems and controls Accountability and transparency throughout the organisation Ensuring all Code members have an understanding and engagement with the sporting landscape.
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Diary dates
14 June. Monitoring Exercise Intensity (HR, RPE and METS) in partnership with BASES, Sheffield Hallam University 15 June. Exercise Medicine Symposium, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff 19 June. Reflective Practice for Sport and Exercise Scientists (Core SE workshop), University of Roehampton 21-22 June. Exercise Medicine Conference, Royal Society of Medicine, London 26-29 June, 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Barcelona 1 July. BASES Accreditation submission deadline 12 July. Assessing Functional Capacity how to administer and interpret submaximal tests in clinical populations in partnership with BASES, BACPR Education, Surrey 21-26 July. International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) Congress, Birmingham, UK 30-31July. 12th Cambridge/UCLA Course on Clinical Exercise Testing and Interpretation, Addenbrookes Hospital 31 July. BASES Fellowship application deadline 1 Sept. BASES International Conference Grant submission deadline 3-5 Sept. BASES Conference 2013, University of Central Lancashire 9-12 Sept. 11th International Society for Exercise Immunology (ISEI) Symposium: Exercise Immunology: Prescriptions for Health, Newcastle, Australia 6 Sept. BASES Undergraduate Endorsement Scheme submission deadline
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Keep up-to-date with all the latest information, job vacancies, access to articles and reminders of those all important deadlines!
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Summer 2013
The aim of this position stand is to provide good practice recommendations for the provision of quality graduate internships. Key is the concept of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. A guide for establishing the employment status and rights of graduate interns, including remuneration is also provided.
Volunteer. A volunteer is under no obligation to perform work and has no contract of employment. Volunteers are not paid for their time but may get money to cover expenses. This is usually limited to covering food, drink and travel or any equipment they need to buy. Worker. A worker is anyone who works for an employer, whether under a contract of employment, or any other contract where they undertake to perform personally any work or service. Workers are entitled to core employment rights and protection. The following groups of people are likely to be workers but not employees: most agency workers short-term casual workers some freelancers. Employee. An intern may be classed as an employee if s/he works under a contract of employment. The contract will normally set out what s/he is expected to do and s/he will be expected to do the work themselves. The key difference between a worker and an employee is that an employee has additional employment rights (see Figure 1). Figure 1 provides a flowchart that can be used to establish the basis upon which the graduate intern is to work - as a volunteer, worker or employee and to act as guidance for determining appropriate employment rights including remuneration. For most quality sport and exercise graduate internship positions there is an obligation to perform work and a contract or formal arrangement; meaning the intern should be classed as either a worker or an employee and entitled to be paid at least the National Minimum Wage (NMW). The NMW is a minimum standard and if employers pay above the NMW and offer benefits in kind (see section 4), they are more likely to attract higher calibre candidates. There are valid exemptions to NMW payment including those exempt from the NMW
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Volunteer Is there any obligation to perform work? Do they have any rights of a worker or an employee? Do they receive any benefits in kind? (see section 4 of main body text)
legislation and those not classified as employees or workers. Students undertaking work placements of up to one year as part of a higher education course of study are exempt, as are volunteers those who are under no obligation to perform work or carry out instructions, who have no contract or formal arrangement and can come and go as they please. 4. Understand benefits in kind If a graduate intern is classed as a volunteer, s/he will not be paid for work but should be reimbursed for legitimate expenses (against receipts) incurred to carry out work for example, travel, meals taken during the course of volunteering (one per day) and childcare expenses. If a volunteer receives any other payment, reward or benefit in kind, s/he will be classed as a worker or employee by HM Revenue and Customs. The following benefits/ payments in kind would infer worker/employee status on the graduate intern, which means s/he must be paid at least the NMW (this list is not exhaustive): Complimentary match tickets Fee payments for training courses/postgraduate study Professional body registration fees. 5. Decide the format of the graduate internship The length of the internship will vary based on the identified nature of the graduate interns work. The internship needs to allow sufficient time for the graduate intern to bed-in and be able to bring value to the employer. Informal intern and employer feedback suggests graduate internships between 4 to 12 months allow this to happen. In terms of hours per week, workers and employees are subject to the provisions of the Working Time Directive, which includes the right to work no more than 48 hours per week unless they choose to do so. A part-time graduate internship would allow the intern added opportunity for income generation and/or job seeking (a minimum of 3 days per week is recommended to be a useful experience). Such part-time positions are more accessible to those on low incomes and/or with carer responsibilities. Given one concept of a graduate internship is to assist the individual in gaining the necessary skills and experience to enter a profession, it is important, where possible, to allow time for academic study, training and/or job interviews. 6. Follow good practice recruitment, selection and administration policies Employers should adopt a fair, rigorous and transparent recruitment and selection process, which complies with legislative requirements. This should include detailing key duties associated with the role and the key skills, experience and qualifications required to perform the role successfully. The experience and qualifications requested should be appropriate and realistic to a graduate internship position. Graduate interns classed as workers should as a minimum be issued with a letter confirming terms and conditions, including hours of work, rate of pay and required duties. Those classed as employees should be issued with an offer letter, written contract of employment and comprehensive job description. The appropriate liability insurances and Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks must be in place, arranged and paid for by the employer. The value of a comprehensive induction programme should not be underestimated as it should help to ensure the graduate intern settles in quickly. 7. Deal with issues such as confidentiality, data protection and intellectual property rights In the course of the internship it is likely that the graduate intern will have access to, or generate, much confidential information. There should be clarity about confidentiality, data protection and
Yes
Check worker criteria
No
Worker Is there a contract to perform work or services personally? Are they expected to undertake work for the organisation? Do they have a list of duties? Do they work set hours? Do they receive any benefits in kind?
