Ethanol May 2014

www.EthanolProducer.
com
MAY 2014
INSIDE: FEW CELEBRATES 30 YEARS OF EXCELLENCE
Separation
Know-How
Technology Ramps Up
Corn Oil, Ethanol Yield
Page 28
Plus
Market Growth
Apace With Demand
Page 34
Chemicals, Enzymes
Boost Extraction Rates
Page 54
Co-location Reality
Page 60
BROUGHT TO YOU BY
GROWTH ENERGY.
From advocating for ethanol on Capitol Hill, to
validating higher ethanol blends through NASCAR
, to
calling out Big Oil with a national television campaign,
Growth Energy is there for the producers and
supporters of the ethanol industry.
We know were in a battle, but were ready for the ght.
Learn more at GrowthEnergy.org
Austin Dillon and Austin Dillons autograph are trademarks of Austin Dillon. All trademarks and the likeness of the No. 39 racecar are used under license from their owners.
NASCAR
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4 | Ethanol Producer Magazine | MAY 2014
MAY 2014 VOLUME 20 ISSUE 5 CONTENTS
DEPARTMENTS
6 EDITOR'S NOTE
Reinvesting in Change
By Tom Bryan
7 AD INDEX
10 THE WAY I SEE IT
Lies, Repeated Often Enough,
Become Fact
By Mike Bryan
11 EVENTS CALENDAR
12 VIEW FROM THE HILL
New Horizons
By Bob Dinneen
14 DRIVE
Serving Those Who Serve
By retired Army Gen.
Wesley K. Clark
16 GRASSROOTS VOICE
Naturally Driven to Innovate
By Brian Jennings
18 EUROPE CALLING
A Remarkable and Crucial Year
By Robert Vierhout
20 BUSINESS BRIEFS
22 COMMODITIES
24 DISTILLED
44 BUSINESS MATTERS
OSHA Alive and Well
With Budget Increase
By Alexander F. Logemann
46 MARKETPLACE
66 TALKING POINT
Prepare Now for Summers
Upcoming Flowability Challenges
By Kurt A. Rosentrater
Ethanol Producer Magazine: (USPS No. 023-974) May 2014, Vol. 20, Issue 5. Ethanol Producer Magazine is published monthly by BBI International. Principal Offce: 308 Second Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand
Forks, ND 58203. Periodicals Postage Paid at Grand Forks, North Dakota and additional mailing offces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Ethanol Producer Magazine/Subscriptions, 308 Second Ave.
N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203.
TECHNOLOGY
Beyond Corn Oil Extraction
New technology separates multiple
coproducts
By Holly Jessen
UTILIZATION
Ready Markets Soak Up Corn Oil
Demand increases for biodiesel,
feed and exports
By Chris Hanson
EVENT
Three Decades Strong
A look back at FEW before the 30th
anniversary event in June
By Tom Bryan
ADDITIVES
Optimizing For More Oil
Chemicals and enzymes ratchet up yield
By Susanne Retka Schill
28 34
40 54
FEATURES
ON THE COVER
The VFrac
development
team stands in the
companys Dexter,
Mich., facility.
PHOTO: BOB FORAN
PHOTOGRAPHY
CO-LOCATION
Biodiesel: Coming Soon to an
Ethanol Plant Near You
Companies move forward
on construction projects
By Ron Kotrba
60
CONTRIBUTIONS
CARBON
Lowered Drying Costs From Corn Oil Removal Impact
Carbon Accounting
CARB no longer accepts default values, since parameters vary widely
By James M. Ramm
64
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This June, our industrys mainstay summer conference turns
30. Were excited about this milestone, and for fun, weve loaded
12 pages with photos of some memorable moments at the
International Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo. Join our walk down
memory lane, starting on page 40, with more than three dozen pictures of the people,
places, awards and presentations that longtime FEW attendees will surely recognize.
The 30th annual FEW agenda is now fnalized and online. You might think that, after
three decades, it would become diffcult to fnd new ways to continue Linking Industry
with Innovation, but just the opposite is true. The FEWs strong 2014 agenda, like each
issue of this magazine, reminds us that our industry is in a state of constant change and
discovery.
The focus of this issue, corn oil, is a virtual study in our industrys predilection for
progress. Its not that corn oil extraction itself is new90 percent of Americas ethanol
plants are doing itbut the way it is still unfolding is fascinating. This issue looks closely
at how new progressions of mechanical extraction technology, along with the aid of
chemicals and enzymes, are allowing producers to develop tailored solutions to optimize
oil production and recover the product inside of exacting parameters.
In our page-28 cover story, Beyond Corn Oil Extraction, we learn that not only
is oil recovery still advancing, but Valicor Separation Technologies LLC is doing so in a
way that is in harmony with existing plant technology and forward compatible with the
next-generation biofuels ambitions of so many of todays producers.
The importance of fne-tuning corn oil extraction comes up in our cover story and
again in our page-54 feature, Optimizing for More Corn Oil. Senior Editor Susanne
Retka Schill examines our industrys enterprising use of chemicals to improve oil recovery
and maximize the payback on mechanical extraction systems. In addition to chemical
enhancement, Retka Schill reports that a number of producers are now using an enzymatic
approach to enhance oil yields, with impressive results.
As extraction techniques are optimized, its good to know the marketplace for corn
oil is strong. Staff Writer Chris Hanson reports in Ready Markets Soak Up Corn Oil, on
page 34, that corn oil from ethanol plants is now the No. 2 U.S. feedstock, behind soybean
oil, for biodiesel production. Not all ethanol plants, however, are content selling corn oil;
some are incorporating biodiesel production on site. In our page-60 feature, Biodiesel:
Coming Soon to an Ethanol Plant Near You, Biodiesel Magazines Ron Kotrba catches
up with two Illinois ethanol plants that are making corn-oil-to-biodiesel happen.
After 30 years, its simply amazing to see Americas ethanol plants still reinvesting in
change. See you at the FEW.

EDITOR'S NOTE
Reinvesting in Change
Tom Bryan
President & Editor in Chief
tbryan@bbiinternational.com
MAY 2014 | Ethanol Producer Magazine | 7
FOR INDUSTRY NEWS: WWW.ETHANOLPRODUCER.COM OR FOLLOW US: TWITTER.COM/ETHANOLMAGAZINE
TM
EDITORIAL
President & Editor in Chief
Tom Bryan tbryan@bbiinternational.com
Vice President of Content & Executive Editor
Tim Portz tportz@bbiinternational.com
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Pleaserecyclethis magazineand remove
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VOLUME 20 ISSUE 4
ADVERTISER INDEX
AOCS American Oil Chemists 25
Ashland Water Technologies 5
2014 Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo 69
2014 National Advanced Biofuels Conference 32
BBI Project Development 9
BetaTec Hop Products 19
Buckman 24
Cloud/Sellers Cleaning Systems 63
DuPont Industrial Biosciences 72
Fagen Inc. 15
Fluid Quip Process Technologies, LLC 8
Foundation Analytical Labratory 26
Gamajet Cleaning Systems, Inc. 49
Greenbelt Resources Corporation 31
GreenShift Corporation 21
Growth Energy 2
Hydrite Chemical Co. 53
Hydro-Klean LLC 20
ICM, Inc. 11
INTL FCStone Inc. 58
Iowa Economic Development Authority 67
Jatrodiesel, Inc. 56
Lakos Separators and Filteration 51
Lallemand Biofuels & Distilled Spirits 3
Magnetec Inspection, Inc. 62
Mist Chemical & Supply Company 50
Nalco, an Ecolab Company 38
Natwick Associates Appraisal 37
Novozymes 57
Phibro Ethanol Performance Group 71
POET-DSM Advanced Biofuels 13
RPMG, Inc. 39
Syngenta: Enogen 17
Tower Performance, Inc. 47
Valicor Separation Technologies 33
Verenium 52
Victory Energy Operations, LLC 43
Vogelbusch USA, Inc 65
Wabash Power Equipment 45
WB Services, LLC 36
West Salem Machinery 59
WINBCO 27
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The U.S. ethanol industry is energized
(rightly so) by the uptick in the ethanol export
market. At the same time, it is unfortunate that we rejoice
over a growing export market when we consume 130 billion
gallons of gasoline annually in America. The question that
needs to be asked is why would we have to export anything
when ethanol is such a small percentage of the total market?
Ethanol is restricted to a 10 percent blend level, in many
cases, while battling tooth and nail to achieve a 15 percent
blend over strong opposition, when other countries like Brazil
utilize much higher blends, trouble free. Its not a technical
issue, its a political issue and even the politicians who side with
the oil industry know its not a technical issue.
There has been ample fodder for the anti-ethanol folks,
food vs. fuel, deforestation, land use, consumer concerns,
drivability and more, all generously provided by the oil industry
under the cover of independent research, humanitarian
concern and consumer protection. These are fabricated tales
of the highest order, yet for those who want to see the demise
of the ethanol industry, its all the information they need to
wage war on ethanol and agriculture in general. There is no
need to concern oneself with the facts, you can easily ignore
the truth and hide from reality, because you have have been
well-armed with tales of woe to help make your case on behalf
of the oil industry. As the saying goes, Lies repeated often
enough become fact.
Whether its food, ethanol, plastics or pharmaceuticals,
American agriculture has a leg up on oil. Professor Thomas
Johnson of the University of Missouri has co-authored a
paper on the benefts to rural economies of a robust bioenergy
industry. This includes not only biofuels but a range of bio-
manufactured products. The rural economy of America is
poised for great things and biofuels are just tip of the iceberg.
Its time that agriculture assumes its rightful place in the
economic future of America. Not just as a provider of food,
but as an environmentally responsible provider of a wide
range of products that are now often petroleum-based. We
have to move away from the idea that crops can only be used
to feed people, we need to abandon the fear of genetically
modifed crops that can signifcantly improve yields and shed
the shackles that have bound us to the antiquated belief that
if you use crops for anything other than feeding people, its
somehow a sin against humanity.
Agriculture provides a pathway to a bright, domestic
and economically sound future. When the oil wells today are
nothing more than rusted relics of the past, American farmers
will still be producing an exciting array of renewable and
environmentally responsible products, while helping feed the
world.
Thats the way I see it!

Lies, Repeated Often Enough,
Become Fact
By Mike Bryan
Author: Mike Bryan
Chairman, BBI International
mbryan@bbiinternational.com
THE WAY I SEE IT
International Fuel Ethanol
Workshop & Expo
June 9-12, 2014
Indiana Convention Center
Indianapolis, Indiana
Now in its 30th year, the FEW provides the global
ethanol industry with cutting-edge content and
unparalleled networking opportunities in a dynamic
business-to-business environment. The FEW is the
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Magazine.
866-746-8385 | www.fuelethanolworkshop.com
National Advanced Biofuels
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October 13-15, 2014
Hyatt Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Produced by BBI International, this event will feature the
world of advanced biofuels and biobased chemicals
technology scale-up, project fnance, policy, national
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866-746-8385 | www.advancedbiofuelsconference.com
National Ethanol Conference
February 18-20, 2015
Gaylord Texan Resort &
Convention Center
Grapevine, Texas
The NEC provides attendees with timely information on
critical regulatory, marketing and policy issues facing
the ethanol industry. Experts will speak to the current
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EVENTS CALENDAR
As President Obama and the U.S. EPA
deliberate what to do with the renewable fuel
standard, the U.S. ethanol industry understands that no
matter what happens with that program, we will still need
to build demand to assure continued growth and stability.
Increasingly, that new demand is coming from beyond our
shores.
Last year, the United States exported 621.5 million gallons
of ethanol to countries both large and small and from every
corner of the globe. Canada, the Philippines, Brazil, Mexico
and the United Arab Emirates represent just a handful of the
different markets U.S. producers sent product in 2013. Clearly,
the demand for high-octane, low-carbon ethanol knows no
border. U.S.-produced ethanol is now the lowest-cost liquid
transportation fuel on the planet. Any nation desiring to give
their consumers some relief at the pump knows they need our
fuel.
The Renewable Fuels Association is at the forefront of the
effort to expand ethanol markets abroad. Last October, the
RFA led a trip to northern Brazil through the U.S. Department
of Commerce and the Brazil-U.S. Business Council, setting up
matchmaking sessions to connect U.S. ethanol producers with
businesses looking to import the low-cost fuel. That trip alone
led to $20 million in ethanol sales, with another $9 million in
the works. That was a resoundingly successful venture and
additional trips are being planned as we look to expand exports
into Asia.
We will continue to push forward into new markets.
The RFA has created an Export Enhancement program
with Growth Energy and the U.S. Grains Council. We are
committed to seizing upon new market opportunities. This is
only the beginning.
New Horizons
By Bob Dinneen
Author: Bob Dinneen
President and CEO,
Renewable Fuels Association
202-289-3835
VIEW FROM THE HILL
Serving Those Who Serve
By retired Army Gen. Wesley K. Clark
We often talk about National Security in broad
terms. We discuss the fnancial implications of
relying on foreign oil, or the economic risks of
importing our energy, but we often overlook the
greatest national interestour service members.
When we focus on our national security, we often forget that our
sons, daughters, brothers and sisters are the ones who are directly
responsible for carrying out the task of preserving and protecting
our freedoms. Regardless of political views or opinions, we can
agree that the selfess actions of our soldiers, sailors, airmen,
Marines and Coast Guardsmen throughout the recent conficts
deserve our honor and respect.
As Memorial Day approaches, I wanted to focus on what
Growth Energy members have done to support our service
members and veterans. Last year, Growth Energy launched the
Fueling Our Forces program, which raised more than $100,000
through our membership, for the Armed Forces Foundation. This
year, we are on track to far exceed that amount.
The AFF is dedicated to supporting active-duty military
personnel, National Guardsmen, Reservists, military families and
veterans. Since 2001, the AFF has provided more than $75 million
in assistance by covering travel, hotel rooms, home mortgages, car
payments and everyday bills to enable families to stay at the side of
their loved ones sides during treatment and recovery from wounds
suffered during war.
With the launch of the Help Save Our Troops campaign, the
AFF proactively educates Americans about the hidden wounds of
war, including post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain
injury, and advocates for those troops and veterans who have
suffered these hidden wounds. The ultimate goal of Help Save
Our Troops is to reduce military suicides.
Growth Energy is truly dedicated to those who defend us, but
we also seek to minimize the need for them to deploy abroad. By
reducing the need for foreign energy, we reduce the potential for
future conficts in tremulous regions to protect petroleum imports.
Our members work tirelessly to produce a domestic fuel that not
only strengthens our energy independence, but also develops jobs
and preserves our environment.
Biofuels are essential to the future energy security of our
nation. They strengthen our economy, create jobs that cannot
be outsourced and revitalize our rural communities throughout
the nation. We cannot continue to use our military forces for the
protection of foreign oil imports. The current system simply is not
sustainable and costs our nation billions each year by exporting
our money to foreign oil magnates who artifcially manipulate
the cost of their product. We, as a nation, then ask our military
men and women to protect the shipping lanes for that oil, through
treacherous regions, costing us millions more in blood and treasure.
We cannot afford to continue importing foreign oil. We
cannot afford to divert our essential national security assets, purely
for energy security. By continuing to promote and validate ethanol
as a viable alternative to our oil addiction, we help protect our
nation and reduce the potential danger for our fghting men and
women. I invite you to continue your support of our servicemen
and women and to keep fghting for our nations energy future.

