GEO2242

1/24/2014 1:50:00 PM

/Weather : behavior of atmosphere at particular place for a short period of time Climate: generalization of weather conditions over a long span of time (avg) climate = what you expect; weather = what you get Pakistan Monsoon Philippine Floods 2012 Typhoon Saola, Typhoon Haikui, SE Asian Monsoon Cyclone Gonu 1st in Arabian Sea

Meteorologist: Weather Climatologist: climate 1/8 Colorado Floods Hurricane Katrina One of five deadliest of hurricanes in the US Landfall in FL as category 1 Aug 25 2005 killing 14 ppl 2nd Landfall LA category 3

Tornado Outbreak 2011 April 25-28 Swept thru Midwest US, Southern, US, NE US, S Ontario, Canada 359 confirmed tornados over 300 deaths Waterspouts on Lake Michigan Tornados on water Fair weather or tornadic FL Keys Not always dangerous

Atmospheric Composition

Atmosphere: gaseous portion of a planet planets envelope of air one of traditional subdivisions of Earths physical environment Mostly a mixture of gases o Includes: Clouds and Aerosols (suspended particles) o Permanent Gases of Atm Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Neon, Helium, Krypton, Xenon, Hydrogen o Variable Gases Water Vapor(greenhouse gas, absorbs heat), Carbon Dioxide, Ozone (absorbs UV radiation) Water Vapor o Most important and abundant variable gas o Absorbs IR radiation (greenhouse) o Added or removed from the atm thru the hydrologic cycle. o Concentration varies from place to place (0% in deserts and polar regions; over 4% tropics) Aerosols o Tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere o Originate from many natural and human sources Volcanic eruptions Soil blown into the air

Ozone o Chemical composition o UV goes thru atm then combines with O2 o Cl+O3 => ClO + O2 o ClO+O3 => Cl +2O2 (catalytic reaction? ) o Most occur between 10-50 km above the Earths surface in the stratosphere o Absorbs much of the UV radiation from the sun Atmospheric Thickness o Top of atm is undefined o Thin layer when compared to solid earth o Atm Mass = 5.14 x 10^15 kg o Earths Mass = 5.98 x 10^24 kg o

Layers of the Atmosphere Tropo (bottom) - Tropopause Strato Stratopause Meso Mesopause Thermo Troposphere o Heated from the Eaths surface o The ground warms the air not the light passing through o Temperature decrease with height 6.5 deg C/km Normal Lapse rate o Thinnest layer contains 85% of atmospheric mass o Tropopause is - 12 km over the tropics about half that at the poles o Most of the weather occurs Stratosphere o 12-50km from surface of Earth o Temperatures increase with height (inversion) o Ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun o 15% of atm mass, but 90% of Ozone Mesosphere and Thermosphere o Combined 0.1% of atm mass o Ionosphere: a layer in Eaths atmosphere 100 km above the surface where the atm is significantly ionized and conducts electricity (optimum magnetic field) Discharge from Ni and O2 = Sky glowing Neon gas light shows o Mesosphere: 50-80 km high, normal lapse rate, coldest temp o Thermosphere: Inversion, temp reach 1500 deg C 1/13 Earth is curved sunlight coming in, higher latitude

Angle of sun hitting earth at 90 deg angle, higher and souther, then not 90 deg Explain Causes what is going on at each point in the diagram solstice/eequinox Equinox, sept. Summer solstice- June 21 Sub solar point tropic of cancer 20.5 deg north December 21 winter solstice South pole- 24 hrs daylight; north pole night change seases Tilt of axis Path around the sun Rotation of earth

Scattering-difference in size of molecules Raleigh o (See p.28) Mie

Reflection transfer of energy Light hits surface then goes back in same angle & same amount of energy Cant be used Transfer heat Albedo (reflectivity ) p.28 Albedo Very light surfaces high albedo o Desert sand is light colored surface ( N. Africa) Darker surfaces more absorption o Center of S. America Rainforest Antarctic high albedo

Absorption Incoming solar radiation (absorb)

Hot body = shorter wavel Cold body = longer Atm lets incoming radiation, traps heat 78% of atm does not absorb o Ozone absorbs a lot of UV Does not stop short wavelength o Water vapor and CO2 traps a lot of outgoing radiation

Green house effect Sunlight hits planet hits plant and soil then plant and soil radiate more wavel of light Sunlight comes through atm and trap outgoing heat o Ie. Car and heat Enhanced greenhouse effect o (Natural millions of years ) o Climate change due to human activity = inc warming effect o

REVIEW Major atm gases o Ni, O2, CO2, Argon Type of radiation from sun o Short wavelength (Visible and IR infrared ) Type of radiation emit from earth o Long wave (IR- infrared) thermal infrared Why sun and earth emit deff type of radiation o Wiens law hotter body = shorter wavelength