No
Yes
Graduate intern classed as worker and must be paid at least the National Minimum Wage, check employee criteria
Employee Do they have a contract of employment? Are they paid? Are they required to work regularly unless on leave? Are they required to do a minimum number of hours and expect to be paid for time worked? Is someone responsible for their workload, saying when a piece of work should be finished and how it should be done? Does the business deduct tax and National Insurance from their wages? Do they get paid holiday? Are they entitled to contractual or Statutory Sick, Maternity or Paternity Pay? Can they join the businesss pension scheme? Do the businesss disciplinary and grievance procedures apply to them? Do they work at the businesss premises or at an address specified by the business? Does the contract set out redundancy procedures? Does the business provide the materials, tools and equipment for their work? Do they only work for the business, or if they have another job, is it completely different from their work for the business? Does their contract, statement of terms and conditions or offer letter use terms like employer and employee? Do they receive any benefits in kind?
Yes
Graduate intern classed as an employee, must be paid at least the National Minimum Wage and afforded relevant employment rights
No
Graduate intern classed as a worker and must be paid at least the National Minimum Wage
Figure 1. Guide for establishing the employment status and rights of graduate interns, including remuneration
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intellectual property rights both during and after the internship. Hence it is good practice to deal specifically with these issues where relevant in the contract of employment. Training in these areas may also be of benefit. 8. Provide an employer reference and debrief On completion an intern will welcome an employer reference and feedback on overall performance. It is recommended the organisation invite constructive feedback from the intern. Recording the securement of any work by the intern within the organisation and/or the sector may be useful in informing future interns. What to do if internships do not comply with this position stand BASES recommends that organisations should refer to this position stand to review all current graduate internships they have in place and where necessary update the arrangements accordingly. They should also review this position stand when considering all future graduate internships. As a graduate intern if, after consulting this position stand, you believe that your employment status with the organisation you are working with is incorrect, you should raise and discuss this with your supervisor and refer them to this paper. If you are an individual who believes that the terms of a graduate internship being advertised by an organisation do not comply with the advice given in this position stand, you should contact the organisation concerned referring them to it and asking them to review as a matter of good practice. A template letter is available: www.bases.org.uk/BASES-Position-Stands Summary The aim of this position stand is to provide good practice recommendations to guide organisations towards the development of quality graduate internships that will be of mutual benefit to the graduate and employer. BASES advises that any employer wishing to provide a quality graduate internship programme should always refer to the recommendations above. They should also determine whether the intern is a volunteer, employee or worker and provide appropriate employment rights and pay them accordingly. For most quality sport and exercise graduate internship positions there is an obligation to perform work and a contract or formal arrangement; meaning the intern should be classed as a worker or an employee and is entitled to be paid at least the NMW.
words: Michael Pye Mike is an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development and an independent Human Resources Consultant with P&Y HR Associates (www. pyhrassociates.co.uk). Dr Claire Hitchings Claire is the BASES Executive Officer and was a graduate intern on the former England Netball Sport Science Support Programme.
Dr Lance Doggart Lance is Head of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of St Mark and St John, Plymouth.
Dr Graeme Close Graeme is a Senior Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University and is Head of Sports Nutrition at Munster Rugby.
Useful resources Common Best Practice Code for High-Quality Internships (2011). Available: www.bis.gov.uk/assets/BISCore/higher-education/docs/C/11-1068common-best-practice-code-for-quality-internships.pdf www.gov.uk/employment-rights-for-interns www.internaware.org Notes Please note that this position stand is for guidance only and further legal guidance should always be sought if necessary. Download a PDF of this Position Stand www.bases.org.uk/BASES-Position-Stands. Supported by:
Lisa Board Lisa is a Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Sciences at the University of Sunderland and a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist.
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broader applicability of HIT amongst poorly motivated clinical populations that may not have engaged in structured exercise for several years is less clear. At present, studies investigating the feasibility and safety of implementing HIT programmes in clinical populations outside of the laboratory setting are lacking and would be difficult to achieve due to safety concerns. There may, however, be more potential to implement HIT within the safer confines of the NHS or other healthcare settings. The health benefits associated with structured exercise programmes and their role in the self-management of longterm conditions and disease-specific symptoms such as low-energy fatigue is increasingly being recognised by healthcare professionals. If the cardiac rehabilitation model becomes the foundation for more clinical exercise programmes within the NHS, the time-saving (and cost-saving) potential of HIT could no doubt have great appeal. Prof Stuart Biddle FBASES, Professor of Physical Activity & Health, Loughborough University Relevance to public health When I was a student, I was introduced to the notion of being cautious about fads and fashions in research. High-intensity exercise (in whatever form) seems to be very popular among physiological researchers. But, despite my support for this area from a scientific point of view I see it has little or no application to public health. Supporters of this form of exercise seem to make several points. Here are my responses: 1. High-intensity exercise is effective: Of course it is! We have dose-response curves in physical activity for many health outcomes and we have known this for years. 2. High-intensity exercise is time-efficient and therefore addresses the barrier of lack of time: If specialised facility-based equipment is needed, this may increase the barriers of access and cost. Perhaps more importantly is the misunderstanding of the time barrier. Those who state that they have no time usually have no less spare time than those who are physically active. Time, therefore, partly reflects how we want to use our time and the value we place on activities. Making the behaviour harder to do is unlikely to entice people to move it up their list of values. 3. People enjoy high-intensity exercise more than other forms: Really? This assertion is based on the study of 8 young, healthy, fit and active male volunteers with an average BMI of 24 (Bartlett et al., 2011)! I suggest that we look at the extensive literature showing progressively negative affective
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References Bartlett, J. D. et al. (2011). High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: Implications for exercise adherence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 547-553. Buchan, D.S. et al. (2011). The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. American Journal of Human Biology, 23, 517-526. Cox, K.L. et al. (2003). Controlled comparison of retention and adherence in home- vs center-initiated exercise interventions in women ages 40-65 years: The S.W.E.A.T. study (Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial). Preventive Medicine, 36, 17-29. Crisp, N.A. et al. (2012). Adding sprints to continuous exercise at the intensity that maximises fat oxidation: implications for acute energy balance and enjoyment. Metabolism, 61, 12801288. Ekkekakis, P. (2003). Pleasure and displeasure from the body: Perspectives from exercise. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 213-239. Gabriel, B. et al. (2012). High intensity exercise attenuates postprandial lipaemia and markers of oxidative stress. Clinical Science, 123, 313-321. Gibala, M.J. & McGee, S.L. (2008). Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36, 58-63. Gillen, J.B. et al. (2012). Acute high-intensity interval exercise reduces the postprandial glucose response and prevalence of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 14, 575-577. Little, J.P. et al. (2011). Lowvolume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 1554-1560. Mason, J. O. & Powell, K. E. (1985). Physical activity, behavioral epidemiology, and public health. Public Health Reports, 100, 113-115. Saxton, J.M. et al. (2008). Effect of upper- and lower-limb exercise training on circulating soluble adhesion molecules, hs-CRP and stress proteins in patients with intermittent claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 35, 607-613. Wislff, U. et al. (2007). Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation, 115, 3086-3094.