Author: retired Army Gen. Wesley Clark
Co-chair of the Growth Energy Board of Directors
202-545-4000
info@growthenergy.org
DRIVE
Naturally Driven to Innovate
By Brian Jennings
President Eisenhower didnt know how right
he was when he said Farming looks mighty easy
when your plow is a pencil and youre a thousand
miles from a corn feld. Today, thanks in large part to
ethanol, plows and pencils have been replaced by no-till and
precision agriculture.
The unrivaled speed of technology adoption in agriculture
and biofuels is just another beneft of the renewable fuel standard
(RFS). More than any policy enacted by Congress, the RFS has
spurred the production of corn, ethanol and ethanol coproducts
more effciently and with less environmental impact. While oil is
becoming more diffcult to fnd, expensive to drill and harmful to
the environment, ethanol is becoming more sustainable, effcient
and cleaner.
Today, farmers apply fewer inputs to produce larger crops
on the same land. In 2013, they produced nearly 160 bushels of
corn per acre, twice as much corn per acre of land than when the
frst cell phones were introduced in the 1980s. A recent University
of Illinois-Chicago study found that as corn farmers and ethanol
producers continue to innovate, ethanol results in 60 percent fewer
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than gasoline, and, state-of-the-
art technology has improved ethanols energy balance to a more
than 2 to 1 ratio.
Meanwhile, the days of easy oil are over. Finding oil
compressed-tightly within rocks and far below the land or sea is
more energy-intensive than ever before.
As ethanol has helped restore proftability to agricultural
production, farmers can afford to adopt new technologies and
practices to conserve water and soil and produce more bushels of
grain using fewer inputs. According to a survey by Purdue University,
the use of auto-steer for fertilizer application has increased 11
percent and auto-steer is now in use on nearly two-thirds of farms.
Precision agriculture and GPS auto-steer technology have saved
North Dakotas farmers nearly 12 percent of fuel costs, according
to North Dakota State University.
Biotech crops have also played a role in helping farmers
become more effcient. According to the USDA, about half the
total land used to grow crops (169 million acres) in the U.S. was
planted to biotech varieties in 2013. These biotech crop traits
have saved farmers time, reduced insecticide use and enabled
the use of less toxic herbicides. In 2013, more than 18 million
farmers in 27 countries planted biotech crops, with adoption rates
increasing more than a hundredfold since 1996. For the frst time
in 2013, 123,500 acres of drought-tolerant corn was planted and
more drought-tolerant crop varieties are in the pipeline. Ask seed
companies and farmers and theyd tell you none of this progress
was possible without ethanol.
Farm families home place is also their workplace. They drink
the water and eat the food from their own land. In order to fulfll the
hope and dream of virtually every farmer that the next generation
succeed them on the home place, the frst priority is to leave the
farm in better condition than when the last generation passed it on.
Before 1940, the organic matter contained in crop residues was
often mistakenly considered problematic, and efforts to rid felds
of this organic matter were called trash management. Today,
however, thanks to better research and conservation practices such
as no-till, scientists and farmers know that crop residues, such as
corn stalks leftover from harvest, increase the amount of organic
matter and contribute to the overall health of soil. Modern-day
farmers understand that organic matter is the lifeblood of soil and
scientists now consider the content of soil organic matter as the
most important measure of productivity. Soil with large stocks of
organic matter absorb and hold more water and crop nutrients,
resist erosion and grow higher yields using less fertilizer. There is
strong emerging evidence that farmers who utilize no-till to plant
corn are able to increase soil health and even sequester carbon
by leaving crop residue on their felds. In fact, soil test databases
show that increases in organic matter in corn felds can reduce
corn ethanols GHG footprint by 60 percent or more compared
to gasoline.
Farmers and ethanol producers will continue making these
important improvements as long as federal policy doesnt punish
those of us who are naturally-driven to innovate. This is just
another reason why we need to keep the RFS intact.
Author: Brian Jennings
Executive Vice President
American Coalition for Ethanol
605-334-3381
bjennings@ethanol.org
GRASSROOTS VOICE
Enogen
corn trait technology is bio-engineered to improve ethanol plant effciency

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1
Based on 20072012 Syngenta Trials.
www.enogen.net
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What if corn ...
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A Remarkable and Crucial Year
By Robert Vierhout
There are signs that the European Union
this year will see an increase in fuel ethanol
production that outpaces the growth we have
had the previous three years. The expectation is that
we will see around a 7 percent increase in output. Its still modest
compared to the timeframe 2007 to 2010 when we had double-digit
growth numbers.
It not necessarily a sign of getting back to the double-digit
growth era but it is encouraging that under very diffcult market and
political circumstances industry output for this year might be above
the average of the past three years.
Market circumstances are indeed diffcult this year even though
imports are lower and grain prices have come down considerably
compared to previous years. There are basically two reasons for
making it a diffcult market. First, EU member states are slowing
down the pace with which they increase the blending rate of
biofuels. That is disappointing. Also, due to a number of reasons,
gasoline consumption is decreasing. Less gasoline consumption
means, in most cases, less ethanol consumption than expected.
The lower level of imports and relative low grain prices may
play to our beneft but the market remains oversupplied. Even
though my good friend Bob Dinneen, president and CEO of the
Renewable Fuels Association, claims that Europe needs imports to
be able to comply with demand, he seems to forget that the EU has
around 7.5 billion liters of installed production capacity for fuel use.
Demand is not even reaching 5 billion.
The oversupply situation has caused prices to come down
for about the past year. Recently, the spread between the supply
of T1 (imported, duty not yet paid) and T2 (imported/domestic,
duty paid) became positive for the frst time ever. Some European
producers are now also exporting but others had to shut down
some of their production lines. All in all, a rather mixed picture but
a remarkable one.
2014 will also be a crucial year both at political and policy level.
This month European elections for a new Parliament will result in
an important shift in political powers. The expectation is that an
infux of more nationalistic minded politicians could undermine the
agenda of renewables.
In the second half of this year, the European Parliament will
appoint a new European Commission. This new commission will
propose a major set of bills that will determine the energy and
climate policy for the 2020s decade.
The challenges for the industry are substantial, considering
that the European Commission in force has already put plans on
the table for how the post-2020s policy should look. These plans
are not to our liking, as I already indicated two months ago. Even
though the Commission proposes a renewable energy target of 27
percent by 2030, it has moved away from continuing a policy that
has worked well in the past four years.
It is crucial that the industry succeed in convincing the new
Parliament and the new Commission that no continuation of a
renewable energy target for transport means more greenhouse gas
emissions in the transport sector, no real investment and production
of cellulosic ethanol and a missed opportunity to create more jobs,
especially missed opportunities in the rural sector.
Finding new biofuel champions is what we need to do. And
we had better fnd these champions sooner than later. Part of that
exercise is a carefully orchestrated information campaign that needs
to underline all the benefts of ethanol and will deal, once and for
all, with all the myths that have been created around our industry.
The biggest challenge, however, is fnding closure on the
indirect land use change saga. If we are unable to do so, the European
Commission, many members of the European Parliament as well
as several nongovernmental stakeholders will keep pushing for
ending support for biofuel use after 2020.
2014 could well turn out to become the year that determines
the long-term future of biofuels in Europe.
Author: Robert Vierhout
Secretary-general, ePURE
Vierhout@epure.org
EUROPE CALLING
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BetaTecthe natural hop to higher profits. For more information
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Chad Campbell was recently pro-
moted to plant manager of Aventine Re-
newable Energy Inc.s plants in Aurora,
Neb. He will be responsible for overseeing
future operations, including repair and
maintenance of the 45 MMgy Nebraska
Energy LLC plant and the 108 MMgy
Aventine Aurora West Delta-T plant.
Campbell has eight years of experience in
the biofuels industry. Aventine also recent-
ly promoted Chandi Earnest as director
of quality control for the companys 165
MMgy wet mill and dry mill plants in Pe-
kin, Ill. Earnest joined Aventine in 2008
as a fermentation specialist and lab man-
ager at the Mt. Vernon, Ind., facility. She
previously worked for Lallemand Inc. as a
technical sales representative.
Te National
Corn Growers
Association has an-
nounced that Rick
Tolman will step
down as CEO of the
NCGA at the end
of September. He
has been with the
organization for 14
years, and has spent
37 years working in
agriculture. Te NCGA is expected to announce
members of a CEO search committee soon.
Valero Energy
Corp. has announced
that Bill Klesse will
step down as the
companys CEO, ef-
fective May 1. He
will remain a Valero
director and chair-
man of the board.
Joe Gorder, who was
named Valeros presi-
dent and chief operating ofcer in 2012,
will take on the role of CEO. He has also
been elected a director by the board of
directors and will join the board immedi-
ately. Klesse spent his entire 45-year career
with Valero and its predecessor companies.
Gorder has been with Valero and its pre-
decessors for 27 years. Te company also
recently announced that Gene Edwards,
its executive vice president and chief de-
velopment ofcer, will retire efective April
30. Edwards began his career with Valero
in 1982.
Te American
Coalition for Ethanol
has elected its 2014
board ofcers. Ron
Alverson, founding
chairman and current
board member of Da-
kota Ethanol was re-
elected president of the
ACE board of directors.
Duane Kristensen,
BUSINESS BRIEFS
People, Partnerships & Deals
Tolman Campbell Earnest
Klesse
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Alverson Kristensen
Soverign
general manager of Chief Ethanol Fuels, was
elected vice president of the board. Dave Sov-
ereign of Golden Grain Energy was elected
secretary.
Archer Daniels
Midland Co. has pro-
moted Juan Luciano
to president. He is the
12th person to serve
as president in the
companys 112- his-
tory, and assumes the
role in addition to his
position as chief oper-
ating ofcer. Luciano
oversees the commer-
cial and production activities of ADMs corn,
oilseeds and agricultural services businesses,
as well as its research, project management
and risk management functions. He will
continue to report to ADM Chairman and
CEO Patricia Woertz. Luciano joined ADM
in 2011 after spending 25 years at Te Dow
Chemical Co., where he most recently served
as executive vice president and president of
the performance division.
Arisdyne Sys-
tems Inc. has add
three new members
to its team to prepare
the company for new
installations, service
the existing customer
base and continue to
build its reputation as
a leading technology
provider in the feld of ethanol and oil en-
hancement with its proprietary Controlled
Flow Cavitation technology. Te new team
members include Nick Berchtold, chief
fnancial ofcer; Andrea Wearsch, market-
ing and business development associate;
and James Wolfe, feld service engineer.
Greg Krissek
was recently appoint-
ed CEO of the Kan-
sas Corn Growers
Association, Kansas
Corn Commission
and Kansas Grain
Sorghum Produc-
ers Association. He
has nearly 25 years
of experience in ag-
riculture, ethanol,
renewable energy and public policy. Krissek
previously served as assistant secretary at the
Kansas Department of Agriculture, director
of operations at Kansas Corn and Kansas
Grain Sorghum, director of government af-
fairs at ICM Inc. and manager of Kennedy
and Coe LLC. He replaces Jere White, who
announced his retirement in February.
Southwest Iowa Renewable Energy has
joined the Renewable Fuels Association. Te
company operates a 120 MMgy ethanol plant
in Council Blufs, Iowa. In addition to etha-
nol, the facility produces more than 330,000
tons of dried distillers grains annually. SIRE
also produces corn oil coproduct. Te compa-
ny was formed in 2005 and began commercial
production in early 2009.
Krissek
Luciano
Wearsch
Berchtold Wolfe
March 21 The coldest winter in the past 10 years bundled a
host of factors that lifted regional spot prices to unheard-of levels in
the shale era. Spot prices spiked above $40 on three separate occa-
sions at Ventura and the price differential between the monthly New
York Mercantile Exchange settlement at Henry Hub in Louisiana
and the regional Ventura monthly index widened from a discount
of 8 cents in December to a premium of $5.64. Understanding the
dynamics wreaking havoc on regional prices can help natural gas con-
sumers assess the risk of a repeat performance in the next winter.
The key underlying factor driving the regional premiums was
weather related demand. Storage inventories were drawn down rap-
idly from December through March. With less gas in storage avail-
able to meet peak demand days, pipelines relied more heavily on gas
transported from producing areas of the country. This asymmetry
between supply available at the feld and pipeline transportation ca-
pacity limits was crucial to driving the differential between market
and feld pricing hubs to painful levels for many natural gas consum-
ers.
A number of logistical issues created further complications. In
late January, a signifcant source of supply for the midwest market
was interrupted, when Transcanadas Emerson natural gas lateral
experienced an explosion, completely cutting off supply to Viking
pipeline. A second natural gas pipeline experienced challenges in pro-
viding suffcient compression to move gas up from the Southwest
and the Gulf Coast throughout the month of February.
Natural Gas Report
Corn Report
March 21 March was a strong month for the corn market with
May futures trading to the $5.02 level. With that type of price action
the producer was actively rewarding the market allowing basis levels
to relax.
Support was steady and gradually led by potential global turmoil
in Eastern Europe and by global demand. The Ukraine will be sec-
ond or third largest exporter of corn this year. Last year, Ukraine was
fourth behind the U.S., Brazil, and Argentina. It has exported a record
amount thus far and is expected to export an additional 158 million
bushels of corn and 92 million bushels of wheat. There hasnt been
failure to meet export obligations to date but traders have defnitely
added a risk premium to the grain markets in case the situation es-
calates.
U.S. corn export sales continue to outpace the USDA projec-
tion leading to the increase for the marketing year. Export sales are
projected at 1.625 billion bushels compared to 731 million bushels
last year. Corn for ethanol demand has remained steady at 5 billion
bushels but that fgure is expected to slightly decline in the future due
to plant slowdowns. Nonetheless, the market will be anticipating the
stocks report and new crop plantings at the end of March. This will
set the tone for spring and summer trading coupled with a weather
market. With the planting acreage prospects traders will begin to pen-
cil in yields and determine an outcome for next years supply and
demand table.
The graphic illustrates why politics in Eastern Europe has had an
impact on corn values.

