UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 101

10 REVERSIBLE WORK, IRREVERSIBILITY

AND AVAILABILITY



- This chapter focuses attention on the issue of determining the ultimate
potential for doing work for

a) a system or control volume in a given state

b) a system or control volume undergoing a process

- Relate this potential for doing work to irreversibility and thus present
irreversibility in energy terms instead of entropy as previously done

- Relate irreversibility to entropy generation

- Evaluate performance of devices or processes in terms of 2
nd
Law efficiency




10.1 REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY


- Reversible Work represents the maximum amount of work that could be
produced (or the minimum work that needs to be supplied) whenever a system
undergoes a process (i.e., from an initial to a final state and/or given inlet and
exit states).

- The reversible work could only be obtained if the process the system
undergoes is totally (both internally and externally) reversible.

- The reversible work is obtained by applying the 1
st
and 2
nd
Laws of
thermodynamics for a totally reversible process between the same initial , final,
inlet, and exit states as in the actual process.



UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 102

10.1.1 CLOSED SYSTEM REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY


Consider the control mass undergoing an ACTUAL process described by the
following:

1. Heat transfer Q
12
= Q
H
from a thermal reservoir at T
H
; Q
12
is transferred
across portion of control mass boundary at temperature T
j
not necessarily
equal to T
H
.

2. Change of state from 1 to 2 experiences (U
2
U
1
), (S
2
S
1
), etc.

3. No change in KE and PE of the control mass

4. Does a total amount of actual work W
12















1
st
Law: ( )
12 2 1 12 H
Q Q U U W = = +

Or ( )
12 12 2 1
W Q U U = (Actual Work) (10-1)

2
nd
Law:
12
2 1 gen
j
Q
S S S
T
= + (10-2)



Approximations to Local Boundary Temperature T
j


It is often difficult to determine the local temperature T
j
at which Q
H
crosses the
system boundary. To overcome this difficulty, two approaches may be used.

a) One approach is to use an average boundary temperature T
b
when the
variation of the local temperature T
j
over the system boundary is fairly
small. For a control volume, a usual value of T
b
is the average of the
inlet and exit mass stream temperatures.

( ) / 2
j b i e
T T T T ~ = +

W
12

(U
2
U
1
)
(S
2
S
1
)
T
j

Q
H
= Q
12

T
H

Actual Process

UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 103


b) Another approach is to locate the control surface where the boundary
temperatures are known. The increase in volume and mass of the
control volume should be included in the analysis.

As an approximation, it is often reasonable to imagine the control mass
boundary extended with negligible volume and mass change, to touch
the reservoir where Q
H
occurs so that


j H
T T ~

















With this approximation, the 2
nd
Law equation (10-2) thus becomes


2 1
H
gen
H
Q
S S S
T
= + (10-3)

W
12

(U
2
U
1
)
(S
2
S
1
)
Q
H
= Q
12

T
H

T
j
= T
H

Extending boundary so that Tj = TH

UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 104

Consider now the same control mass undergoing the same change of state through
a REVERSIBLE process described as follows:

1. Same heat transfer Q
12
= Q
H
from a thermal reservoir at T
H


- For Q
12
to be transferred reversibly, a reversible heat engine is used.

- This heat engine will be inside the control mass boundary and rejects heat
Q
o
to a reservoir at temperature T
o
.

- The heat engine reversible work output W
HE
is part of the control mass total
reversible work output W
rev
.

- For W
rev
to be maximum for the given Q
H
, W
HE
should be maximum Q
o

should be minimum T
o
should be minimum. Although T
o
is arbitrary, T
o
is
usually chosen to be the lowest naturally occurring reservoir temperature.
The ambient or atmospheric temperature is typically used as T
o
.