states as exercise intensity increases (Ekkekakis, 2003). We also need more data on the reactions to this form of exercise from older adults and those with chronic disease, including obesity. We know that adherence to exercise is less for higher intensities of exercise (Cox et al., 2003). Even proponents of this form of exercise acknowledged that HIT requires "an extremely high level of subject motivation" (Gibala & McGee, 2008, p.62). I see high-intensity exercise having a role for only a minority of individuals, and these people are likely already to be active. We will serve public health better by getting the inactive to do something rather than the active to do more, as stated nearly 30 years ago (Mason & Powell, 1985). Prof Ken Fox FBASES, Professor of Exercise and Health Sciences, FFPH, University of Bristol Conclusions The study of HIT and particularly the potential training and health benefits of very short intervals of high-intensity exercise is clearly in its early stages. Initial results warrant further research as there does seem to be an opportunity to gain benefit through an alternative form of exercise training. Several contributors have pointed out the dangers of translating current evidence into public health settings. Studies have involved small numbers of highly-motivated and consenting volunteers. There is also a critical issue around injury and safety or at least public perception of it (see Marr and Porter articles: www.bbc. co.uk/news/health-22150091). Public health is concerned with reducing health inequalities by attracting the difficult to reach and healthneedy sectors of the population in this case into physical activity. We have enough trouble attracting them to regular walking. A topic like this that has the potential to be translated by the media as a magic pill approach to exercise has to be dealt with great caution and responsibility by researchers. Regardless of good intent by scientists, superficial, sensationalised and misleading interpretations will always emerge. Short magazine and newspaper articles featuring results from single studies already drive or confuse public perceptions about nutrition. Hopefully exercise science is still in a good place, but we need to make sure our research results are accurately interpreted and reported in true context by the media if they are to contribute to public understanding.
Compiled by Dr Garry Tew, Senior Research Fellow, Sheffield Hallam University
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Introduction The Intensive Rehabilitation Unit (IRU) was established in 2009 as a partnership between the British Olympic Associations Olympic Medical Institute and the English Institute of Sport. The role of the IRU is to deliver intensive, residential, multidisciplinary rehabilitation to British Olympic athletes with the aim of accelerating the rehabilitation process. A central component to the IRU is the application of science into rehabilitation. The IRU accepts three athletes per week onto a full-time residential rehabilitation programme. Each athlete will receive physiotherapy, strength and conditioning, soft tissue, physiology, medical, nutrition and psychological support to help them overcome their injury. To ensure the IRU makes a positive impact on an athletes rehabilitation, the multidisciplinary team takes a problemsolving approach to their working practice. Following an initial multidisciplinary clinical assessment the IRU team meet to discuss the athletes and their support teams goals and expectations. During this session, the problems an athlete is facing and the relevance are identified. The solutions and interventions are discussed, measurement tools are put in place, and the members of the team who will be delivering the intervention through the week are identified. This process facilitates clear decision-making and effective communication throughout the team. The mission statement of the rehabilitation science team is to provide objective evidence to support the process of clinical reasoning and provide training solutions to athletes in order to accelerate rehabilitation. A systematic approach was taken to achieve this, beginning by identifying the risk factors associated with the injury, and selection of appropriate measurement techniques and bench mark criteria for each of these risk factors. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate training interventions can then be implemented and the responses monitored to modify and evaluate their effectiveness in addressing the identified injury risk factors. The following three case studies outline this approach in differing scenarios. Case study 1: Monitoring response to rehabilitation and training As outlined above, continual monitoring of an athletes response to a training intervention helps guide both the current intervention and subsequent strategies. Monitoring of key session variables and physiological responses to these sessions is vital to determine how an athlete tolerates training. For example, the ability of a rugby player returning from a lower limb fracture to tolerate match play was assessed by tracking and comparing GPS data and visual analogue scale of injury specific pain in the morning. The normal work rate of a rugby 7s match was compared to the work rate of the athletes current training sessions. Through this analysis the athletes ability to tolerate this level of loading could be evaluated based on the reaction of the injury to training. This demonstrated that when the training work rate remained below match work rate, the athletes injury response showed small increases in pain - pain being a strong indicator of tissue healing and ability to tolerate loading. As soon as running work rate exceeded
match work rate there was a significant elevation in injury pain, thus highlighting the athletes inability to tolerate match work rates. The data supported the clinical findings of injury, but more importantly gave the athlete a tangible reason why to not return to full competition. It also provided the Rugby support team with clear loading levels for this athletes progression. Case study 2: Improving muscle mass through blood flow restriction (BFR) training Following injury, a limb often undergoes a period of immobilisation. During this period it is common that an athlete loses muscle mass (Wernbom et al., 2008). Typically moderate to large muscle forces are required to induce muscle hypertrophy (Wernbom et al., 2008). However, during a period of injury this is usually unfeasible as the injured structure cannot tolerate the external load required for forceful muscle contraction thereby limiting the rate of rehabilitation. It has been widely demonstrated that exercising at low loads (20-40% 1RM) with BFR increases muscle mass and strength to the same extent as high loads (Wernbom et al., 2008). At the IRU, 14 athletes met the criteria of requiring muscle strength with a load compromised joint and were appropriate
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candidates for BFR training. Athletes who had previous illness or injury to their vascular, peripheral nerve and/ or metabolic systems did not participate in this form of training. A variety of protocols were utilised, but all used a 10 cm wide cuff at a pressure of 150 mmHg as proximal on the affected limb as possible to restrict the blood flow. All training protocols exercised at a low load and attempted to induce muscle fatigue. The work was matched on the opposite limb but without BFR. Strength was measured through isokinetic dynamometry pre- and post-training.