TEMPERATURE p. 37 Sensible heat what you feel & meas. with thermometer Latent Heat locked away when a change of state occurs o Water evaporating In the atm water is constantly changing state. Latent heat is an important factor when studying weather. o Hurricanes = take all energy from latent heat exchange o Transfers heat into dynamic/motion energy

Phase change of water Energy is required to change from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or solid to gas (going up in energy state) Energy is Released when gas changed to liq or solid or when liq is changed to solid. This energy NOT registered by a change in temp o Change from sub does not change avg kinetic energy (temp) o Alters molecular bonds Potential ENERGY is changed KE movement (temp. of sub) PE stored inside of bonds o P.38 see diagram drawing Latent Heat See p.38 Questions (Latent Heat) Body covered in droplets of water o Starts to evaporate o Takes energy from body Hotter in Miami than Phoenix, both are in mid 90s o Lots of humidity/moisture in air o Phoenix dry air, and takes energy from body and cool off more effectively Difference between sensible and latent heat. Why latent is important o Sensible What you feel &measure o Latent Energy stored in bonds ; cant feel o What is constantly changing state Where latent energy stored o In bonds Energy required when ice melts Energy Released when water vapor condenses Energy required when liquid water evaporates

What controls temperature

See p.39 o Latitude o Continentality (geography) Mtn ranges , water bodies , location o Altitude While in troposphere (normal) o Ocean currents Warm and cold Florida warm Gulf coast stream o Albedo Ca. cold From Alaska to ca. to equator

Latitude see p. 40 MOST IMPORTANT CONTROL OF TEMP. Sun Angles see. P. 40 World Latitutde Zones 2 zones o Tropic of Cancer o Trop of cap Land & Water See p.41 Water 4 charac. Allows to redistribute E effectively o Transparent and Fluid One sq ft of H2o not the same as Land bc theres depth to H2O o Specific Heat water has HIGH sh. 4.18 J/g k Soil = .85 J/g k o Evap more latent heat exchange with atm over water than over land so water is cooled more by evap than land is.

1/24/2014 1:50:00 PM 1/15 CONTROL IN TEMPERATURE Continentality Dont see extremes in southern hemispheres water is keeping it warmer in winter time More extremes in northern hemispheres because more land Topography Mountain windward (wind against) ; leeward (wind over mountain sinking down far side) Upward autographic lightning/precipitation? ; condensation; cloud development; precipitation => lush vegetation Downward dry air; warm up rapidly i.e. south America, upward/windward from east

Altitude Affects temp and precip Inc Altitude; farther away from heat source/ground o Incoming solar radiation absorbed by ground Ocean Circulation Currents driven by prevailing winds explains direction birds go Northern hemisphere water circulates clockwise around continents S. hemisphere counterclockise Know general direction: o N. Atlantic ;Gulf Stream o Take warm water from equator up to artic then taking cold water down East side of basin is cold West side is warm Thermohaline o Thermo heat; haline- salt o Driven by temp and salinity

Keys to Remmeber

 Clouds

West side of ocean/east side of continent = warmer waters (from equator) East side of ocean/west side of continent = colder waters (from polar) Ca. = cold ; FL =gulf stream

Reflect incoming radiation (high albedo) Trap outgoing radiation Composed of GREENHOUSE GAS

Temperature Controls Review Latitude MOST IMPORTANT CONTROL o Affects angles of incidence Continentality proximity to water; surrounding topography Altitude Ocean Currents transport warmer and cooler water around world Albedo over cast days have lower highs and higher lows Why land heat and cool more rapidly Transparent Fluid Evaporation Specific Heat Temperature Daily Mean Daily Range Monthly Mean Annual Mean Annual Range

Highest temperature in middle of land mass Subsolar points are 20 degrees north Around equator small temp range

Over continents in Northern Hemispher big difference in ranges of temp When coolest time of day Middle of night right before sun comes back up When is warmest time of day Noon angle of instance 90deg Remember see slide Aborb short wave from sun ; earth emits longwave radiation Short wave get it only daylight Peak amount of energy noon Temp lag between noon and the warmest time of the day Temp lag between sunset and coldest time of the day Microwave

Temperature Gauges Thermograph o Two different alloys expand and contract differently o Hot up; cold down o Continuous measure temp throughout the day . o Max/Min Thermometer range o Constriction max o Index min Surface tension