2. Same change of state from 1 to 2 experiences same (U
2
U
1
), (S
2
S
1
)

3. No change in KE and PE of the control mass

4. Does a total amount of reversible work W
rev


















1
st
Law: W
rev
= (Q
H
Q
o
) (U
2
U
1
) (Reversible Work) (10-4)

2
nd
Law: S
2
S
1
= (Q
H
/T
H
Q
o
/T
o
) + S
gen
(10-5)


Noting that S
gen
= 0 for a reversible process and multiplying Eq. (10-5) by T
o
gives

T
o
(S
2
S
1
) = Q
H
(T
o
/T
H
) Q
o

Or
Q
o
= Q
H
(T
o
/T
H
) T
o
(S
2
S
1
) (10-6)

W
rev

(U
2
U
1
)
(S
2
S
1
)
Q
H
= Q
12

T
H

T
o

Q
o

W
HE

Reversible Process

UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 105


Substituting (10-6) into (10-4) gives the reversible work for the same change of
state of the control mass


(10-7)




The irreversibility is


(10-8)




For the more general case of the control mass experiencing different heat
transfers Q
k
with various thermal reservoirs at different temperatures T
k
, the
reversible work and irreversibility become




















( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
1
o
rev o k
k
T
W T S S U U Q
T
(
| |
= +
( |
\ .

(10-9)


( )
12 12 2 1
k
rev o o net o gen
k
Q
I W W T S S T S T S
T
(
| |
= = = A =
( |
(
\ .

(10-10)

( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
1
o
rev o H
H
T
W T S S U U Q
T
| |
= +
|
\ .

( )
12 12 2 1
H
rev o o net o gen
H
Q
I W W T S S T S T S
T
(
= = = A =
(


Reversible Process with
Multiple Thermal
Reservoirs
W
rev

(U
2
U
1
)
(S
2
S
1
)
Q
k

T
k

T
o

Q
ok

W
HPk

Q
1

T
1

T
o

Q
o1

W
HE1


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 106

10.1.2 OPEN SYSTEM REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY

Consider the control volume undergoing an ACTUAL process during the time interval
t
1
to t
2
described by the following:

1. Heat transfer Q
1
, , Q
k
from or to thermal reservoirs at T
1
, , T
k

respectively ; each Q
k
is transferred across a portion of control mass
boundary at local temperature T
j
not necessarily equal to T
k
.

2. Change of state from 1 to 2 experiences (U
2
U
1
)
cv
, (S
2
S
1
)
cv
, etc.

3. With inlet mass flow streams m
i1
,, m
ix
at inlet states 1, ,x respectively

4. With exit mass flow streams m
e1
,, m
ey
at exit states 1, ,y respectively

5. No change in KE and PE of the control volume

6. Does a total amount of actual work W
CV
















1
st
Law:

( )
2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
y x
k i i i i e e e e cv
Q m h V gz m h V gz m u mu W
| | | |
+ + + = + + + +
| |
\ . \ .



Solving for the actual work gives

( )
2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
y x
cv k i i i i e e e e
W Q m h V gz m h V gz m u mu
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

(10-11)

2
nd
Law:

2 2 1 1
1 1
y x
k
i i e e gen
k
Q
m s m s ms m s S
T
| |
= + +
|
\ .

(10-12)

Actual Process
m
i1

m
ix

m
e1

m
ey

Q
1

T
1

Q
k

T
k

W
cv

(U
2
U
1
)

(S
2
S
1
)
T
j1
T
jk

cv

UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 107


Consider now the control volume undergoing a REVERSIBLE process during the time
interval t
1
to t
2
described by the following:


















1. Same heat transfer Q
1
, ,Q
k
from or to thermal reservoirs at T
1
, ,T
k

respectively ; each Q
k
is transferred across a portion of control mass
boundary at local temperature T
j
not necessarily equal to T
k
.