The results (see Figure 1) show that large gains in strength were made over a period of one to two weeks of training for the majority of athletes, suggesting that low load BFR strength training is an effective means of improving muscle strength in injured elite athletes. Interestingly however, four athletes did not exhibit a positive response to this form of training, which may have been due to a lack of appropriate volume or intensity of the training. BFR therefore has the potential to accelerate the rate of rehabilitation; however, further research is required to understand the mechanisms of adaptation and the relative risks of this type of training. Case study 3: Return to play following Anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction This case study outlines the need of a footballer during late stage rehabilitation for ACL reconstruction to reintroduce running into her training programme. Risk factors associated with ACL injury include lack of eccentric hamstring strength (Aagaard et al., 2000) and knee valgus during reactive cutting and turning movements (Myer et al., 2011). With this particular athlete there was also a pressing need to return to full training and competition. Therefore, it was essential to ensure the athlete had appropriate levels of aerobic fitness without inducing excessive fatigue that would compromise adaptations to strength, motor control and sport specific training. To resolve this problem a progressive high intensity interval running programme was instigated to limit training volume whilst achieving sufficient intensity for adaptations in aerobic capacity. This approach was believed to be important as sudden changes in volume or training type is a risk factor for running-based injuries (Van Gent et al., 2007). Aerobic capacity was assessed by quantifying maximal aerobic running speed. Based on maximal aerobic running speed, a progressive 4-week running programme was prescribed using short duration work efforts (15-30s) with intensity set at or above maximal aerobic running speed. The programme gradually increased running volume. The advantages of this approach are that volume and intensity of work can be quantified and prescribed with any adverse reactions attributed to changes in either of these variables. This meant that the athlete could spend time improving sport specific performance, reduce injury risk factors, and improve aerobic capacity. Conclusions The purpose of this article was to introduce the reader to the scientific approach taken in the IRU to accelerate rehabilitation from sports injury. The application of advances in sports training knowledge and techniques to support and develop evidencebased rehabilitation interventions at the IRU have been discussed. By addressing injury specific risk factors, the efficacy of novel interventions can be determined and value can be added to injury rehabilitation practice.
words: Rachel Sheldrick Rachel is a Rehabilitation Scientist at the English Institute of Sport working at the Intensive Rehabilitation Unit. She is a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist. Benjamin Rosenblatt Benjamin is the Senior Rehabilitation Scientist at the English Institute of Sport working in the Intensive Rehabilitation Unit. He is undertaking a PhD in sports biomechanics and provides strength and conditioning support to the British Judo team.
References Aagaard, P. et al. (2000). Antagonist muscle coactivation during isokinetic knee extension. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science Sports, 10(2), 58-67. Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R. & Hewett, T.E. (2011). New method to identify athletes at high risk of ACL injury using clinic-based measurements and freeware computer analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 238-244. Van Gent, R.N. et al. (2007). Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 469-480. Wernbom, M., Augustsson, J. & Raastad, T. (2008). Ischemic strength training: a low-load alternative to heavy resistance exercise? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science Sports, 18(4), 401-416.
40% 35% Change in Strength (%) 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% BFR No BFR
Figure 1.The mean percentage change in isokinetic strength associated with low load BFR and non-BFR strength training.
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words: Dr Charlie Foster Charlie is a Senior Lecturer/Researcher at the University of Oxford. He runs a research programme, funded by the BHF, to improve the evidence base for physical activity promotion. Chutzpah is the quality of audacity, for good or for bad. References Banks-Wallace, J., Enyart, J. & Johnson, C. (2004). Recruitment and entrance of participants into a physical activity intervention for hypertensive African American women. Advances in Nursing Science, 27:102-116. Foster, C. et al. (2011). Recruiting participants to walking intervention studies: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:137. Matthews, A. et al. (2012). "Don't wait for them to come to you, you go to them". A qualitative study of recruitment approaches in community based walking programmes in the UK. BMC Public Health, 12:635, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-635. Nguyn, M.N. et al. (2005). Sustainability of the impact of a public health intervention: lessons learned from the laval walking clubs experience. Health Promotion Practice, 6:44-52.