Cold winter, other factors boost natural gas prices by Ben Straus
Corn prices up, supported by potential global turmoil in Europe by Jason Sagebiel
COMMODITIES
Prices & Market Analyses
DDGS Report
Ethanol Report
March 21 Trade in the ethanol mar-
ket seems to indicate additional aggressive
buying activity. Traders are focusing on
supplies that seem to tighten week-after-
week, even when production levels are
starting to increase.
Over the past two months, ethanol
futures prices increased more than $1 per
gallon. The April contract has moved to
the highest price for front-month futures
since August 2011.
Traders are looking for additional
support as corn markets continue to show
moderate strength over the near future and
there is very little indication that supplies
will grow signifcantly through the spring
and early summer months. As seasonal
driving demand starts to increase, there
will be even more need to secure short-
and long-term supplies by end users on the
coasts. Spot ethanol prices are well over
$4 per gallon across the East Coast; West
Coast locations are nearing the $4 per gal-
lon threshold.
Given the stability in gasoline prices
so far this spring, a swift shift to lower de-
mand is not expected. But if this supply
tightness continues, expect some market
reaction during peak summer demand.

March 21 A look back at the past
month can be summarized with one word:
Logistics. Railroads encountered a myriad
of shipment problems due to cold, snow
and overcapacity. This has been an ongo-
ing issue west of the Mississippi but the
weather really had a severe impact on
the rail lines leading to the East Coast. A
lot of the ethanol had been heading east
from the Midwest plants and the major
rail issues that had been impacting dried
distillers grains with soluables (DDGS) all
winter in the West were now affecting the
ethanol movements to the East as well.
Consequently, plant runtimes slowed dra-
matically.
DDGS demand has been steady. The
slowdown in ethanol production, even
though it was a small amount year over
year, had a big impact on DDGS avail-
ability, and there was signifcant diffculty
getting enough DDGS cars into Chicago.
That tightness does look to continue into
April and probably May. In spite of that,
prices have been sluggish, as there is no
new demand until the third and fourth
quarters of 2014. More deferred time
frame trade is starting to be seen, at levels
around 115 to 120 percent the value of lo-
cal corn.
The hope of nicer weather bodes
well, particularly in the eastern U.S., al-
though the western U.S. will still suffer
due to strong rail demand. There are still
going to be contracted DDGS tons that
will need to be fulflled in the second
quarter, but the demand and the market
pricing generally weakens as the weather
gets warmer. All eyes will be on planting
conditions. Another factor is what China
decides about whether to take U.S. corn.
Regional Ethanol Prices ($/gallon)
Front Month Futures (AC) $2.815
Region Spot Rack
West Coast 3.925 3.785
Midwest 3.150 3.050
East Coast 4.290 3.465
SOURCE: DTN
Regional Gasoline Prices ($/gallon)
Front Month Futures Price (RBOB) $2.895
Region Spot Rack
West Coast 2.886 3.119
Midwest 2.791 2.837
East Coast 2.656 2.947
SOURCE: DTN
DDGS Prices ($/ton)
Location May 2014 Apr 2014 May 2013
Minnesota 240 180 235
Chicago 260 225 270
Buffalo, N.Y. 260 220 258
Central Calif. 330 280 305
Central Fla. 292 262 296
SOURCE: CHS Inc.
Corn Futures Prices
(May Futures, $/bushel)
Date High Low Close
Mar 21, 2014 4.81 4.76 4.79
Feb 21, 2014 4.63 4.56 1/4 4.59
Feb 7, 2013 7.23 1/2 7.26 1/2 7.33
SOURCE: FCStone
Cash Sorghum ($/bushel)
Location Mar 28,
2014
Feb 7,
2014
Mar 28,
2013
Superior, Neb. 6.71 4.46 6.71
Beatrice, Neb. 6.65 4.14 6.65
Sublette, Kan. 6.76 4.30 6.76
Salina, Kan. 6.75 4.44 6.75
Triangle, Texas 6.77 4.37 6.77
Gulf, Texas 7.30 5.57 7.30
SOURCE: Sorghum Synergies
Natural Gas Prices ($/MMBtu)
Location Dec 31,
2013
Mar 25,
2014
Mar 26,
2013
NYMEX 4.42 4.41 3.98
NNGVentura 4.86 6.07 4.29
CACitygate 4.64 4.96 4.30
SOURCE: U.S. Energy Services Inc.
U.S. Ethanol Production (1,000 barrels)
Per Day Month End Stocks
JAN2014 914 28,344 17,086
DEC2013 949 29,405 16,419
JAN2013 804 24,935 16,419
SOURCE: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Logistics problems plus demand
result in tight supply
by Sean Broderick
Supply shortage fears spike ethanol prices
by Rick Kment
DISTILLED
Ethanol News & Trends
The California Air Resources Board held
public workshops on the states Low Carbon
Fuel Standard and the related issue of indirect
land use change (ILUC) in March. A re-adop-
tion concept paper released by CARB as part of
the event discusses potential amendments to the
LCFS it plans to introduce this year. Of interest
to the biofuels industry, the board is proposing
a two-tiered system for fuel pathways and pro-
ducer facility registration under which conven-
tionally produced frst-generation fuels would
fall into the frst tier, while next-generation fuels
and any fuels that are produced using an innova-
tive method would fall into a second tier.
CARB also indicated it believes that some
post-2015 curve smoothing of the LCFS stan-
dards will be needed, but there are currently no
plans to change the average carbon intensity tar-
get of 10 percent by 2020. As part of the work-
shops, CARB also released preliminary results
of updated ILUC modeling efforts that demon-
strate reduced carbon intensity values for corn
ethanol and other biofuels.
CARB to propose LCFS amendments, releases
preliminary ILUC revisions
The U.S. EPA has announced it is taking
action to improve the petition process for new
renewable fuel pathways under the renewable
fuel standard (RFS) program. The process is
expected to take approximately six months.
The improvements are expected to enable
more timely and effcient decision making. The
agency has outlined three specifc elements the
improvement process will include. First, a Lean
government exercise will be undertaken to im-
prove the quality, transparency and effciency
of the EPAs internal review process. Second,
the EPA will improve guidance for petitioners,
including step-by-step instructions and applica-
tion templates for different types of petitions.
Finally, the EPA will launch a more automated
review process for petitions using previously
approved feedstock and well-known produc-
tion technologies.
It is recommended that parties who are
considering fling new pathways delay until the
improvement process is complete. The EPA,
however, has indicated it will continue to re-
view high-priority pending petitions during the
interim.
EPA to improve RFS
pathway approval process
Preliminary ILUC results (g/MJ)
Corn ethanol
Sugarcane ethanol
Soy biodiesel
Canola biodiesel
Sorghum ethanol
30
46
62
n/a
n/a
23.2
26.5
30.2
41.6
17.5*
13.1-40
13.5-44.1
17.6-52.1
24.8-70.2
10.9-28.4*
2009 2014 Range Biofuel
*Only about 1,200 runs completed
SOURCE: CARB
Some chemical companies focus only on process.
Some focus solely on water treatment. Buckman takes
a comprehensive approach and looks at the bigger
picture return on investment and environment.
We look at every aspect of your plants operation,
tailoring chemistries to boost production and increase
protability from evaporator efciency to corn oil
recovery to water treatment issues. To nd out more
or to schedule a system audit, contact your Buckman
representative or email ethanol@buckman.com.
2014 Buckman Laboratories International, Inc. All rights reserved.
Some chemical companies focus on this or that .
Buckman takes a wider view.
RFA study cites impact of ethanol industry
The Renewable Fuels Association
has released a study conducted by ABF
Economics that examines the impact of
the ethanol industry on job creation, the
economy, household income, and foreign
oil displacement.
The study notes that approximately
210 ethanol plants in 28 states were in op-
eration at the close of last year. Together,
those facilities have an estimated com-
bined nameplate capacity of 14.9 billion
gallons. An additional 167 million gallons
of capacity were under construction as of
the end of 2013, with 82 million gallons
of that volume being cellulosic and ad-
vanced capacity.
Regarding coproducts, the report
estimates the U.S. ethanol industry pro-
duced 35.2 million tons of distillers grains
last year, along with 2.9 billion pounds of
corn oil. These products have an aggre-
gate market value of approximately $8.8
billion.
DISTILLED
Ethanol Impacts
Ethanol production
Construction
Agriculture
R&D
Total
Direct
Indirect
Induced
$11,212
$600
$29,340
$2,885
$44,037
$4,867
$20,367
$18,803
104,555
8,020
242,348
31,858
386,781
86,503
87,164
213,113
$7,010
$439
$21,174
$2,086
$30,709
$4,203
$15,795
$10,712
GDP
(in millions)
Jobs Income
(in millions)
SOURCE: ABF ECONOMICS
Aventine Renewable Energy is replacing
three aging coal boilers with natural gas-fred
boilers at its ethanol plants in Pekin, Ill. The
improvement is one component of an ongoing
two-year strategic plan to bring the plant back
up to and above original production levels.
The Pekin complex includes a wet mill eth-
anol plant and smaller Fagen Inc.-designed dry
mill ethanol plant and a food- and feed-grade
yeast plant. Together, the ethanol plants have a
combined capacity of 160 MMgy.
Mark Beemer, who became CEO of Aven-
tine in December 2012, said the previous man-
agement team put zero capital expenditure into
the facilities for seven or eight years. As a re-
sult, the three plants were doing poorly.
Following its September 2012 transition
from a publicly traded company to a private
company, Aventine completed fundraising for
repair and maintenance work at the Pekin com-
plex. A capital expenditure program of roughly
$30 million commenced in June 2013. As a re-
sult, the facility has already broken its records
for ethanol production.
Aventine replaces boilers
at Pekin ethanol plants
A Joint World Congress with the Japan Oil Chemists Society
May 47, 2014
Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center
San Antonio, Texas, USA
AnnualMeeting.aocs.org
Attend the best educational program in the industry. AOCS is known
for its extensive program, which features more than 600 presentations
within 12 interest areas.
Network with colleagues. Make new contacts and connect with old
during several networking receptions. The Opening Mixer, Newcomer
Speed Networking, and the Expo Sweet Retreat, are only a few.
Explore the expo featuring over 80 international companies,
highlighting the industrys most prestigious corporate, government,
and academic institutions as well as products and services.
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for its extensive program which features more than 600 presenta
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eg
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DISTILLED
In March, South Dakota Gov. Dennis
Daugaard announced the state was launching
a six-month E15 trial using state feet vehicles.
As part of the initiative, E15 is being made
available at four major state fueling sites in
Brookings, Pierre, Rapid City and Sioux Falls.
The state will fuel fex-fuel vehicles (FFVs)
and some of its newer non-FFVs with E15.
South Dakotas fueling sites currently provide
primarily E10 for its feet vehicles. FFVs, how-
ever, make up more than 58 percent of the
state feet.
After the trial, the state will evaluate how
the use of E15 affected the feet and determine
how to effciently utilize homegrown ethanol
in the future.
South Dakota is a large ethanol producer,
and our state has signifcantly beneftted from
the ethanol industry, Daugaard said. The
goal is to use more of our homegrown fuel by
using E15, the newest fuel in the marketplace.
SD kicks off E15 trial
Iowa RFA: State set E85 sales record
The Iowa Renewable Fuels Association
recently announced that the state set a new
E85 sales record last year. Iowa Department
of Revenue data shows that total E85 sales
reached 10.85 million gallons in 2013, a 20
percent increase over 2012 sales.
During the fourth quarter alone, more
than 2.78 million gallons of E85 was sold in
Iowa, setting a new record for the quarter.
Sales during the three-month period were
up more than 67 percent from the sale quar-
ter of 2012.
Record Iowa E85 sales prove the fed-
eral renewable fuel standard is working as
intended, and the EPA should not reverse
course on the policy as they have pro-
posed, said IRFA Policy Director Grant
Menke, noting that E85 is currently sold at
more than a $1 discount to gasoline at the
wholesale level.
Iowa Sales of E85 (in million gallons)
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
Q1
1.83
2.32
2.52
1.61
1.12
2.62
2.31
3.7
2.77
1.79
2.78
1.66
1.94
2.08
1.66
Q2 Q3 Q4
3.61
2.78
2.57
2.85
1.96
Startup licenses ethanol-to-hydrocarbon process
California-based startup company Vertimass
LLC has licensed a technology developed at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory that converts ethanol
into a hydrocarbon blend-stock. The technology,
developed by ORNLs Chaitanya Narula, Brian
Davison and Martin Keller, uses an inexpensive
zeolite catalyst to complete the reaction.
Vertimass Chairman William Shopoff said
that his company plans to move quickly to make
a bolt-on technology easily accessible to ethanol
producers. We hope to move from the laboratory
scale to a commercially available technology within
four to six years, he said.
Preliminary ORNL analysis in collaboration
with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
shows the process could be retroftted into existing
plants at various stages of ethanol purifcation. The
process produces minimal amounts of ethylene
byproduct and tests indicate the catalyst can be op-
erated at relatively low temperatures and pressures,
and can be regenerated under mild conditions.
The U.S. EPA has fnalized its Tier 3
Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Stan-
dards. The rule makes E10 the new federal
emissions test fuel and fnalizes specifca-
tions for E85 test fuel for fex-fuel vehicles
(FFVs). The EPA said the rules detailed
specifcations for the E85 emissions test
fuel will resolve uncertainty and confusion
in the certifcation of FFVs designed to op-
erate on ethanol blends.
Within the rule, the EPA also indicated
that it will allow vehicle manufacturers to
request approval for an alternative certifca-
tion fuel, such as E30, for vehicles that may
be optimized for such an ethanol blend.
The EPA indicated it intended to fnal-
ize in-use fuel quality standards for E51 to
E83 and possibly E16 to E50 as well, but
was unable to do so in time for inclusion
in the fnal rule. Those standards could be
fnalized in a follow-up rulemaking.
Ethanol blends
addressed in Tier 3 rule
DISTILLED
SCALING UP: William Shopoff, Vertimass chairman (in back), and ORNL inventors (left to right) Chaitanya
Narula, Brian Davison and Martin Keller display the technology they developed.
PHOTO: OAK RODGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY
MORE THAN CORN OIL: Company co-founder Tom Czartoski stands in Valicor's Dexter, Mich., facility.
PHOTO: BOB FORAN PHOTOGRAPHY
Corn Oil
Extraction
A new corn oil technology developed by a
fuid purifcation company offers multiple
coproducts, improved ethanol yield and
water balance, and other benefts.
By Holly Jessen
Beyond
TECHNOLOGY
Valicor Separation Technologies LLC has developed a
new modular system that doesnt just extract one coprod-
uct, it fractionates multiple coproducts, including more dis-
tillers corn oil as well as fber and high protein animal feed.
The company announced in late February that it had received a U.S. Patent
and Trademark Offce notice of allowance for its Valicor Stillage Fraction-
ation Technology, known as VFrac. Valicor already has Corn Oil Separa-
tion Systems, its frst-generation corn oil separations technology, installed
at 40 ethanol plants. As of March, the company was building its VFrac
modular system at its Dexter, Mich., facility in advance of instillation at
two dry mill ethanol plants. Following midyear startup, we should have
some good operating data on both the ICM plants as well as the Delta
Ts, says Chris Mahoney, director of Valicors advanced separations group.
TECHNOLOGY
The $4.5 million fractionation system
has a 12- to 18- month payback. In addition,
its complimentary to fne grind technology.
Ethanol plants with front-end fne grind
systems already installed wont have issues
with higher suspended solids, or fnes, and
can gain the benefts of VFrac with one
fewer module installed. It actually reduces
the cost of our system, Mahoney says.
The company got its start in 1997 as
Solution Recovery Services, separating and
purifying industrial fuids. Today, Valicor is
100 percent employee-owned and has con-
tinued working in the industrial space while
also diversifying into food and beverages, as
well as the pharmaceutical and nutraceuti-
cal industries. About eight years ago, the
company began working on biofuels tech-
nologies, starting with biodiesel and then
moving into ethanol, says Tom Czartoski,
president, CEO and co-founder of the
company.
Specifcally, it was the companys work
on separation technologies for algae that
led Valicor down the path of corn oil recov-
ery. We put a considerable effort into mi-
croalgae, and microalgae was an interesting
challenge by way of a single cell that con-
tains proteins, carbohydrates and oils. And
we focused on developing a technology to
accommodate those compounds, or sepa-
rate them into streams, he says. Those
developments led us back into the ethanol
space to apply that technique to separating
proteins and separating oil.
Big Benefts
In developing its second generation
corn oil technology, Valicor achieved sev-
eral goals. The frst was to develop a pro-
cess that works outside the midevaporator,
to avoid any confusion with existing corn
oil technologies. As a result, VFRAC sepa-
rates corn oil from stillage, not concentrat-
ed stillage. We wanted to move away from
the patent litigation and all the legal issues
that surrounded all that, says Douglas Co-
rey, industry manager, who started working
for the company when there were only eight
employees.
After speaking to ethanol produc-
ers, Valicor identifed key concerns for the
new technology. The frst was maximizing
coproduct revenue, not just through corn
oil recovery, but other coproducts as well.
Another goal was improving ethanol fer-
mentation. The energy effciency and op-
eration of the evaporator train were also
targets. Finally, the company aimed for pre-
paring for the next stage of cellulosic and
clean fber technologies, once they become
a reality. We call it a forward compatible
technology because where it is in the whole
stillage stream it really lets you get at those
cool things in the kernel of corn, says Phil
Schoof, senior vice president.
The technologys hydrothermal treat-
ment allows for separation of more corn
oil. In fact, VFrac can pull out 1.2 pounds
of corn oil per bushel of corn. And thats
without the use of any additional chemicals
to increase yield. This technology does
away with that operating expense need,
Schoof says.
A key feature of the technology is tun-
abilityor the option to separate more
or less corn oil, depending on market de-
mands. Most customers only want to take
out about 1 pound per bushel of corn oil,
leaving 7 percent fat content in the distill-
ers grains, Mahoney says. That allows plants
serving different feed markets, which prefer
different fat levels in distillers grains, to aim
for different corn oil content targets, adds
James Bleyer, Valicor program manager,
leader of the companys biofuels R&D divi-
sion and inventor of VFrac.
The technology is also tunable in the
amount of high protein meal, or VPro, it
separates. This additional coproduct is simi-
lar to corn gluten meal produced at a wet
mill. We want to pull out enough protein
to create this high-value protein product
GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY: Jennifer Aurandt conducts fermentation trials to evaluate residual starch and other
process enhancements.
TECHNOLOGY
without being deleterious to the existing DDG production, Bleyer says. In other
words, the existing DDGs have a certain specifcation that has to be met and, just
like we dont want to pull out too much of the oil, we dont want to pull out too
much of the protein, so that DDG wont meet that spec.
Separating out the high protein VPro reduces total distillers grains volume by
about 10 percent, says Jennifer Aurandt, technology development program man-
ager. The new coproduct contains about 50 percent protein, about 8 percent oil
and is lower in fber than distillers grains. Early feed trials done at the University
of Georgia show VPro has higher total metabolizable energy and increased lysine
availability. Were excited about this high protein meal and the fact that we can
PROTEIN GOLDMINE: Tom Sibson weighs out a sample of VPro, high protein coproduct, similar to corn
gluten meal, currently under development as an animal feed product.
Available Features Include:
Patent-Pending Membrane
Dehydration Module
Automated Remote Control
Feedstock Flexibility
24/7 Monitoring & Support
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or at other installations
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TECHNOLOGY
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tune it to what the industry likes, she says.
If they want less oil, like corn gluten meal,
if they want more oil, whatever the animal
nutritionist needs to formulate their diet.
The separations process also creates
stickwater, a low-solids liquid stream, frac-
tionated from the whole stillage, Bleyer
says. Recycling stickwater in the evaporator
train, for example, has advantages over us-
ing thin stillage, which makes evaporators
prone to fouling and less energy effcient.
Stickwater can also be recycled to the front
of the ethanol plant, where the reduced
solids mean the ethanol plant can process
more corn while maintaining the same tar-
get solids levels in the cook process, he said.
All in all, the VFrac technology allows for
better water balance.
In fact, sending cleaner recycled water
to the front of the plant actually results in
better fermentation, Mahoney says. While
the number can vary, depending on the
amount of residual starches a plant has,
testing has shown the technology can result
in a 1 to even 2 percent increase in ethanol
yield.
Finally, the technology is able to re-
move fber, which can be used as a cellu-
losic ethanol feedstock, among other things.
Theres other high-value opportunities for
that fber, other than cellulosic ethanol, cur-
How VPro stacks up to other feed ingredients
Crude Protein
(percentage)
Crude Fat
(percentage)
Crude Fiber
(percentage)