Review 1. F ; specific heat water higher F 1/17 F F F T T

Review Sensible heat: feel; thermometer aka KE Latent heat: What is trapped in bonds of a substance cant be measured Take in energy for liq water evaporate Windward rain shadow effect Global oceanic circulation: Thermohaline Temp higher on clear day than cloudy day Sub solar point on March 21st spring equinox : at the Equator Continental is more variable in terms of temp than maritime locations

MOISTURE Hydrologic cycle p.53 o Water evaporate o Condense in upper atmosphere o Falls back to surface Water Balance o As global atm warms up, then can hold more moisture o Global total is constant but it is a variable gas i.e. concentration varies from place to place Humidity o Absolute humidity o Mixing ratio o Vapor P o Relative humidity o Dew point o

o Water is important in terms of weather: Energy exchange, clouds and precip, comfort Absolute Humidity o DENSITY OF WATER VAOPR IN A parcel of air o D=mass of water vapor (grams) /Volume (cubic meter) o Not commonly used in forecasting Mixing Ratio o Mass of wator v/mass of dry air (kg) Vapor Pressure o Saturated Vapor P. # of molecules evaporation = # of molecules condensing balance Rwelative Humidy o Always % o Measure of how near a parcel of air is to being saturated o RH: wator vapor content/water vapor capacity at the current temp Change temp => change relative humidity o Change in moisture contenct and/dor temp o Dew o o o o o Dew o Easily samled and used in forecasting Point Never be greater than air temp. Covers the ground Night cold ground surface Thin layer of warm air near surface Condense point and humidity Relative h : how close we are to dew point

o Unlike relative humidity which is a measure of how near the air is to being saturated, dew point temp is a measure of airs actual moisture . Dew point o Cool air below causes condensation o Requires a surface to condense o Map of dew point is usefule bc it identifies wet and dry areas quickly .

o Two methods measure relative humidity o Hair hygrometer Hair contract and expand - humidity o Sling Psychrometer Wet bulb and dry bulb Water evaporates take in energy Cools thermometry down more 2 thermometers how dry and how wet

1/24/2014 1:50:00 PM 1/24 Test Beg Atm moisture MONDAY REVIEW SESSION! I. Stable Air p70 Dry rate Wet rate Compare rates to environmental rate Parcel (bubble) wants to sink o Warm,compress o Rel humidity will decrease o Warm at DALR as it sinks

II. Abs. Instablitiy III. Conditional Instability Relative Hum. Calc. Formula : If a parcel of air at 25 deg C contains 10 g of water vaper per kg of air, what is rel hum? o Chart left 25 C Vapor per kg of dry air - 20 o 10g/20 (vapor) If parcel of air at 35 deg C contains 5 g of water vapor per kg of air what is its relative humidity? Atm Stability Q. p.78 If unsaturated air at 20 deg C were to rise what would its temp be at a height of 500 m? if the dew point temp at the lifting condensation level were 11 deg C at what elevation would clouds begin to form? o Unsaturated air - 10deg C/ 1000m If unsaturated air at 20 deg C were to rise what would its temp be at a height of 800 m? IF the dew point temp at the condensation

lifting level were 9 deg C, at what elevation would clouds begin to form? 12deg C ; 1100 m IV. Clouds Form and elevation name o Nimb rain producing o Stratus horizontal dev + lower level o Cumulo vertical Stratus horizontal dev ; stability Cumulus- vertically unstable Cirro high clouds (above 6m) Alto mid clouds (2-6m) Low clouds - plain stratus or cumulus, or a combination stratocumulus Nimbo rain producing

Cirrus Clouds High white and thin; no liquid water Point one direction-indicates wind Cirrostratus Thin sheet Halos Broad layer of convergence Milky Cirrocumulus

EXAM 1 REVIEW
1. What is the difference bet weather and climate: Climate what you expect; avg conditions Weather what you get

1/24/2014 1:50:00 PM

2. What variable GG is added/removed from the atm by the hydrologic cycle? Water Vapor 3. What tiny atm particles act as a surface on which water vapor condenses to produce clouds and fog? P.9 Aerosols 4. Top of the atm is well defined and is part of the thermosphere FALSE p 10 5. What are layers of atm? And what lapse rates are associated with ea layer? Tropo normal Strato- inverse ; bc loads of ozone (absorbs energy) Meso normal Thermo inverse

6. Troposphere (up to 12 km in altitude) The thinnest layer of the atm, contains 85% of the atm mass. P.12 7. Name each of these lines of latitude(5) p.18 Top arctic circle 66.5 deg noth o Tropic of Cancer 23.5 deg N Equator -0 = subsolar point (90 deg angle) moves around and it changes the seasons Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S o Antarctic Circle 66.5 S