For Q
1
,,Q
k
to be transferred reversibly, reversible heat engines and heat
pumps are used. These heat engines and heat pumps will be inside the
control mass boundary and reject/absorb heat Q
o1
,,Q
ok
respectively
to/from the surrounding thermal reservoir at temperature T
o
. The heat
engines reversible work output W
HE1
and heat pumps reversible work input
W
HPk
are part of the control volume total reversible work W
rev
.

For W
rev
to be maximum,

W
HE1
should be maximum IQ
o1
I should be minimum for a given Q
1

T
o1
should be minimum.

Although T
o1
is arbitrary, T
o1
is usually chosen to be the lowest
naturally occurring reservoir temperature.

W
HPk
should be minimum IQ
ok
I should be maximum for a given Q
k

, (Q
k
= Q
ok
+W
HPk
) T
ok
should be maximum.

Although T
ok
is arbitrary, T
ok
is usually chosen to be the
highest naturally occurring reservoir temperature.

A convenient choice of the reservoir temperatures T
o1,

,
T
ok
is the
ambient or atmospheric temperature T
o
. T
o1
,,T
ok
=T
o


2. Same change of state from 1 to 2 experiences same (U
2
U
1
), (S
2
S
1
)

3. With same inlet mass flow streams m
i1
,, m
ix
at inlet states 1,,x
respectively ; with same exit mass flow streams m
e1
,, m
ey
at exit states
1,,y respectively
Reversible Process
m
i1

m
ix

m
e1

m
ey

W
rev

(U
2
U
1
)
(S
2
S
1
)
cv
T
1

T
o1

Q
o1

W
HE1

Q
1

T
k

T
ok

Q
ok

W
HPk

Q
k


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 108


4. No change in KE and PE of the control volume

5. Does a total amount of reversible work W
rev



1
st
Law:
( )
2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
y x
k ok i i i i e e e e rev
Q Q m h V gz m h V gz m u mu W
| | | |
+ + + + = + + + +
| |
\ . \ .



Solving for the reversible work gives

( )
2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
y x
rev k ok i i i i e e e e
W Q Q m h V gz m h V gz m u mu
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

(10-13)

2
nd
Law:
2 2 1 1
1 1
y x
k ok
i i e e
k ok
Q Q
m s m s ms m s
T T
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

(10-14)

Since T
o1
,,T
ok
= T
o
, Eq.(10-14) is multiplied by T
o
and solved for Q
ok
giving

( )
2 2 1 1
1 1
y x
o
ok o o i i e e k
k
T
Q T m s m s T ms m s Q
T
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

(10-15)

Substituting Eq. (10-15) into Eq. (10-13) yields



(10-16)



The reversible work can also be grouped and written as



(10-17)





The irreversibility is then


(F)

(10-18)




( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 rev o o e e i i
W T m s ms m u mu T m s ms = +

2 2
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
y x
o
e e e e i i i i k
k
T
m h V gz m h V gz Q
T
| | (
| | | |
+ + + + +
| | | (
\ . \ .
\ .


2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
y x
rev i i i i o i e e e e o e
W m h V gz T s m h V gz T s
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1
o
o o k
k
T
m u T s m u T s Q
T
| |
+ +
|
\ .

( ) ( )
( )
12 2 2 1 1
k
rev cv o o e e i i o
k
o cv surr o net o gen
Q
I W W T m s m s T m s ms T
T
T S S T S T S
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= A + A = A =

UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 109

10.1.3 USEFUL WORK

In many instances, part of the total actual work done by (or on) the control
volume W
cv
, which includes boundary expansion (or contraction) is work done on
(or by) the surroundings W
surr
. The surroundings is assumed to be at constant
pressure P
o
. The rest of the actual total work done by (or on) the control volume
can be regarded as its useful work, W
u
.


Useful Work W
u
, is defined as the difference between the total work actually
done by (or on) the control volume W
cv
and the work done on (or
by) the surroundings at pressure P
o
as the control volume
boundary expands (or contracts).