Total metabolizable
energy
(kcal/kg)
Lysine
(percentage)
27
10
7
2,829
0.79
60
2.5
2
3,695
1.02
50
10
5
3,500
1.73
DDGS
Corn Gluten
Meal
VPro
44
0.5
7
3,344
2.86
Soybean
Meal
TECHNOLOGY
1 C Sb/S ' C\
C Cb 1/C C/1CS.
Lo51 Rofl15 lNfflClNC Rl5K
Introducing VFRAC
, a ground-breaking stillage technology platform engineered to

optimize the performance of your post-fermentation processes. valicor's patented
modular treatment technology is the frst of
its kind to transform the entire stillage stream
into revenue-generating co-products.
1.844.vALlCoR | www.valiccr.ccm | vl1AL foR 1oHoRRow

Valicor_half-page.indd 1 3/10/14 3:16 PM
HOT COPRODUCT: Technician Olivia Hayden analyzes corn oil quality in Valicors analytical lab.
rently under development, Bleyer says. It could
be an important coproduct for an ethanol plant
in the future.
Valicor is continuing R&D in separating dif-
ferent components of the corn kernel and differ-
ent applications for the coproducts. On the corn
oil side, currently, the two big demand drivers
for the coproduct are the animal feed industry,
specifcally poultry, and biodiesel plants. If we
can make products that are better for either one
of those customers, thats a great value add, Au-
randt says.
Corey considers VFrac part of the next evo-
lution of the ethanol industry. I think you are
going to see that the dry mill ethanol market, the
longer it exists, the more it matures, will move the
coproduct stream much closer to what you fnd
in a wet mill ethanol market, he says. Its only
the natural progression.
Author: Holly Jessen
Managing Editor, Ethanol Producer Magazine
701-738-4946
hjessen@bbiinternational.com
UTILIZATION
BIODIESEL INPUT: Marquis Energy LLC markets some of the corn oil it produces to one of Renewable Energy Groups
biodiesel plants.
PHOTO: MARQUIS ENERGY LLC
Distillers corn oil, produced at the majority of
ethanol plants today, is in high demand.
By Chris Hanson
Ready Markets
Soak Up
Corn Oil
UTILIZATION
As production of corn oil has increased at ethanol
plants, utilization by biodiesel plants, the animal feed
industry and the export market have kept pace. Looking
specifcally at biodiesel, between 2011 and 2013, use of corn oil as a bio-
diesel feedstock grew by a whopping 245 percent, according to U.S. Energy
Information Administration numbers.
Theres signifcant demand today for corn oil, and thats refected in the
pricing, says Joseph Riley, general manager of FEC Solutions, which began
buying corn oil in 2005 or 2006. Theres a premium for corn oil today, and
I think thats going to continue to be a driver in the market. I think, relatively
speaking, its a short-term opportunity for the feed market, and biodiesel will
continue to price it out of the feed market.
Prior to 2000, the corn oil market was relatively small. It grew rapidly
in 2008, however. That was the year that Renewable Products Marketing
Group and other companies began marketing ethanol coproducts. Currently,
RPMG markets corn oil for 12 plants that produce more than 170 million
pounds of corn oil annually.
OTHER FUELS: Corn oil can also be used as a feedstock for renewable diesel, providing another outlet for the ethanol coproduct.
PHOTO: MARQUIS ENERGY LLC
Main Markets
Corn oils role as a popular feedstock
choice in the biodiesel arena is quite appar-
ent and growing, which made 2013 a great
year for corn oil-derived biodiesel. More
than 1.04 billion pounds of corn oil were
utilized for biodiesel production by the end
of 2013, an EIA biodiesel production re-
port showed, making it the second most
popular feedstock choice. During the sec-
ond half of 2013, corn oil fnally broke the
100 million pound mark not once, but on
three separate occasions.
Corn oil producers have options to sell
within local markets, as well as destination
markets, says Riley. Locally, the oil can be
transported via truck to nearby biodiesel
plants or feed producers. In the case of
Marquis Energy, the company is located
relatively close to one of Renewable Energy
Groups biodiesel plants, says Tom Marquis,
director of marketing at Marquis Energy
LLC, which installed corn oil separation
UTILIZATION
UTILIZATION
MOLD CONTROL: Corn oil has potential to help address powdery mildew disease in organic farming
applications.
PHOTO: JH BIOTECH
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units in 2008. REG is one of the lead-
ing North American biodiesel producers
with a 257 MMgy capacity and has been
using the feedstock since 2007. Our
freight to their facility is pretty reason-
able, so that has been the best market for
our plant, Marquis added.
In order to send the oil to other
markets within the United States or to
export it to foreign markets, producers
not located on a rail line would need to
utilize a transloading station to transfer
the oil from a truck to a railcar. Once the
oil is in the railcar, it can be transported
greater distances to biodiesel plants and
exporting facilities in other states, such
as Louisiana and California, he adds.
The Californian biodiesel market is
favoring corn oil from a carbon-related
standpoint.
These renewable diesel plants in
Louisiana are big plants and some of
their feedstock is corn oil, Marquis
explains. The Diamond Green Diesel
facility, a joint venture between Valero
Energy Corporation and Darling Inter-
national Inc., uses corn oil with other
feedstocks to produce 137 MMgy of re-
newable diesel, he added. So those are
big, multifeedstock plants, but even if a
portion of it is corn oil, thats still a lot
of demand for corn oil.
Some foreign markets are also be-
ginning to use the extracted corn oil for
biofuel production. For instance, Neste
Oil, uses the corn oil to help produce
its NExBTL renewable diesel fuel. The
company added corn oil as one of its
biofuel feedstocks in July and produced
more than 1.2 million metric tons of
renewable fuel using distillers corn oil,
along with other waste and residual ma-
terials.
Although biodiesel production
seems to be the hottest market for corn
oil, its use as a feed additive cannot be
easily dismissed. Right now, our biggest
customer is the biodiesel market. They
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are a very large user of distillers corn oil,
says Matt Niemeyer, corn oil merchandis-
ing manager at Renewable Products Mar-
keting Group LLC. Feed is a close sec-
ond.
Poultry feed applications seem to be
the most popular sector of the feed mar-
ket, but other groups are beginning to
emerge, such as swine feedlots looking for
another fat source Niemeyer says. Perdue
Farms Inc. has been a pretty big buyer of
corn oil into poultry feed, I believe, Mar-
quis recalls, Weve shipped some railcars
to another poultry operation.
The good thing about it is that it is
a vegetable-based source of energy ver-
sus an animal fat or animal-based prod-
uct, Niemeyer says. Spreading that data
through word-of-mouth and research to
potential consumers is one way corn oils
popularity has been growing, he adds.
With corn oil meeting the growing
needs of the biodiesel and feed industry,
producers may need to examine ways to
improve the handling and transportation
of the material, especially during colder
winter months. There may be some im-
provements in how the industry handles
corn oil to maintain its quality in order to
become a better export possibility, Mar-
quis says. Thered be more potential for
export if there were ways to maintain
quality.
Novel Uses
Although the potential for corn oil
exists in other markets, it is not yet widely
being taken advantage of. Some are think-
ing of the edible corn oil market, how-
ever, advancing into that market would
require greater regulation, processing and,
of course, capital spending. Theres a lot
of cleanup, refning and deodorizing that
would need to occur, Riley explains. It
would have to be an identical product to a
shelf-stable Mazola oil, so there would be
signifcant processing and loss to be able
to achieve that standard. The FDA and
USDA would also have to give their ap-
proval.
While breaking into the food-grade
market seems quite intimidating, there may
be additional opportunities in other indus-
trial chemical markets. One possibility is
pesticide and fungicide applications for
organic farming and greenhouse applica-
tions. California-based, JH Biotech manu-
factures and researches biotechnologies
for safer farming applications. It produces
the GC-3 organic fungicide and GC-Mite
organic insecticide using corn oil.
Unlike petroleum-based pesticides
and fungicides, the corn oil pesticides
provide the user a much safer application.
With the petroleum pesticides, the user
usually needs to be properly trained and li-
censed by the state and wear multiple items
of protective clothing, says Donald Les-
ter, product manager at JH Biotech. As
a manufacturer, you have to go through
'These corn oil-based
products will be used on
pretty much any organic
crop. Everything from all
the high-end berry crops
to vegetables.'
UTILIZATION
UTILIZATION
a lot more testing and approval processes
from the EPA to get them on the market.
Regarding extra processing, corn oil
does not have to be a certain grade before
being used in pesticide or fungicide produc-
tion, Lester says. All pesticides have to be
approved by the EPA and they have a list of
what they call generally recognized as safe
ingredients that you can put into pesticides.
If you use everything on that list, it makes
it really easy for a manufacturer to get the
product registered, and corn oil is on the
list.
Corn oil, which can be combined with
other ingredients, will kill soft-bodied in-
sects by plugging up breathing tubes on
their body, Lester says. The oil can also
combat powdery mildew disease that can
affect numerous types of crops, such as
squash, cucumbers and melons. It puts
an oily coating on the leaf, then the fungus
doesnt get the chemical signals it needs to
fnd its way into the plant, Lester explains.
Its pretty simple, but its pretty effec-
tive.
Some of the biggest customers in
this arena are commercial-scale, organic
farmers and people who tend small,
organic gardens. Medicinal marijuana
farmers also prefer using the pesticide
due to its safety, Lester says. They
grow indoors so the humidity is very
bad; they dont ventilate a lot so you got
the powdery mildew fungus growing in
there, and they usually get insect prob-
lems, usually with aphids. They dont
want to spray indoors with a bunch of toxic
stuff, so they always use the organics.
Currently, California is the biggest,
organic producing and consuming state,
Lester says. These corn oil-based products
will be used on pretty much any organic
crop. Everything from all the high-end ber-
ry crops to vegetables.
Author: Chris Hanson
Staff Writer, Ethanol Producer Magazine
701-738-4970
chanson@bbiinternational.com
BIG IN BIODIESEL: A sample of corn oil sits next to
Renewable Energy Group Inc. biodiesel produced from the
ethanol coproduct.
PHOTO: BOB MODERSOHN
EVENT
MILWAUKEES BEST: Working together, Fagen Inc. CEO Ron Fagen and Wayne Newton of Australias NPH Farming
Syndicate cut the expo ribbon at the 2006 FEW in Milwaukee, Wis.
TRUE SPIRITS: David Kelsall (1945-2008) of Lallemand
Biofuels & Distilled Spirits (above left) was awarded
the FEWs High Octane Award in 2007. The award
presenter, BBI International co-founder Kathy Bryan
(1945-2009), received the same award in 2009.
AT THE MICROPHONE: Raphael Katzen, the late founder of Katzen
Engineering, was famous for his challenging speaker enquiries at the
FEW. Here, he is pictured at the 2008 FEW in Nashville, Tenn.
SURVEY SAYS: At the 2003 FEW in Sioux Falls, S.D., industry technology providers faced off against producers in a
memorable mock game show dubbed The Family Fuel. On the technology team was (left to right) consultant Greg
Heuer, Gunter Brodl of Vogelbusch, Dave Vander Griend of ICM, and Bib Swain of the former Delta-T Corp.
GLOBAL GATHERING: Today, the FEW draws
attendees from 30 countries. Here, Dehua Liu of Bejing,
Chinas Tshinghua University, shares his perspectives on
ethanol at the 2005 FEW in Kansas City, Mo.
GOOD ADVICE: In a rare appearance, Martin Andreas of Archer Daniels Midland Co. takes
the stage at the 2005 FEW in Kansas City, Mo., to praise the biofuels industry for its success.
Listening intently are RFA President and CEO Bob Dinneen (right) and Joe Jobe, CEO of the
National Biodiesel Board.
Three Decades Strong
The International Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo will celebrate its 30th anniversary in June in
Indianapolis, Ind. With plant personnel making up more than a fourth of its 2,000 attendees, the
worlds longest-running ethanol event is still Where Producers Meet.
By Tom Bryan
Throughout its frst decade, the International
Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expos well-known
acronymFEWwas truly apropos. To say it was a
small conference back then would have been an understatement. The
FEW began in the summer of 1985 as a 40-person gathering in St.
Louis. Those who were there remember the workshop being more
of a technical retreat for a fedgling industry than a global ethanol
production forum. There were no exhibitors. There was no elaborately
decorated general session stage. There werent even breakout sessions.
It was a one-room meeting for a devoted group of industry colleagues
who believed in ethanol and wanted to see the industry grow.
The technical fellowship that grew out of the early workshops
and conferences such as FEW is one of the strengths that still catalyzes
the effciency that this industry strives for today, says Bob Sutthoff,
technical sales director at Enzyme Development Corp. and the person
who spearheaded the FEW in its early years.
Growth would not come quickly, for the ethanol industry or
the FEW. In the decade that followed that inaugural FEW huddle,
the conference remained small, growing in step with the unhurried
expansion of the U.S. ethanol industry. The events momentum picked
up in the 90s as 200 people attended in 1993, about 400 in 1997, and
nearly 700 in 1999. Year by year the numbers picked up as modern dry
mill corn ethanol plants were being constructed across the Corn Belt. In
2002, the FEW reached a tipping point, becoming a 1,000-person event
with deep international reach.
In the half-decade that followed, the ethanol industry grew at a
whirlwind pace, and so did the conference. Nearly 3,500 people attended
the FEW in Milwaukee in 2006 as the ethanol plant construction boom
hit stride. The conference reached its attendance high mark in 2007
when 5,000 people returned to St. Louis, followed by 4,000 attendees in
Nashville in 2008. By the spring of 2009, however, the industrys rapid
pace of growth had fallen off dramatically. The brunt of the banking
collapse and the onset of the Great Recession hit the ethanol industry
hard, but the industry didnt abandon its favorite summer gathering.
More than 2,100 industry professionals showed up in Denver for the
2009 FEW, establishing a new normal attendance. Despite the industrys
challenging times, the resolute commitment of its leading producers,
service providers and technology companies ensured the shows
ongoing success.
Constancy has defned the FEW since 2009, as it has attracted
over 2,000 attendees and 350 exhibitors fve years running. More
importantly, the FEW draws more than 500 ethanol plant personnel
each yearprincipally managementliving up to its billing as the place
Where Producers Meet. Today, the FEW remains the largest, longest-
running ethanol event in the world, representing an ethanol industry
that, in the U.S. alone, is a $44 billion industry capable of producing 14
billion gallons of ethanol annually.
A
NN
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S
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THE SHOWMAN: Mike Bryan, BBI International chairman and co-founder, gives
his annual opening statement at the 2006 FEW in Milwaukee, Wis. Now living in
Australia, Bryan will once again return to the FEW in Indianapolis, Ind., this June.
ONLINE
This year's FEW will be held in Indianapolis, Ind., June 9-12. Early bird registration
ends April 28. Visit www.ethanolworkshop.com for details.
EVENT
A SHARED STAGE: Last year, the heads of all three U.S. ethanol industry associations, RFA, Growth Energy and the American Coalition for Ethanol, sat down together for an
Association Roundtable. Joining BBI Internationals Tom Bryan, were (left to right), Growth Energys Tom Buis, ACEs Brian Jennings and the RFAs Bob Dinneen.
THE BIG PICTURE: Over the years, many FEW general
sessions have featured leading researchers, economists
and academics who help attendees understand industry
issues more broadly. Iowa State University professor
Charles Hurburgh joined a forward-leaning discussion on
corn at the 2010 FEW in St. Louis.
ETHANOLS ORATOR: Renewable Fuels Association President and CEO Bob Dinneen has keynoted the FEW more
than anyone else. His summer legislative updates always draw a crowd. Here, Dinneen speaks to the industry at
the 2011 FEW in Indianapolis.
PUMPED UP: As midlevel ethanol blends started to emerge in 2008, Mick Henderson of Commonwealth
Agri-Energy (left) took the stage with the RFAs Robert White (then with EPIC), along with Ralph Groschen
(now retired) of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture and Ron Graves of Oakridge National
Laboratory.
SERIOUSLY, GUYS: BBI Internationals Mike Bryan gets a laugh out
of four ethanol producers during the 2003 FEWs general session
game show (see additional photo on page 40). On the Producer
Team were (left to right) Russ Abarr of New Energy Corp., Danny
Allison of Abengoa Bioenergy Corp., Ray Defenbaugh of Big River
Resources and Gregg Hayes of Cargill.
The Stages of FEW
As FEW attendance has grown, particularly from 2002 to present
day, the scale and scope of its general sessions also expanded. Each
year, BBIs program team reserves one or two big topic issues for the general session.
It has become a tradition to include keynote speeches from high-profle industry leaders
like RFA President and CEO Bob Dinneen and Growth Energy CEO Tom Buis, who
will keynote this years FEW in Indianapolis on June 10. Its also become customary
to feature ethanol plant general managers and other industry thought leaders on the
shows big stage each June. Heres a look at some memorable general session moments
from the past decade.
A
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S
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FAST TRACK DISCUSSION: The 2011 FEW general session had a memorable NASCAR theme. Here, Growth
Energys Tom Buis interviews NASCAR Brian France. The keynote conversation was followed by a panel that
included other NASCAR executives as well as representatives of Poet, Novozymes and the National Corn