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STUDY THE SCIENCE BEHIND SPORTS NUTRITION AND ITS APPLICATION TO ELITE PERFORMANCE
Sports and Exercise Nutrition MSc
New for September 2013 the course is available full-time (one-year) or part-time (two-years), taught at our Cavendish Campus in central London. For more details, talk to the course leader Dr Sally Parsonage, email s.parsonage@westminster.ac.uk Visit our Postgraduate Information Evening, meet the staff and see the state-of-the-art facilities in the Human Performance Laboratories Wednesday 12 June, 5.30 - 7pm. westminster.ac.uk/nutrition
BASES accreditation and Chartered Scientist status BASES has provided an accreditation scheme for many years now. The scheme is concerned with setting, maintaining and enhancing the professional and ethical standards of its members who are actively involved in sport and exercise science. Members may achieve accreditation as a result of work in applied sport/exercise science support, research or pedagogy. In all cases the process and the judgement of generic knowledge, skills and professional practice will apply although how these are expressed and the client group will differ. Those accredited by BASES are entitled to use the term BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist while they still fully meet all the relevant accreditation criteria. Whilst the accreditation scheme is well known in the sport and exercise science field, BASES began an application with the Science Council to be awarded Licensed Body status in order to increase the recognition of accredited sport and exercise scientists. What is Chartered Scientist (CSci)? CSci represents a single chartered mark for all scientists, recognising high levels of professionalism and competence in science. There are currently around 15,000 Chartered Scientists working in a vast array of settings and across all scientific and related sectors. Being chartered is the mark of professional recognition. Being a Chartered Scientist allows all scientists working at the full professional level to be recognised on an equal footing. It gives an assurance of current competence through annual continuous professional development (CPD) monitoring, and encapsulates the interdisciplinary nature of science in the 21st Century. There are currently 27 professional bodies that are able to offer CSci including the British Psychological Society, the Institute of Biology and the Institute of Biomedical Science. During the application process, the Science Council were impressed by BASES and its accreditation scheme. The standards set to gain accreditation were a near-perfect match with their standards. What are the benefits to BASES members and the sport and exercise science profession? CSci will give BASES accredited members a wider recognition of the standards achieved and maintained outside of the sport and exercise science area. CSci provides recognition by an external organisation of the standards achieved by BASES accredited members and benchmarks all professional scientists at the same high level no matter which discipline or sector they work in. It also demonstrates professionalism and commitment to CPD. What are the benefits to the public? CSci provides a single badge of professionalism that the public can recognise across the science
I am currently BASES Accredited and wish to apply for Chartered Scientist status (CSci)
I am not BASES Accredited and am intending to begin BASES Supervised Experience (SE)
I am not BASES Accredited but think that I meet the criteria for a direct accreditation application
Complete SE Process
Complete Accreditation and Chartered Scientist Application Form, competency profile and portfolio of evidence (please refer to Accreditation Guidelines for further details)
DEFER
DECLINE
Feedback is provided*
ACCEPT
* If the applicant believes that the correct assessment process has not been followed, then s/he is entitled to appeal the decision by writing to the BASES office within 2 weeks of being informed of the decision. The appeal must outline in detail where due process has not been followed. The Accreditation application fee is a non-refundable payment. However if the accreditation application is declined, the CSci application fee will be refunded.
professions. It maintains and increases the publics trust in scientists through professional standards, codes of conduct and mandatory revalidation. How do BASES members apply? The criteria for BASES members to gain Chartered Scientist status is BASES accreditation. There are three routes to gaining Chartered Scientist status. These are shown in the schematic above. The first route is for members who are already BASES accredited. This route is known as the grandparenting route. This process will be in place until July 2015 in order to give current accredited members the opportunity to apply for CSci as an addition to their accreditation. All those accredited members following this route need to do is complete the Chartered Scientist Application Form for Accredited Members. This form will confirm that you understand the criteria required to maintain accreditation and are also aware that to maintain CSci, you are required to declare on an annual basis that you are completing CPD and are prepared to provide evidence of this.
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Once this route is closed, there will be only two routes available to gain accreditation and CSi: 1. Via Supervised Experience 2. Via a direct BASES accreditation application. Members applying for BASES accreditation will have the option of including Chartered Scientist status as part of their application.
Comments
We are extremely pleased that BASES members will now be able to apply for Chartered Scientist status. We regard this as a historic and important moment, as part of the continuing development of BASES and are delighted that the profession has been recognised for the standards achieved. Prof Ian Campbell, Chair of BASES The recognition of our well-established accreditation scheme by the Science Council is good news for accredited members and the sports and exercise science profession in general. Although we are aware of the high standards we expect of BASES accredited sport and exercise scientists, the CSci will provide greater external recognition for these standards, benchmarking these against the standards expected in other science-based professions. Prof Marie Murphy FBASES Im delighted that BASES has succeeded in gaining Licensed Body status within the Science Council.This is an important and necessary step in safeguarding our profession and in securing external recognition for the quality of our work. Importantly, gaining Licensed Body status validates our Code of Conduct and Accreditation schemes. Becoming Chartered Scientists will allow us as BASES members to be recognised as professional scientists alongside our peers in other (perhaps more established) science disciplines. I look forward to submitting an application. Prof Andy Jones FBASES
CSci provides recognition by an external organisation of the standards achieved by BASES accredited members and benchmarks all professional scientists at the same high level no matter which discipline or sector they work in.