(10-19)


Since
surr cv
V V A = A , then

(10-20)





- Recognizing useful work W
u
is part of developing the concept of and
determining expressions for availability or exergy.

u cv surr cv o cv
W W W W P V = A

u cv o surr
W W P V + A


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1010


A rate expression for the useful work for a general control volume undergoing an
actual process is now developed. Consider the control volume below:


















1
st
Law:

2 2
1 1
2 2
cv
cv cv i i i i e e e e
dE
Q W m h V gz m h V gz
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .



(10-21)

where
cv k
Q Q total control volume heat transfer = =

(10-22)
. .
cv boundary mechanical electrical
W W W W actual total work of c v = + + =

(10-23)

The control volume work in terms of the useful work from Eq. (10-19) is

cv
cv u o
dV
W W P
dt
= +

(10-24)

Substituting (10-22) and (10-24) into (10-21) gives,

2 2
1 1
2 2
cv cv
k u o i i i i e e e e
dE dV
Q W P m h V gz m h V gz
dt dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .


(10-25)

2
nd
Law:
cv k
i i e e goen
k
dS Q
ms m s S
dt T
= + +

(10-26)

Multiplying (10-26) by the surrounding temperature T
o
results into

cv k
o o i i o e e o o goen
k
dS Q
T T ms T m s T T S
dt T
= + +

(10-27)

Subtracting (10-27) from (10-25) and re-grouping give the expression for:

General control volume
undergoing an actual process
m
i

m
e

W
cv
= W
boundary
+ W
mechanical
+ W
electrical

W
boundary
W
mechanical
W
electrical

dE
cv
/ dt
cv
dS
cv
/ dt
Q
k

T
k
T
k

Q
1

T
1

T
1


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1011

Control Volume (Open System) USEFUL WORK for an ACTUAL Process





(10-28)







The useful work for an internally reversible process is now obtained by noting that
the entropy generation S
gen
= 0 for such a process. Thus


Control Volume (Open System) USEFUL WORK for a REVERSIBLE Process





(10-29)







The actual useful work and reversible useful work are thus related as follows

, u rev u
W W s
(10-30)


The irreversibility can be expressed in terms of either total work

12 rev cv
I W W =
(10-31)

or in terms of useful work

12 , rev u u
I W W =

( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
u i i i i o i e e e e o e
o o
o cv
k o gen
k
W m h V gz T s m h V gz T s
d E PV T S
T
Q T S
T dt
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
+
| |
+
|
\ .

( )
2 2
,
1 1
2 2
1
rev u i i i i o i e e e e o e
o o
o cv
k
k
W m h V gz T s m h V gz T s
d E PV T S
T
Q
T dt
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
+
| |
+
|
\ .

UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1012

10.2 AVAILABILITY

Availability is the maximum work potential of a system at a given state determined
by letting the system undergo a reversible process towards a state of equilibrium with
the surroundings (called the dead state) while any heat transfer is solely with the
surroundings.

- Availability of the system in the dead state is zero.

- The availability of a system depends on both the state of the system and
conditions of the surroundings. It is a property of the system-surroundings
combination.

- The availabilities of both non-flowing mass (i.e., inside the control volume)
and flowing mass (i.e, mass streams entering or leaving the control volume)
are identified and corresponding expressions developed.

- Availability can be transferred. In general, availability transfers associated
with mass flow, heat transfer, and work interaction occur during a process.



10.2.1 THE DEAD STATE

The dead state refers to the state of a system when it is in thermal, mechanical, and
chemical equilibrium with the surroundings.