Growers Association.
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EVENT
HIGH PERFORMANCE: ICMs Dan Schwartzkopf (right) took home the 2013 High Octane Award. Schwartzkopf
began promoting ethanol as a racing fuel in the early 90s and eventually worked on ethanol implementation with
the Indy Racing League and the National Hot Rod Association.
THE DEVELOPER: Ethanol industry veteran David
Kolsrud of DAK Renewable Energy received the FEWs
High Octane Award in 2008 for spearheading the
development of several ethanol plants over the course
of his career.
ITS ABOUT HELPING: ICM Inc. CEO Dave Vander
Griend, who built his industry-leading ethanol plant
design, construction and support company around
the principle of helping plants run effciently and
correctly, won the FEWs Distinguished Service award
in 2003.
LOOKING NORTH: In 2005, BBI Internationals Mike
Bryan presented Patrick Foody Sr., the founder of
Canadas Iogen Corp., with the Distinguished Service
award. Foody spent most of his career developing
processes that would make cellulosic materials highly
digestible to enzymes for the production of biofuels.
VISIONARY THINKING: In 2010. Poet Chairman (then CEO) Jeff Broin received the FEWs High Octane
Award. Broin has now worked in the industry for 28 years and has grown Poet into one of the largest ethanol
production companies in the world.
Recognizing Our Best
Seeing an opportunity for the ethanol industry to recognize
individuals who attain considerable technical success or otherwise
dedicate their career to the advancement of the ethanol industry,
BBI International began its FEW awards tradition in 2000, presenting the frst Award of
Excellence to Raphael Katzen, the late founder of Katzen International. The following year,
Dick Gadomski of Process Systems Inc. received the frst Distinguished Service Award (now
called the High Octane Award), and the FEW awards tradition was born.
In the past 13 years, the FEW has awarded 21 industry professionals with either the
Award of Excellence or the High Octane Award, the former recognizing individuals who have
made signifcant contributions to the ethanol industry through their research or technology,
and the latter recognizing a person whose passion and unstoppable pursuits have signifcantly
benefted the ethanol industry.
From 2000 to 2006, the awards were presented on an alternating basis. Starting in 2007,
both awards are now presented annually. Last years recipients were Kevin Hicks of the
USDAs Agricultural Research Service (Award of Excellence) and Dan Schwartzkopf of ICM
Inc. (High Octane Award).
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STILL ANSWERING: After spending more than 30 years working in ethanol, industry consultant Larry Johnson
was awarded the High Octane Award in 2012. Johnson developed a name for himself as the Ethanol Answer
Man in the 80s while administering an educational and marketing program in Minnesota to advance E10.
ONLINE
The deadline for this year's awards nomination process is May 9. Visit www.fuelethanolworkshop.com and click on
Awards for more information.
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EVENT
GOING BIG: By 2008, FEW participants began to see increasingly large and often interactive expo
displays as industry service and technology providers ramped up their trade show presence. Poet
was one of several companies with an eye-catching exhibit in Nashville.
BUILD-OUT BUSTLE: The FEW expo foor was abuzz with activity in 2005
with nearly 2,700 industry professionals coming to Kansas City, Mo., as
ethanol plant construction activity was quickly mounting.
GLOBAL STRENGTH: Fagen Inc. has sponsored many of the FEWs expo grand openings over
the years. Here, CEO Ron Fagen and Bamidele Ololade of Nigeria cut the expo ribbon in St. Louis,
signaling the opening of the 2007 event.
TRAIT SHOW: Enogen, a Syngenta company, sponsored the FEWs expo grand opening in 2012.
Here, Enogens David Witherspoon cuts the expo ribbon as BBI Internationals Tom Bryan (left) and
Joe Bryan (right) assist.
WATER TOWER: U.S. Water brought its FEW expo display to a new
elevation last year, deploying a lofty, interactive kiosk below a revolving
circular sign. In addition to exhibiting, U.S. Water also sponsored and
presented at the 2013 FEW.
GROWTH OPPORTUNITY: In 2010, leaders of Growth Energy cut the
ribbon at the FEW grand opening in St. Louis. Participating (left to right)
was Growth Energy CEO Tom Buis, Greg Krissek of ICM, Steve McNinch
of Western Plains Energy, Jeff Broin of Poet (holding scissors), Dave
Vander Greind of ICM, and Bernie Punt of Noble Mansfeld (formerly of
Siouxland Energy and Livestock Cooperative).
The Expo Experience
The FEW expo is the largest ethanol industry trade show
experience in the world, with more than 2,000 people participating
each year. Notably, more than 500 upper-level ethanol plant personnelone fourth of
the total attendancego to the FEW seeking new opportunities and tailored solutions to the
unique challenges they face. The event has been named one of Tradeshow Weeks Fastest
50 expos, and today features more than 350 exhibitors, including suppliers and technology
providers, equipment manufacturers and other service providers such as ethanol and
coproduct marketers, risk management companies and providers of ethanol plant fnancial
services. Heres a look at some notable FEW expo views and moments.
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POP OF COLOR: DuPont made a bold statement at the 2012 FEW with a large, vibrantly colored expo display.
More than 350 exhibitors were on hand for the show in Minneapolis, Minn.
EVENT
BUILDING BASICS: Over the past decade, the FEW
has hosted many preworkshop seminars, some
attracting hundreds of participants. Here, a speaker
felds questions about how lenders structure
ethanol plant debt. More than 300 people attended
this 2007 seminar.
ASTUTE AUDIENCE: FEW presenters speak to audiences that are well-trained and highly
knowledgeable. Speakers understand that producers turn to the FEW for operational and
management guidance that helps them operate their facilities more effciently and proftably.
SCALING UP: The FEWs breakout sessions often take on ambitious, even provocative topics. Philip Madson, president of Katzen International, is a perennially stimulating FEW
speaker. Here, Madson shares his views on incorporating cellulosic ethanol into existing starch-based ethanol plants with generation 1.5 technologies.
BACK AND FORTH: The breakout sessions at the FEW are particularly well known for allowing audience interaction.
Time is allotted at the conclusion of each panel for a question-and-answer period. Here, longtime FEW attendee Jim
Hettenhaus engages an FEW speaker from a foor microphone.
POPULAR PANELS: Today, the FEW breakout sessions are divided
into four tracks. The most popular panels, individually, attract 300-plus
attendees, eclipsing the entire attendance of early FEWs.
Technical Talks
The FEW is perhaps best known for its informative technical
breakout sessions. The format of the events concurrent sessions has changed over
the years, but the aim of its contentand the criteria of its presentationshas remained
constant. Still Linking Industry with Innovation, the FEWs breakout sessions include four
tracks, 24 panels and over 100 speakers and moderators. Tracks include: Production and
Operations; Leadership and Financial Management; Coproducts and Product Diversifcation;
and Cellulosic and Advanced Ethanol.
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REAL RESEARCH: Nearly a fourth of all FEW speakers hold doctorates today, which isnt surprising given the
highly technical nature of modern ethanol production. Here, Dr. Yanhong Zhang of the National-Corn-to-
Ethanol Research Center speaks to 2011 FEW attendees about distillers grains mycotoxins.
ONLINE
The 2014 FEW technical sessions are now online. Visit www.fuelethanolworkshop.com and click on Agenda to
view the program.
EVENT
ON TRACK: The Brickyard Bash at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum was a popular
attraction for 2011 FEW attendees. Located on the grounds of the famed Indianapolis 500, participants got a taste
of the raceways high-octane history.
A FEW POINTERS: Ethanol plant tours, when available, are
an important part of the full FEW experience. Going back
to the mid-90s, FEW attendees have been offered tours
of dozens of U.S. ethanol facilities. Here, East Kansas Agri-
Energy hosts an FEW tour in 2005.
TOUGH COMPETITORS: At the 2003 FEW, ICMs Dave Vander Griend and Poets Jeff Broin went head-
to-head in a decidedly leisurely mini-motorcycle race at the J&L Harley Davidson dealership in Sioux
Falls, S.D. About 1,200 people attended that years FEW.
BUCKIN BIOFUELS: Those who were at the special event at the
2005 FEW will remember a lot of denim and cowboy hats at the
Benjamin Ranch in Kansas City, Mo., where a few daring FEW
attendees tried their hand at riding a mechanical bull.
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Going Places
Outside of the expo hall and panel sessions, FEW attendees enjoy
the shows rich tradition of visiting nearby ethanol plantsbefore or after the main
conferenceand then winding down at the conferences relaxed closing night event.
For many, attending FEW special events is an important part of the overall conference
experience. Its also a great way to network, build a deeper understanding of the ethanol
industry, and make the most of the week at the FEW. Here are some unforgettable
extracurricular FEW moments of the past decade.
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HEY, BUD: Seeing the famous Budweiser Clydesdales may have been the highlight of the 2013 FEW special
event at Anheuser-Buschs historic St. Louis brewery, but connoisseurs of process were probably more
impressed with the facilitys giant brew kettles and beechwood aging cellars.
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FINE TUNING: As producers have turned to chemical additives to improve mechanical corn separation yields, suppliers
have learned there are multiple factors to consider when optimizing systems.
PHOTO: ASHLAND
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
With corn oil extraction widely implemented,
the ethanol industry turns to improving yields
and effciency.
By Susanne Retka Schill
Optimizing
for More Oil
Spinning corn oil from syrup has become the norm in
the ethanol industry. Not long after the frst mechanical extraction
technologies were introduced just fve to seven years ago, ethanol produc-
ers were asking chemical suppliers if there was something that would boost
extraction ratesif nothing else, to get the yields up to meet the necessary
return on investment. The results were impressive, with some producers
tripling their corn oil yields from pure mechanical means with the use of
chemical additives. As a result, robust competition among the providers of
additives has emerged in the ethanol industry and in the short time since
the frst additives were introduced, much has been learned.
When you think about where ethanol
plants are today and where they were 20 years
ago, they continue to fnd new technologies
to achieve better ethanol yield, says Jason
Vant Hul, senior industry technical consul-
tant with Nalco. He points to the advance-
ments made in enzymes that boosted ethanol
yields as one example. Were kind of in the
1980s days of corn oil extraction, he says.
Nalco provides chemistry and services to
help producers optimize their systems.
There is a high percentage of plants
pairing mechanical oil separation technolo-
gies with chemical extraction aids, says Mc-
Cord Pankonen, applications and product
development manager at Ashland Inc. The
company has developed oil extraction aids
for the ethanol industry since 2008, he says.
A producer came to us and said, We arent
getting the oil were supposed to, do you
have a chemistry that can help? The com-
pany now has fve products available to meet
varying situations, plus kosher options for
feed bound for kosher-certifed animals.
Plants were getting 0.3, 0.4 or even 0.5
pounds of oil per bushel of corn processed
with pure mechanical means, says Todd
Emslander, director of sales in the etha-
nol process technology group at U.S. Water
Services. They were doing pretty well, but
looking to increase those yields. He points
out that a 100 MMgy ethanol plant process-
ing 125,000 bushels per day would realize
more than $1 million per year if it could in-
crease corn oil yields by just 0.1 pound per
bushel of corn. That gave rise to a lot of
companies getting into the market to pro-
vide surfactant-based chemistries to enhance
those yields.
Site-Specifc Complexity
The different service providers have
learned, through experience, that it isnt as
simple as just throwing a surfactant into
the syrup stream. The best place to add the
chemistry differs widely, and is virtually plant
specifc, plus getting consistent results has
been a challenge for all.
Each plant can differ in many ways, de-
pending on design, engineering and opera-
tions, Pankonen explains. Theres different
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SPINNING ENHANCEMENTS: Centrifuges spinning oil out of syrup streams have swept across the ethanol
industry. The mechanical separation process is being enhanced through chemistry and, most recently,
enzymatic approaches.
PHOTO: ASHLAND
ADDITIVES
operational philosophies. For instance, it is
important to profle evaporator operations
to determine where to best draw from to
extract oil, which has an astounding effect
on the effcacy of a corn oil chemistry.
There are dozens of variables that
impact oil recovery, agrees Emslander.
There are a few factors that affect recov-
ery more than others. But when you have
each plant running different recipes and in
different geographical areasplants run-
ning different separation technologies and
different plants having different designs,
it gets convoluted really fast. You have to
identify those factors for each plant. In
addition, what works in one plant doesnt
necessarily work in another, he says.
Weve seen plants where high process
pH has worked signifcantly better than
low pH and vice versa. Its really dynam-
ic. There are some generalities, but every
plant is different.
Every crop is different as well. Experi-
ence is showing that recoverable oil differs
from year to year, and even within a crop
year. We didnt see it in 2012, but in 2011
and 2013, we saw early in the season that
it was a little bit of a struggle to capture
the corn oil. But as the crop was allowed
to age, things got better, Vant Hul says.
The differences in corn from year
to year are outside an ethanol producers
control. For those factors that can be con-
trolled, however, the service providers are
fnding the interrelationships among pa-
rameters are complex and all report the
learning curve has been steep. Grind size
can have an impact as well as the enzyme
package used on the front end. The solids
loading in the front end has a big impact,
as do pH and temperature. Finding the
best location to introduce the chemistry for
adequate mixing and consistent results is
important, and differs from plant to plant.
The length of piping between pumps and
tanks can have an effect, for example. All
of those nuances impacting the effcacy of
the chemistry are in addition to probably
the biggest onethe design of the centri-
fuge technology itself.
CLEANER OIL: In addition to improving yields, additives improve quality by reducing the solids
remaining in the oil, seen at the bottom of the vial.
PHOTO: NALCO
BEFORE AFTER
ADDITIVES
As a result, dosages of additives can
vary widely, says Vant Hul, explaining that
which evaporator the syrup stream is taken
from to run through the oil extraction pro-
cess has a big impact. A service company
can help you understand that. Sometimes
its counterintuitive, he says. One thing
Ive learned is you dont go in with pre-
conceived notions. We tell our customers,
were going to try it in different locations.
The return on additive investment can
vary widely as well, he says. If they had a
very ineffcient system before we started,
we can really impact operations and get
$10 more oil for $1 additive. In really ef-
fcient systems where you just need a little
extra help to get that extra oil, you may
have to spend $1 to get $2 back. But at the
end of the day, there is a return.
Besides improving extraction rate,
chemical aids have other benefts. Less
mechanical energy is needed to separate
the oil, Pankonen says, plus the oil is
much cleaner. The solids level depends
upon the marketer and the fnal use, he
says, explaining typical specifcations can
range from 5 to 15 percent allowable sol-
ids. Most corn oil is destined for either the
animal feed or biodiesel markets.
Another big factor that impacts oil
extraction aids is the overall plant design.
Greg Smith, sales director of industrial
chemicals for Croda Inc., explains that
Crodas demulsifer/emulsifer works best
in plants that have a stillage syrups storage
tank before centrifugation, although it also
performs well in continuous feed systems.
As a commodity chemical company, Croda
has a slightly different role in the oil recov-
ery enhancement feld, he adds, being less
involved in providing services. Ethanol
plants are welcome to purchase our prod-
uct and manage their own hook ups and
feed rates. We also supply surfactant to ser-
vice providers who use it in their chemistry
blends.
Smith explains Crodas research indi-
cates time, temperature and pH are the pri-
mary parameters to consider in fne-tuning
oil extraction. The chemistry works best at
180 to 200 degrees Fahrenheit, and tem-
perature can be a tool to adjust extraction
rates. You fnd the right feed rate, then as
much residence time as you want, then you
get it hotter. The last thing you do is drop
the pH below 4, he adds. Some [syrup]
is coming off at 4.8 or 5, so if you can
trickle in sulfuric acid and its cost effec-
tive, people do it.
The amount of oil ultimately extract-
ed depends on getting the multiple factors
in a particular plant right. As the industry
learns more about how to get consistent
results and tweaks the chemistry blends to
meet varying situations, ethanol produc-
ers are increasing extraction rates, achiev-
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since day one.
ing around 1 pound per bushel of corn in
some systems. Producers are also getting
better at fne-tuning extraction to leave just
the amount of oil needed for the end dis-
tillers grains market, and no more.
Enzymatic Approach
This past year, several ethanol plants
have been examining a newly introduced
enzymatic approach developed by No-
vozymes to enhance corn oil yields even
further. The company introduced a new