Im not BASES accredited but wish to apply for CSci, is this an option? No. This was explored with the Science Council but it was considered that to demonstrate the equivalent knowledge and experience would have resulted in providing the same information as is required for an accreditation application. What costs are involved? Registration for CSci is 35 per year. When is the first opportunity to apply? Current accredited members will be able to apply for CSci from 1 June to 1 July. The grandparenting route will be in place until 1 July 2015 and applications will be accepted during the normal accreditation application periods (deadlines of 6 January and 1 July). New applicants for accreditation will be able to apply for CSci from 6 January. Is there an official launch? The official launch will take place at the BASES Conference 2013 at the University of Central Lancashire, on Tuesday 3 September, 6.30pm. All conference attendees are welcome to join us at this social event to launch this historic moment for BASES. Who do I contact if I want further information? All information for CSci is available at www.bases.org. uk/Accreditation. If you have any further questions please contact education@bases.org.uk
words: Kate Yule Kate is the BASES Education Officer and is the liaison person between BASES and the Science Council, kyule@bases.org.uk
Visit our Open Day on 4 June to nd out more or contact us: www.glos.ac.uk/pgopen or 01242 715230
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Left: A student engaged in sport based co-curricular activity Courtesy University of Gloucestershire
students during events to mark other outward-facing achievements such as enterprise awards providing at least some evidence of achievements beyond the curriculum. Within sport and exercise, these awards were able to recognise the significant numbers of students volunteering (SportCVs), where students are supported and funded to take a National Governing Body award alongside volunteering in the local community. More recently, opportunities to undertake internships in areas beyond their subject boost their employability. The University is also planning to extend the academic year to ensure students have more time to undertake periods of practice experience. The need for verification of co-curricular activities Central to awards beyond the curriculum is the need to independently verify the activities of the student. These activities might be diverse and levels of student engagement may vary considerably. Unlike credit bearing aspects of the curriculum, where a well-developed culture of assessment exists with learning outcomes, grade descriptors and task-specific assessment criteria, no such culture and shared understanding exists for co-curricular activities that may take on a variety of forms and may well be identified and led by the student and his/her interests. This is a different challenge to the credit for placements that is an established feature of many subjects and courses. Placements are often clearly specified opportunities that form an integral part of the objectives of the course. Those hosting the students are normally carefully inducted into their role, and mentors are in place to support students. In contrast, co-curricular opportunities may be far less predictable and consistent. It is against this backdrop that the University of Gloucestershire became involved in the HEAR pilot, trialling the concept and informing the conclusions and recommendations that have emerged. The Burgess report marks an important
point in HE in the UK and is aligned with the national economic context and the reform of Higher Education. Students will increasingly want recognition for co-curriculum learning, and that recognition will need to be readily accessible to potential employers. The HEAR provides a vehicle for such recognition. If Universities are not able to quickly set mechanisms in place to verify and provide access to the student achievements, commercial providers have solutions in place. These developments provide a game-changing opportunity for sport and exercise courses, especially in Institutions with a track record of co-curricular opportunities for students. The academic transcript and the curriculum vitae may never look the same again.
References Barber, M. et al. (2013). An avalanche is coming: Higher Education and the revolution ahead. Institute for Public Policy Research. Burgess, R. (2012). Bringing it all together introducing the HEAR: The final report of the Burgess Implementation Steering Group. Universities UK. Universities UK. (2012). Bringing it all together introducing the HEAR: The final report of the Burgess Implementation Steering Group. Gloucestershire University (2013). Available: http://insight.glos. ac.uk/academicschools/dse/ Pages/default.aspx
words: Prof David James David is a Professor at the University of Gloucestershire, a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist and Deputy Dean for the Faculty of Applied Sciences.
Kelly Goodwin Kelly is a Senior Lecturer at Bournemouth University, a probationary sport and exercise scientist and Theme Leader for employability, work based learning and professional practice for the Centre of Excellence in Learning (CEL).
MSc Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Risk factors and treatments Anatomy and exercise physiology Physical activity, exercise testing and prescription Nutrition and cardiovascular health Public health policy and programme management Psychology, education and health behaviour Research methods
MSc Exercise and Nutrition Science Exercise and health Nutrition in health and disease Sports nutrition Physiology and physical performance Performance enhancement Science of weight control Biochemistry of metabolism Research methods
MSc Weight Management Obesity epidemic a public health issue Dietary approaches to weight management Causes and assessment of obesity Pharmacotherapy, surgery and alternative methods Exercise and weight management Behaviour modication Childhood obesity Research methods
MSc Human Nutrition Principles of nutrition Nutritional assessment Nutritional anthropometry Nutrition in health and disease Human metabolism Sports nutrition Food and nutrition policy Research methods
For further details contact: the Clinical Sciences Team Telephone: 01244 513431, Email: clinicalsciences@chester.ac.uk Address: Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ
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Table 1.Timing and amount of CHO ingestion during both HIGH and LOW.