At the dead state,

- no further change of state of the system can occur spontaneously no
further work can possibly be done

- the velocity of a closed system or a fluid stream is zero, potential energy is
also zero

- properties of the system are given the subscript o and are evaluated at the
surrounding pressure P
o
and temperature T
o
so that

P = P
o
u = u
o
= u)
To,Po
V = V
o
= 0
T = T
o
h = h
o
= h)
To,Po
z = z
o
= 0
v = v
o
= v)
To,Po
s = s
o
= s)
To,Po


- availability of the system is zero



UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1013

10.2.2 AVAILABILITY OF NON-FLOWING MASS


The availability (or exergy) of NON-FLOWING mass, such as in a closed system or
that inside the control volume, at a given state is the maximum useful work W
MAX,u

that may be obtained from a system-surroundings combination as the system
proceeds from the given equilibrium state to the dead state by a process where any
heat transfer occurs only with the surroundings.

Consider the closed system at a given state (P, T, V) undergoing a process towards
the dead state while interacting only with the surroundings:

















The useful work for a control volume is

( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
u i i i i o i e e e e o e
o o
o cv
k o gen
k
W m h V gz T s m h V gz T s
d E PV T S
T
Q T S
T dt
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
+ | |
+
|
\ .

- m
e
and m
i
are zero for a closed system

- The system does maximum useful work if it goes to the dead state through a
reversible process S
gen
= 0

- Heat exchange only with the surroundings T
k
= T
o
so that third term on
RHS is zero


Evaluating the above equation over t from the given state to the dead state gives the
maximum useful work

( ) ( )
, , MAX u rev u o o o o o
W W E U P V V T S S = = +


This maximum useful work is therefore the availability of the closed system and is
denoted by u at any given state (P, T, V).
W
u
= W
cv
- PoV
Closed System
at T, P, V
Q
Closed system at a given state
and exchanging heat only with
the surroundings
Surroundings
at T
o
, P
o


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1014

Thus,


Closed System, Control Mass, or Non-Flow Availability





On a per unit mass basis,





The change in availability of a closed system as it undergoes a process from state 1
to state 2 is then










The reversible work in terms of availability is








The irreversibility in terms of availability is






( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o o o o o o o
E U P V V T S S E PV T S U PV T S u + = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o o o o o o o
e u P v v T s s e Pv T s u Pv T s | + = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
o o
o o o o
E E P V V T S S
E PV T S E PV T S
Au = u u
= +
= + +

( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
1
o
rev o k
k
T
W P V V Q
T
(
| |
= u u + +
( |
\ .


( ) ( )
12 1 2 2 1 12
1
o
o k
k
T
I P V V Q W
T
(
| |
= u u + +
( |
\ .



UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1015

10.2.3 AVAILABILITY OF FLOWING MASS

The availability (or exergy) of fluid in steady flow, (i.e., mass stream entering or
leaving the control volume), also known as stream availability, is the maximum
useful work W
MAX,u
that may be obtained as the flowing fluid proceeds from a given
equilibrium state to the dead state by a process where any heat transfer occurs only
with the surroundings.

An expression for the stream availability can be developed by considering a control
volume undergoing a steady-state steady flow process.

The useful work for a control volume is

( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
u e e e e o e i i i i o i
o o
o cv
k o gen
k
W m h V gz T s m h V gz T s
d E PV T S
T
Q T S
T dt
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
+ | |
+ +
|
\ .

- For the SSSF process,
( )
0
o o
cv
d E PV T S
dt
+
=
- The maximum useful work is obtained if the

a) process is reversible T
o
S
gen
=0
b) exit stream is at the dead state h
e
=h
o
, V
e
=0, z
e
=0, s
e
=s
o


The maximum useful work is then
( )
2
,
1
0 0 1
2
o
MAX u e o o o i i i i o i k
k
T
W m h T s m h V gz T s Q
T
| |
| |
= + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .




- Note that only the first two terms on the RHS are associated with the mass
streams while the last term is associated with the control volume.

- Dropping the subscripts for the inlet streams to denote any inlet state, the
stream availability per unit mass is then defined as


Flow or Stream Availability






The control volume reversible work for a given process can be expressed in terms of
availability as follows





( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
o o o o o o o o
h V gz T s h T s gz h h T s s V gz
| |
+ + + = + +
|
\ .

( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
o
rev i i e e o k
k
T
W m m m m P m m Q
T
| | v v
| |
= + +
|
\ .



UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1016

10.2.4 FLOW OF AVAILABILITY OR EXERGY


Availability or exergy transfer is associated with mass, heat, and work interactions
during a process. The availability may be thought of as flowing during these
interactions.


Availability Flow with Heat Transfer

For heat transfer Q
R
from a constant temperature source at T
R
, maximum work is
obtained by transferring Q
R
using a reversible heat engine rejecting heat to the
surroundings at T
o
.



The availability transfer is equal to the work output of the reversible heat engine.







For heat transfer Q
12
that takes place over varying temperature, e.g., in a constant-
pressure process shown below,




the availability transfer is




,
1
o
Q R R Carnot R
R
T
Q Q
T
q
| |
u = =
|
\ .

2
0
,12 12
1
1
Q o
T
Q Q T S
T
o
| |
u = = A
|
\ .
}


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1017


Availability Flow with Work Interaction

Work interactions by concept are reversible at the point where they occur at the
system boundary.

The availability transfer associated with work transfer equals the value of the useful
work itself.



Availability Flow with Mass Flow

The availability flow associated with mass flow is equal to the stream availability .




10.3 EXERGY BALANCE

The concepts of reversible work, availability, and irreversibility can be expressed in
a unified concept through the formulation of an exergy balance for a control volume
undergoing a process.


For the mass inside the control volume, its exergy at a given state is

( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o
m m e e Pm v v T m s s | u = = +

The rate of change of exergy becomes

( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o o
d me d mv d ms
d dm dm dm
e P Pv T T s
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
u
= + + (A)

Since
( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
cv cv cv
o o o o
d me d mv d ms
dE dV dS
and h e Pv
dt dt dt dt dt dt
= = = = + ,

Eq. (A) can be written as

( )
cv cv cv
o o o o o
dE dV dS d dm
P T h T s
dt dt dt dt dt
u
= + (B)

The continuity equation for the control volume is

i e
dm
m m
dt
=

(C)

1
st
Law for the control volume:

2 2
1 1
2 2
cv
k cv i i i i e e e e
dE
Q W m h V gz m h V gz
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .


(D)


UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1018


2
nd
Law for the control volume:

cv k
i i e e cv gen
k
dS Q
ms m s W S
dt T
= + +



(E)

Substituting (C), (D), (E) into (B) yields

( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
cv
i i i i o i e e e e o e o o o i e
o cv
k cv o o gen
k
d
m h V gz T s m h V gz T s h T s m m
dt
T dV
Q W P T S
T dt
u
| | | |
( = + + + +
| |

\ . \ .
| |
| |
+
| |
\ .
\ .

(F)

Or

(G)




The above exergy balance equation indicates that for a control volume undergoing a
process, the net change in exergy of the control volume

cv
d
dt
u
= net exergy change in the control volume


is equal to the sum of the following


i i e e
m m

net exergy flow due to mass flow

1
o
cov
T
Q
T
| |

|
\ .

net exergy flow due to heat transfer

cv
cv o
dV
W P
dt
| |

|
\ .

(-) net useful work

o gen
T S

exergy destruction




1
cv o cv
i i e e k cv o o gen
k
d T dV
m m Q W P T S
dt T dt

| | u | |
= +
|
|
\ .
\ .





UPME ME 63 ENQ 1/06 1019

10.4 2
nd
LAW EFFICIENCY


- The 2
nd
Law efficiency of devices or processes compares the desired output to the
supplied availability.

- For specific devices, the 2
nd
Law efficiency will have the following forms:


Turbine

,
actual
II turbine
i e
w
q

=

Compressor or Pump

, /
i e
II comp pump
actual
w

q

=




Heat Exchanger



( )
( )
1 2 1
,
3 3 4
II HX
m
m

q