enzyme trademarked Olexa at the Inter-
national Fuel Ethanol Workshop last year,
says Jack Rogers, biofuel global marketing
manager for Novozymes. Were seeing
great resultsan average of 15 percent
increased corn oil and 2 percent increased
ethanol yield. Theres an energy reduction
of around 3 percent, depending on the
plant, and were seeing a signifcant urea
reduction.
The enzyme works by breaking down
the protein outer layer of oleosomes,
which bind oil within the corn kernel.
Were releasing a pool of oil that chemi-
cals arent able to access, Rogers says. It
is a novel way to improve oil extraction.
The enzyme is added directly into fermen-
tation and no process or equipment chang-
es are needed. In addition, a boost in etha-
nol production comes from another action
of the enzyme in releasing amino nitrogen
from the corn that is favored by yeast over
other nitrogen sources such as urea. That
has resulted in urea reductions as much as
70 percent, Rogers says.
Theres a lot of competition among
the suppliers of corn oil extractions aids,
admit those contacted for this story. That,
in turn, has increased the number of trials
conducted at plants as products are com-
pared and new ideas for improvements
examined. Getting a proper baseline for
comparisons is important, as is collecting
the right metrics and controlling all the
variables but the one being tested. As a
result, the ethanol industry as a whole is
improving its sophistication in trialing new
technologies.
Youre seeing a lot of innovation,
mechanically, chemically and enzymatical-
ly, and youre going to continue to see that.
Its good for the industry, and I dont see
it slowing down any time soon, Pankonen
says. What well continue to see is a lot
of plants generating new ideas and asking
vendors to look at ways they can imple-
ment them.
Author: Susanne Retka Schill
Senior Editor, Ethanol Producer Magazine
sretkaschill@bbiinternational.com
701-738-4922
ADDITIVES
SUPER PROCESS: Jatrodiesels Super process, which utilizes supercritical temperatures and pressures, employs ancillary equipment like the dryers shown here.
The 120 MMgy Patriot Renewable Fuels ethanol plant in Annawan, Ill., is installing a 5 MMgy Jatrodiesel Super biodiesel production facility onsite.
PHOTO: JATRODIESEL INC.
CO-LOCATION
CO-LOCATION
The concept of co-locating biodiesel production
at ethanol plants is fnally taking shape.
By Ron Kotrba
Biodiesel:
Coming Soon to
an Ethanol Plant
Near You
The synergies between co-located ethanol and biodiesel
production have been discussed for a decade. Existing infrastruc-
ture to share process essentials, in-house feedstock with distillers corn oil
(DCO), and use of ethanol rather than methanol for biodiesel reactions are
the more obvious benefts. Biodiesel technology providers want contracts in
this highly sought-after market. For ethanol producers, the attraction is added
value through biodiesel sales and D4 RIN generation. But its also about di-
versifcation and fulflling the renewable fuel standards (RFS) vision.
Over the past several years, biodiesel margins have been really strong,
says Ray Baker, general manager for Adkins Energy LLC, a 50 MMgy ethanol
refnery in Lena, Ill. Adkins Energy announced last fall that it has contracted
with WB Services LLC to install a 2 MMgy biodiesel facility onsite with help
from a $500,000 grant from USDAs Rural Energy for America Program.
But one of the reasons I think we really like the project and the idea behind
it, Baker says, is that we are already producing a conventional biofuel
corn-based ethanoland well now be producing an advanced biofuel in bio-
diesel, and in the future well have the opportunity to be producing cellulosic
ethanol. So we look at all aspects of the RFS, and the growth thats really built
into that, and we see those opportunities.
In recent years, DCO has emerged as one of the fastest-growing bio-
diesel feedstocks, and technologies to effectively convert DCO to biodiesel
have improved. I think once they got to that point, that helped the technol-
ogy evolve and the idea behind it become more economical to install into a
plant, he says.
CO-LOCATION
Ron Beemiller, president and CEO
of WB Services, says, From my perspec-
tive, the reason this idea of integrating was
never fully realized is, nobody ever had a
real clear understanding of both processes
enough to do the integration properly.
WB Services has more than 10 years expe-
rience in the ethanol sector. Weve been
working on [the co-location concept] now
for two or three years, he says.
The company is installing both a
traditional acid esterifcation/base trans-
esterifcation system at Adkins, as well as
an enzymatic processa newer technol-
ogy in the biodiesel space. Per batch, it
can run either way, Beemiller says. We
intend to run enzymatic. Novozymes is
WB Services commercial partner in enzy-
matics. DCO traditionally runs between 10
and 15 percent free fatty acids (FFA), but
Beemiller says he can offer performance
guarantees far above that with enzymatic
technology. Rather than using what would
be Novozymes traditional approach, WB
Services kind of took it from a different
perspective, Beemiller says. We basically
use the enzyme as a pretreatment step to
lower the FFA or to convert all the way to
biodiesel, and then we do a few other steps
as well, whether thats an additional reac-
tion along with additional polishing, and a
few other things.
WB Services has a patent pending on
the integration aspects with co-location
of biodiesel production at ethanol facili-
ties. We try minimizing outside compo-
nents that need to be brought in while
maximizing use of existing infrastructure,
Beemiller says. The combination of etha-
nol availability, coupled with the ability
to blend recovered ethanol back into the
plant instead of putting in all the capital
equipment to collect and clean it, is one of
the components that we worked on.
In designing the plant, WB Services is
using much of the same equipment, like
valves and pumps, found in the ethanol
plant. That way, they can utilize the spare
parts from one to the other, he says.
Baker says the option to distill bio-
diesel was necessary, and only added 5 to 6
percent of the entire plant cost. For our
market here in Illinois, distillation is the
preferred product, he says. Illinois is a
very biodiesel-friendly state. Any biodiesel
blended into on-road diesel above 10 per-
cent is exempt from sales tax, making B11
common.
Construction is underway but the
harsh winter has delayed anticipated com-
missioning until second quarter.
Patriot Project
Less than two hours south from Lena
is Annawan, Ill., where Jatrodiesel Inc.s
frst commercial supercritical biodiesel
plant, a 5 MMgy facility, is being installed
at the 120 MMgy Patriot Renewable Fu-
els LLC ethanol refnery. Jatrodiesel is a
small company, but they have vast experi-
ence building smaller biodiesel plants that
convert the harder-to-process feedstocks,
says Rick Vondra, vice president and gen-
eral manager of Patriot Renewable Fuels.
For the scale and scope of what we want-
ed to do, it looked like a pretty good ft.
DCO is not the easiest to convert. While
Vondra says permits are not yet in hand,
he expects to have them soon. We had
an offcial groundbreaking although we
havent started construction yet, he says.
Hopefully well get that completed in a
few weeks, and start putting some steel in
the ground. Vondra says the project is vi-
able even without the now-lapsed $1-per-
gallon biodiesel tax credit.
We generally see a lot of business
advantages when a biodiesel plant is verti-
cally integrated into an existing feedstock-
producing plant, says Raj Mosali, presi-
dent of Jatrodiesel. In a traditional process,
acid esterifcation is employed to convert
FFA to biodiesel, and base transesterifca-
tion using sodium methylate converts the
triglycerides. In the Super process, we
eliminated the use of catalystacid or
'A lot of the emphasis in the
past has been on the value of
ethanol, but now the focus is
edging more toward oil.'
CO-LOCATION
base, or an enzymealtogether, Mosali
says. In a nutshell, we send a mixture of
methanol and oil and out comes the bio-
diesel and glycerin. The advantages are
savings in catalyst costs, process simplicity,
true multifeedstock and up to 100 percent
FFA capabilities, and high-quality glycerin.
While the Super process requires more
energy than traditional approaches, Mosali
says under a normalized comparison be-
tween traditional and Super, between 12
and 18 percent savings overall are achieved,
considering utilities, chemicals, operational
expenses and more. If you consider soft
costs such as training the operators, the
savings are higher, he says.
The Illinois Department of Com-
merce and Economic Opportunity New
Generation Biofuels Production Program
is providing funding and development as-
sistance for the ethanol plants new subsid-
iary, Patriot Fuels Biodiesel LLC. Vondra
says the estimated cost is more than $10
million.
MarketFlex
Another option available to ethanol
producers is Cereal Process Technologies
LLCs MarketFlex, a capital-intense system
of dry fractionation that separates the corn
upfront to get much moreand higher
qualityoil along with a traditional bio-
diesel process. I think its strictly a matter
of how much money they want to make,
says Pete Moss, president of CPT, on why
ethanol producers might choose this route.
A lot of the emphasis in the past has been
on the value of ethanol, but now the fo-
cus is edging more toward oil. Moss says
while many backend extraction technolo-
gies yield a half a pound of oil per bushel,
dry fracking could yield 1.2 to 1.4 pounds
oil per bushel plus an additional quarter
pound on the back. More oil could simply
mean more proft and better economies of
scale, allowing higher biodiesel production
volumes. He says the spread between ed-
ible corn oil and DCO has narrowed sig-
nifcantly. Today DCO is approximately
33 cents per pound with up to 15 percent
FFA, while crude corn oil, which is not
refned, bleached or deodorized, with less
than 4 percent FFA sells for about 42 cents.
Moss says he is working to develop a path-
way with U.S. EPA so biodiesel from dry-
fracked oil can generate valuable D4 RINs.
For a 100 MMgy ethanol plant pro-
cessing 36 million bushels a year, Moss says
the estimated capital costs are $28 million
for fractionation, $10 million for solvent
extraction, and $15 million for a 10 MMgy
biodiesel facility. A same-sized plant selling
DCO averages $37 million earnings before
interest, taxes, depreciation and amortiza-
tion (EBITDA), whereas a plant with frac-
tionation plus solvent extraction and bio-
diesel production EBITDA would be $65
million.
Author: Ron Kotrba
Editor, Biodiesel Magazine
218-745-8347
rkotrba@bbiinternational.com
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Californias Low Carbon Fuel
Standard allows an ethanol plant
to submit a Method 2B petition
to the California Air Resource
Board requesting a lower carbon
intensity (CI) number. Jan. 8, CARB
issued guidance for ethanol producers seeking
a lower CI number based on distillers grains
dryness levels. The new guidance makes clear
that use of default drying energy values is no
longer acceptable because it may overestimate
CI reductions. Going forward, petitions
must be based on plant-specifc, operational
information on drying or overall plant energy.
The proliferation of advanced technologies for
corn oil extraction systems (COES) and the
increasing use of nonfood-grade (NFG) corn
oil for biodiesel production contributed to the
latest guidance. CARB also states it cannot
prescribe a single approach because drying
systems and processing parameters can vary
widely from one plant to the next.
Over the past two years, the use of NFG
corn oil for biodiesel production has grown
tremendously. Corn oil biodiesel is eligible for
a D4 RIN (renewable identifcation number)
under the renewable fuels standard and the
LCFS has assigned it a CI value of 4 grams
of CO
2
equivalent per megajoule of biodiesel
produced. Biodiesel made from NFG corn
oil is eligible for the CI value of 4 because
the energy required to dry the DDGS at the
ethanol plant after the corn oil is extracted
is considerably lower. This energy saving is
credited to the corn oil and subsequently to the
biodiesel made from it.
The low CI value for NFG corn oil
biodiesel assumes the DDGS is dried fully
at the ethanol plant, for if the distillers grains
were not dried, there would not be any energy
savings to be allocated to the corn oil. Second,
it assumes that the ethanol plant selling the
corn oil is not submitting a Method 2 pathway
and lowering the CI of its ethanol based on
lower energy consumption, as this would be
double counting. Third, it assumes that the
actual energy savings from installing COES is
3,070 Btu per gallon of ethanol.
Default Values
A regulated party using the CI value of
4 for corn oil biodiesel must demonstrate that
the net energy savings from the extraction of
corn oil at the ethanol facility is greater than
or equal to the value used in the California-
adapted model for greenhouse gases, regulated
emissions, and energy use in transportation
(CA-GREET) calculation: 3,070 Btu per
gallon of ethanol. If the net energy savings at
the ethanol plant from corn oil production is
less than this value, the biodiesel producer must
use the Method 2A/2B pathway option of the
LCFS.
In the CA-GREET default scenario for a
dry mill corn ethanol plant, CARB assumes a
default drying energy of 9,900 Btu per gallon
of ethanol. This number is calculated from a
1998 study, which stated that the total energy
consumption at an average dry mill plant is
36,000 Btu per gal of thermal energy, and
27.5 percent of that is used for drying DDGS.
The assumptions that go into using the default
value include:
Sensible heat effects are ignored.
The wet cake must contain
approximately 65 percent water.
The syrup (solubles) must contain
The dry DDGS must contain
The drying process must be
approximately 91 percent effcient.
In the latest guidance, CARB admits that
CARBON
The claims and statements made in this article belong exclusively to the author(s) and do not necessarily refect the views of Ethanol Producer Magazine or its advertisers. All questions pertaining to this article should be directed to the author(s).
Lowered Drying Costs
from Corn Oil Removal
Impact Carbon Accounting
Managing carbon intensity values under Californias LCFS
By James M. Ramm
1echnology & know Pow
lermenLauon
ulsLallauon
Molecular Sleve urlcauon
Lvaporauon
Modular SysLems
rocess ueslgn
Lxpanslons
rocess Cpumlzauon
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Serv|ng the U.S. 8|o-1ech Industry for over 3S ears
the total thermal energy used by many ethanol
plants has probably decreased since 1998. Dryer
energy use is reduced at many plants in a variety
of ways: improved dryer effciency; drying
DDGS to higher moisture content; reducing
the water content of the wet cake or condensed
distillers solubles (syrup); process improvements;
centrifuge design alterations; etc.
Calculating Energy Savings
All of the above could cause actual energy
use associated with drying DDGS to be lower
than 9,900 Btu per gallon at a specifc ethanol
mill. If the actual energy use is less, then the
savings resulting from installing COES might be
lower. In order to accurately evaluate the savings,
we must establish the difference in thermal and
electrical energy consumption between periods
when drying is occurring and when it is not.
We must also have before COES and after
COES scenarios for dryer energy usage with
all other parameters being held constant. The
scenarios must be of reasonable duration and
suffciently representative of both present and
future normal operating conditions.
CARB prefers plant-specifc empirical
data on the energy required to dry DDGS to
average or specifc levels. According to the latest
guidance, the simplest and most straightforward
operational data is validated and verifable
thermal and electrical energy consumption data
from meters or from a plants automated data-
logging system. If that data can defnitively
establish the difference in thermal and electrical
energy consumption between periods when
drying is and is not occurring, no further
plant information would be necessary. CARB
anticipates that plant data logging will allow
for a two-year analysis of all drying and energy
use scenarios. A producer would then calculate
the average drying energy for all drying modes
including wet, dry and modifed.
Estimated Savings
If such data is unavailable, the applicant
must propose an approach to estimating dryer
energy usage based on plant-specifc information
that is available. This gets tricky because there is
no prescribed approach to do this. According to
CARB, a dryness energy estimation approach
must, at minimum, consider the following and
include them in the life cycle analysis (LCA)
report:
Initial wet cake water content.
Final DDGS (or DG, if syrup is sold
separately) water content.
Initial thin stillage (solubles) water
content.
Final solubles (syrup) water content.
Mass of corn oil extracted.
Use of enhanced stillage dewatering
(enzymatic or other).
Dryer effciency.
Applicants may also apply for a single CI
for all distillers grains dryness levels, as long as it
is based on two years of data and will be valid for
foreseeable future plant operations. Applicants
must demonstrate in their LCA reports that the
mass and energy balances are approximately
close and explain any discrepancy that prevents
complete closure.
Once drying energy has been determined,
that value should be used to calculate DDGS
dryness-based CIs. The calculations must be
done on a dry-matter basis, and must properly
account for extracted corn oil and syrup on
a dry matter basis. Syrup and corn oil must be
allocated proportionally (on a dry-matter basis)
to all distillers grains dryness categories when
CIs are calculated for the coproduct credit.
Finally, when the CIs are certifed, the plant
must allocate ethanol gallons produced to the
dryness categories after converting all distillers
grains masses to a dry-matter basis. If there are
three drying modes, the producer would take the
drying energy into the CA-GREET model to
generate three distinct CIs to be used to calculate
LCFS credits.
The LCFS is clear about placing the
responsibility of compliance on regulated
parties who use the credits. If plant operational
data does not match the inputs in the CA-
GREET model that is the basis of the CI
value, then the credits generated as a result
of combusting the fnal fuel can potentially
be disputed. Most regulated parties who take
the LCFS or RIN credit for corn oil biodiesel
don't trace the origin of the corn oil when they
purchase biodiesel. They probably should.