HIGH Day before Diet (24 h) 7.00 am Exercise day 7.00 am Breakfast 9.00 am Immediately pre-exercise 9.30 am Exercise During exercise 9.45 am 10.00 am Post-exercise 10.30 am 11.30 am 12.30 pm 1.30 pm 8 g/kg BW CHO N/A
2 g/kg BW CHO Biopsy 8 ml/kg BW CHO HIT (6 x 3 min at 90 % O2max interspersed with 6 x 3 min recovery at 50 % O2max) 3 ml/kg BW CHO 3 ml/kg BW CHO Biopsy 1.2 g/kg/h BW CHO 1.2 g/kg/h BW CHO 1.2 g/kg/h BW CHO Biopsy
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N/A Biopsy N/A HIT (6 x 3 min at 90 % O2max interspersed with 6 x 3 min recovery at 50 % O2max) N/A N/A Biopsy N/A N/A N/A Biopsy
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Sleep low, train low, recover low In an effort to further manipulate the training stimulus, we have recently investigated the effects of sleep, train and recover low whereby athletes effectively sleep, train and recover with low CHO availability (Bartlett et al., 2013). We subjected a group of recreational males to an acute bout of high-intensity interval running in conditions of either HIGH or LOW CHO availability. In the HIGH trial, the participants reported to the laboratory on the morning of testing following a high CHO diet in the 24 h before, consumed a high CHO breakfast (2 g/kg BM), consumed a 6% CHO sports drink immediately before (8 ml/kg) and during (3 ml/kg) exercise as well as consuming high CHO snacks after (1.2 g/kg/h BW) exercise. In contrast, in the LOW trial participants consumed a low CHO diet (3 g/kg BW), performed a bout of glycogen depleting interval exercise the night before, were restricted CHO before going to bed, reported to the laboratory in the morning fasted and restrained from ingestion of any CHO before, during and after exercise. This experimental design therefore allowed us to examine two extremes of CHO availability, one that is in accordance with typical textbook guidelines whilst the other permitted us to examine the efficacy of sleeping, training and recovering with LOW CHO availability (see Table 1). In accordance with the differences in nutrient provision, muscle glycogen was significantly different between HIGH and LOW (Figure 1A). The disparity in muscle glycogen also resulted in significant alterations in substrate utilisation in the morning exercise. Despite the same amount of work being completed for both HIGH and LOW, HIGH resulted in greater CHO oxidation (HIGH; 177 17 g, LOW; 122 26 g) and LOW resulted in three times greater lipid oxidation (HIGH; 8 1 g, LOW 23 10 g). Indeed, plasma free fatty acids and glycerol (as markers of lipolysis) were suppressed in HIGH whereas they were significantly elevated in LOW. From a cell signalling perspective, restriction of CHO combined with exercise resulted in phosphorylation of the tumour suppressor protein, p53 (Figure 1B). In 2012, we had previously reported for the first time that exercise activates p53 (Bartlett et al., 2012) and data from Prof David Hoods group in Canada have also confirmed that this protein plays a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. In this study, we showed that activation of this protein appears dependent on reduced CHO availability so much so that exercise with HIGH CHO availability completely suppressed p53 activation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of ACC (a marker of AMPK activity) was also enhanced in LOW thus suggesting that p53 activation maybe dependent on upstream phosphorylation through AMPK. These data therefore suggest a novel signalling axis that may be a contributory mechanism underpinning why training-low enhances mitochondrial biogenesis. Practical implications This emergence of p53 as a key molecular player has opened a new field of investigation in exercise biochemistry that has huge implications for both
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words: Dr Jonathan Bartlett Jonathan is a Post-Doctoral Researcher at Liverpool John Moores University and Lead Sport Scientist for the FA National football teams. Dr James Morton James is a Senior Lecturer in Exercise Metabolism at Liverpool John Moores University. He is also the consultant nutritionist to Liverpool Football Club, Science in Sport (SIS) and works with a variety of professional boxers.
health and performance. Indeed, as one of the most well studied proteins in cell biology, p53 has been shown to have a crucial role in ageing, cancer and insulin resistance. The exercise and nutritional modulation of p53 therefore has much therapeutic potential. Additionally, for athletes and coaches, the enhanced activation of p53 with reduced CHO availability suggests a molecular pathway that may enhance oxidative training adaptations. The use of the sleep low model also presents a novel practical approach to training low. Indeed, sleeping with low CHO availability followed by fasted morning exercise provides an approximate 12-hour window in which the muscle is subjected to repetitive changes in gene expression that are associated with regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Traditional feeding and training approaches undertaken throughout the day are unlikely to provide the same prolonged window of opportunity. Clearly, the role of CHO restriction in modulating training adaptation remains an exciting area.
References Bartlett, J.D. et al. (2012). Matched work high-intensity interval and continuous running induce similar increases in PGC-1 mRNA, AMPK, p38, and p53 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 11351143. Bartlett, J.D. et al. (2013). Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle : implications for mitochondrial biogenesis. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory and Integrative Comparative Physiology, 304, R450-R458. Morton, J.P. et al. (2009). Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate traininginduced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 15131521. Van Proeyen, K. et al. (2011). Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 236-245. Yeo, W.K. et al. (2008). Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 14621470.
Figure 1. A) Muscle glycogen, B) p53 phosphorylation, and C) ACC phosphorylation immediately pre-, postand 3h post exercise. * Significant effect of exercise (P < 0.05). Significant difference between conditions (P < 0.05).
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Sport and exercise psychology - Who is legally qualified to provide support? Guidance for current and potential Sport and Exercise Psychologists.
Prof Ian Maynard FBASES and Dr Sandy Wolfson outline the issues around the title 'Sport and Exercise Psychologist' and present some advice for would-be Sport and Exercise Psychologists on how to become appropriately qualified.