Author: James M. Ramm, PE
Senior Engineer, EcoEngineers
515-344-9715
jramm@ecoengineers.us
Contributing Author: Shashi Menon, managing
partner, EcoEngineers
CARBON
1echnology & know Pow
lermenLauon
ulsLallauon
Molecular Sleve urlcauon
Lvaporauon
Modular SysLems
rocess ueslgn
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rocess Cpumlzauon
Lnglneerlng
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Advanced
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www.vbusa.com
Serv|ng the U.S. 8|o-1ech Industry for over 3S ears
About 10 years ago, DDGS
fowability became an issue as the
industry began its exponential
growth and ethanol plants began
shipping coproducts. Flowability has
been a major challenge for transportation
and logistics, not just because it does not
always fow out of rail cars, but it also
hangs up in trucks, storage bins, and even
in on-farm storage structures. Over the
years, much effort has been expended
into determining why fowability problems
occur, and what can be done to eliminate, or
at least reduce the occurrence. Considerable
progress has been made, and fowability
problems have declined throughout the
industry. But, it seems that every summer
the problem returns as temperatures and
humidities increase.
So what have we learned? Flowability
(or lack of fow) is a complex phenomenon.
The most important factors are moisture
content and syrup addition level (which the
plant can control), and ambient temperature
and relative humidity (which it cannot).
Other variables play a role, including dryer
temperature and time, cooling temperature
and time, cure time in fat storage, state of
the residual sugars, fats and proteins after
both fermentation and drying, the infuence
of yeast cell components, and fermentation
products (such as glycerol, organic acids,
acetic acid and lactic acid). Also important
are corn grind size (and thus DDGS particle
size), as well as vibration and compaction
during transport.
What about the reduced-oil distillers
products that are now available? It
would stand to reason that by reducing
fat content DDGS fowability should
improve. Unfortunately, this is not the case.
Experiments in our laboratory indicate
some fow parameters do improve slightly,
while others do not. Similar to traditional
DDGS, the most important factors are
particle size, syrup level, temperature and
humidity.
What can plants do to reduce fowability
problems this summer? First, and most
importantly, minimize the variability in
your DDGS. The more consistent your
production process, and more consistent
your DDGS, the lower the probability of
fow issues. Second, dont load railcars
when the DDGS is still hot. The best
practice is to allow the DDGS to cure/cool
in fat storage until residual heat dissipates
or, if stored in silos, to turn the material to
break the bridges that may form between
particles. Third, if a batch of DDGS is
likely be out of spec, the best choice is to
send that to a well-equipped unloading
facility, if that is an option.
Even if your DDGS is in spec, it may
still have issues. My research team has
determined that the easiest way to predict
fow problems is to conduct some simple
tests, including measuring angle of repose,
loose bulk density and tapped (compacted)
bulk density. The ratio of tapped-to-loose
bulk densities is known as the Hausner
ratio. By plotting Hausner ratio vs. angle of
repose, we can estimate DDGS fow out of
hopper bottoms and estimate regions of
good and poor fow.
Production of ethanol is a biological
process. Biomolecules such as proteins and
fats will always be present, as will products
of fermentation, including glycerol and
organic acids. These all make DDGS a
sticky product, especially in the summer
when these molecules can melt and fow
between particles. Now is the time to start
thinking about fowability issues and taking
steps to reduce their impact.
If you have any questions or need any
assistance with your DDGS, please feel free
to contact us. We look forward to working
with you.
Author: Kurt A. Rosentrater
Executive Director, Distillers Grains Technology Council
515-294-4019
karosent@iastate.edu
Prepare Now for Summers
Upcoming Flowability Challenges
TALKING POINT
By Kurt A. Rosentrater
TAPPED VS LOOSE:
Hausner Ratio and Angle
of Repose can be used to
estimate DDGS good vs.
poor fow.