For just over three years Psychology has become a publicly-regulated discipline. The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) is the independent UK regulator of 16 health and care professions, established in 2001 to protect the public. It keeps a register of practitioners who meet its standards of proficiency, education, training and professional behaviour. The title Sport and Exercise Psychologist is a legally protected title; therefore, all sport and exercise psychology practitioners have to be registered with the HCPC or can be prosecuted for illegally using the protected title or portraying themselves as having the skills and techniques that a sport and exercise psychologist would use. This would be the same for the many other titles protected by the HCPC, such as physiotherapists, speech therapists, paramedics, and the other kinds of psychologists (e.g., clinical, educational, forensic) for which high levels of skills and knowledge are needed. If a practitioner is HCPC-registered, you know that the person has been assessed for these attainments, as well as for exemplary character and commitment to continuing professional development.You might want to have a look at the HCPC website (www.hpc-uk.org), which contains a wealth of information about policies and registrants. Anyone can use this site to check whether an individual is registered as a sport and exercise psychologist. Alternatively, people can check the register on the go on the HCPCs free iPhone app. The website notes that not only is it an offense to use a protected title if not registered, but that it is also an offense to intend to deceive by implying that you are a member of one of the professions that we regulate. In the first instance this could take the form of a cease and desist letter, with escalation to prosecution if this is ignored. In line with its remit to protect the public, the HCPC will also review complaints made by the public, including clients and colleagues, about registrants. These have included such concerns as inadequate skill, misconduct, inappropriate behavior toward a client, poor recordkeeping and data falsification. When the register for psychology practitioners opened in 2009, all Chartered sport and exercise psychologists were permitted to be transferred to the register. How did such people become
Chartered in the first place? They did so by meeting standards set by the British Psychological Society (BPS). This entailed the completion of a BPSaccredited undergraduate Psychology degree plus further specific training and experience, normally consisting of a BPS-approved postgraduate degree followed by two years of supervised experience within the BPS framework, which has since been approved by the HCPC. This remains the main route through which sport and exercise psychologists can become HCPC-registered, although people with equivalent qualifications have been admitted onto the register during its three-year grand parenting period, which ended in July 2012. Some people are accredited by the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES). While this qualification alone does not legally permit individuals to call themselves sport and exercise psychologists, support of a more general nature can be offered by accredited BASES members, many of whom have come through a sport science
Right: The GB Volleyball Team at the London Olympics doing a sport psychology group session Courtesy GB Volleyball
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route. Since they have usually applied their studies specifically to sport, they should to be in a position to offer considerable interdisciplinary expertise in other areas such as biomechanics and physiology. They can also be educators: teaching classes, running workshops or giving lectures to sports groups. Students and trainees can offer sessions to clients in the sport or exercise context but it is important to check that these people are working under the guidance of a qualified supervisor through the BPS and where appropriate registered with the HCPC. Without a doubt, sport and exercise psychology is becoming more familiar and commonplace within NGBs, professional sport and health/exercise-related contexts, and attitudes towards this discipline are changing considerably. Practitioners are not viewed with the same scepticism that they once were, but there is still confusion regarding the qualifications needed to ensure top class delivery of services. Many people are advertising their services claiming to be able to enhance performance and support the wellbeing of staff and patients. The big question is: Are they all qualified to do so? The concern is that some individuals who have not undergone the appropriate accreditation processes or received the correct training could be offering counterproductive psychology services. While they may be well-meaning and passionate about the discipline, they could lack the comprehensive psychological knowledge and professional skills with which to provide the most valuable service in the sport or exercise context. Indeed, in the worst-case scenario, they could actually
be putting athletes or patients at risk by performing questionable services without being fully qualified or aware of their own limits. Hence, if you are a potential employer of a sport and exercise psychologist or you currently employ a sport and exercise psychologist, you should check first and foremost that the person is HCPCregistered, as part of your 'duty of care' as an employer. Should you require any further information please feel free to contact Ian, Sandy or the BPS.
words: Dr Sandy Wolfson FBASES Sandy is the Treasurer of DSEP within the BPS, a partner of the HCPC, a Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist and Director of Postgraduate Programmes in Psychology at Northumbria University. Prof Ian Maynard FBASES, F.AASP, Af.BPS Ian is the Chair of DSEP within the BPS, is a Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist and is Director of the Centre for Sport and Exercise Science at Sheffield Hallam University. Note A variation on this article has also been forwarded to the National Performance Directors of the National Governing Bodies of Sport funded by UK Sport (or the home country Sport Councils), explaining who is qualified to be working within elite sport, professional sports clubs or in healthrelated organisations and/or with patients.
MSc courses: Applied Exercise Physiology Sport and Exercise Science We are a leading UK centre for education and research in physiological proling, exercise tolerance and fatigue. Example research interests are exercise in hypoxia and heat or neuromuscular responses to exercise in both healthy and clinical populations. Study with us and become one of our successful postgraduates who have gone on to work as UK Sport talent scientists, cardiac physiologists, health professionals or have completed PhDs. Find out more 01273 643645 sasmadmissions@brighton.ac.uk
www.brighton.ac.uk/sasm
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Jakeman, P.M., Winter, E.M. & Doust, J. (1994). A review of research in sport physiology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12 (1), 33-60. One thing I would change about sport and exercise scientists Sport and exercise scientists should occasionally swap their white lab coats for track suits. Where possible all sport and exercise scientists should always test their protocols on themselves (see the photo of a young Richard Tong undergoing a muscle biopsy following high intensity exercise). This allows you to empathise with your participants when you are testing them and to appreciate the demands of the sport or exercise bout. One person who inspired me Dr Paul Grimshaw from the University of Adelaide. Paul mentored me in my first lecturing job at West London Institute of HE and taught me the meaning of working hard. However early I arrived at work he was already there and when I left he was still there. His PhD was so thick that I use it to stand on when I need to get things off my top shelf! One bit of advice that really influenced me Treat everyone (even students) as you would like to be treated. For example, before I completed my PhD I didnt rush to turnaround draft submissions of dissertation chapters for my dissertation tutees. However, when I was on the receiving end of waiting for feedback on my thesis chapters I realised that I needed to provide students with feedback as soon as possible. One piece of advice for up and coming sport and exercise scientists Get experience. If there is an opportunity to volunteer for something then do so. Act as a participant in as many experiments as you can and become a reliable and enthusiastic volunteer around the laboratory. One proud moment Watching my children play sport. Theres nothing like reliving your dreams through your children. One person I would really like to have dinner with My family. Nothing beats a family meal with Emily, Molly, Joe and Rosie.
words: Prof Richard Tong FBASES Richard is the Director of Learning & Teaching and Deputy Dean in the Cardiff School of Sport at Cardiff Metropolitan University. He is the Chair of the BASES Division of Education and Professional Development. The photo shows a young Richard Tong having a muscle biopsy taken following a high intensity bout of exercise. Compiled by: Len Parker Simpson Sports Physiology Research Scholar, University of Exeter
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