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The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration is hard at work beefng up
enforcement and making changes to its regulations
and enforcement programs, both transparent and not
so transparent. Several are worth ethanol producers
attention.
For years, OSHA has been promising to streamline of its Process
Safety Management Standard to reduce the burden on employers.
Unfortunately, no progress has been made or forecast. In the meantime,
OSHA continues to apply its PSM National Enforcement Program,
which increases the likelihood that PSM-covered chemical facilities,
including ethanol plants, will be inspected. Both programs are designed
to protect employees from hazardous releases of dangerous chemicals,
including ethanol and certain byproducts of the ethanol production
process.
PSM inspections are time intensive and can result in signifcant
citations and proposed penalties. The proposed penalties in the BP
Petroleum cases were in the millions of dollars.
Grain handling facilities of all kinds fall within the reach of
OSHAs Grain Handling Local Emphasis Program in OSHAs Region
5, which includes Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan
and Ohio. Although grain engulfment hazards are the primary target
of such an inspection under the LEP, the inspections also focus on
machine entrapment hazards, amputation hazards, fall hazards, auger
entanglement and even combustible dust.
Grain inspections often result in signifcant proposed penalties for
violations of OSHAs Grain Standard, which incorporates Confned
Spaces Standard requirements, OSHAs Walking-Working Surfaces
Standard, its Machine Guarding Standard and, in the case of alleged
combustible dust, either OSHAs Housekeeping Standard or the
OSHActs General Duty Clause. A fatality or serious injury resulted
from any such violation can result in very steep proposed penalties.
A sister NEP to OSHAs Grain Handling LEP is OSHAs
Combustible Dust NEP. One of the dusts listed in the purpose
clause of the NEP is organic dusts such as four , and one
of the industries that handle combustible dusts listed in the NEP is
agriculture, including ethanol production.
Combustible dust has been, and continues to be, a focus of OSHA
both with and without a specifc standard. The accumulation of such
dusts, in OSHAs view, can result in fre or explosion. Some of the most
visible and highest-proposed penalty OSHA cases in the past 10 years
have been combustible dust cases.
In November, OSHA published a notice of its intention to
create a new injury and illness reporting regulation. It would require
employers of 250 or more employees to submit detailed data on all
worker injuries and illnesses quarterly, and would require employers of
20 to 249 employees to submit reports annually. The data would include
not just information from a covered employers logs, but also employee
numbers, geographic location, hours worked, and other arguably-
confdential (to employer and employee) and proprietary information.
OSHA would publish the data on its website for public access.
The rule raises serious problems of confdentiality, accuracy and
use or misuse by both innocent and not-so-innocent parties. As of
now, it would not allow for the correction of any submitted data. The
apparent goal of the rule is to shame employers by the publication of
raw data that very often will be inaccurate and incomplete.
In another rulemaking effort, OSHA has proposed requiring
employers to report any hospitalization of a single employee within
eight hours. Presently, employers must report only hospitalizations of
three or more employees resulting from the same incident within eight
hours. The new proposal also would require the reporting of any and
all amputations within 24 hours. At present, only point of operation
amputations on mechanical power presses need be reported. (In fact,
any point of operation injury on a mechanical power press must be
reported.) And the report must be made within 30 days after the injurys
occurrence.
All ethanol producers would be wise to go through their attorneys,
for privilege, to retain the services of a consulting expert to evaluate,
at a minimum, their PSM programs and practices, confned spaces
programs and practices, lockout/tagout programs and practices, fall
protection and housekeeping programs and practices. If programs or
practices need to be reformed, the producers should modify them to
protect against legal exposure in the event OSHA comes knocking.
Producers also should keep an eye on developments at OSHA in the
area of recordkeeping and reporting, as well as in substantive areas like
combustible dust, in order to keep abreast of what OSHA is intending
to require.
Author: Eric Hobbs
Attorney, Michael Best & Friedrich LLP
414-225-4991
eehobbs@michaelbest.com
OSHA Alive and Well With
Budget Increase
BUSINESS MATTERS
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So|ut|ons thot Work

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corn trait technology is bio-engineered to improve ethanol plant effciency

, a ground-breaking stillage technology platform engineered to

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