8. What are 3 reasons for Earths changing seasons? P.24

 Tilt of earths axis Rotation of earth on its axis Path of the earth around the sun 9. Where are overhead rays during the summer solstice p. 23 Tropic of Cancer 23.5 N Where are OR during winter solstice Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S 10. How many hrs of daylight do the poles receive during the Autumnal Equinox 12 hrs How many hours of daylight does S pole receive during Winter Solstice 24 hrs 11. Picture of rotations around sun ?? March 21 (10 o clock position clockwise) Spring Equinox o Sub polar at equator Dec 21 N pole no daylight; S p 24 hrs Sept 23 Equinox at equator ; June 21 - tropic of cancer; longest day o N p 24 hrs; S none

12. Name three types of ENERGY transport processes and give an ex of each. ??? p. 24 Convection cold water sinking to bottom of ocean; thermal fluid movement Radiation Conduction touch; metal is hot and transfers from pot to hand 13. 2 main types of scattering that can occur when incoming solar radiation enters the atm. What are they? What does each type of scattering cause? P.27 Rayleigh Scattering (Blue tone of sky) Mei Scattering (white clouds) large particles ; white light 14. Albedo? Earths avg elbedo? P.29

Reflective quality of a surface About 31%

15. Water Vapor and CO, two of the GG, absorb what type of radiation? Long wave radiaiton (thermal infrared) This radiation is emitted from what source? Earth Wiens displacement law (Hot body short waves; Cold body long waves) 16. Diagram Ni. Not aborb any short ; 17. Greenhouse effect is a nat process that warms the Earth 18. ON a Temp map, what are lines of equal temp called Isotherms o Black line = joining points of equal Temp 19. 5 controls of Temp (COALA) Latitude Continentality land and H2O Altitude Ocean Currents Albedo 20. Land heats and cools more rapidly than Water 21. Windward side of mtn gets most rain 22. IN northern Hemisphere water circulates CLOCKWISE S hemisphere water circulates COUNTERCLOCKWISE 23. Hottest part of the day just after noon highest angle of incidence Coldest?

Just after midnight (just before sunrise)

24. is latent heat rel or abs during condensation? Released Evap? Absorbed 25. Diagram Solid, L, Gas / heat added no change in T; 26. Relative humidity A percentage relating the amount of water vapor present to the amout the air can hold at a given Temp 27. What is dew point? P.59 Air becomes saturated and condensation begins 28. diagram rep where saturation is T. 5 C ; 25 C = 50% rel hum 29. diagram temp and rel humidity diagram Seasons p.18 Tina Plays Rugbyin all seasons Tilt Path Rotation

Insolation Scattering Reflection Absorption Water Characteristics STEF Specific Heat Transparency

Evaaporation Fluidity

Humidity measures MAD RV Mixing Ration Absolute Humidity Dew Point Relative Humidity Vapor Pressure

1/24/2014 1:50:00 PM 2/7 EXTRA CREDIT DUE FEB 24. HAND IT IN CLASS Noci Clouds Form in July and August Ice at boundary of earths atm and space Shine bc so high they remain lit even when sun goes down Billow Clouds (Kelvin Helmholtz waves) Lenticular Clouds UFO Form over mtn ranges Shelf Clouds (type of arcus clouds) Low at horizontal cloud associated with thunderssorm fronts Roll Clouds (type of arcus) Stratocumulus streets High up on troposphere Contrails Can affect temperature Fog Radiation Valley o Air sinks down o During night, fog forms in valley Upslope Advection = Horizontal Mvmnt o Cold surface, warmer air blow off surface, then reaches dew point

Evaporation o Oppsite from advection o Steam from water o Warm water, cool air o Common in early fall Preciptation o Light drizzle rain fallin in cool air, some droplets are evap in air = cooling process o Droplets take energy from air and also adding moisture to the air o Move air to close to dew point = saturation o EXAM DESCRIBE SCENE AND TELL WHAT TYPE OF FOG

Go up 100 m => cool down 1 deg C

Clouds named based on Form and Hieght Highly vertically dev rain producing cloud cumulonimbus 2 ways fog form cool to dew point and add moisture fog formed when warm air moves horiz over a colder surface advection See picture in phone for ELR DALR AND WALR II. PRECIPITATION FORMATION WAGS Winds Atm, Stab, Gravity, Shear o Collision and calescent W o The Bergeron process C Formation )see phone pic

2/10/14 Drop must be larger than the other rops to be an efficient collider

Too big will be less efficient bc it creates high pressure that pushes smaller drops out of the way. Cold and Cool Clouds Cold temp below 0 troughout o Entirely ice crystals, supercoold droplets, mix of 2 Cool temp above 0 in lower reaches of clouds Cool clouds Collision Coalescence Only in temp above freezing Bergeron Ice Crustal Process Cold clouds Small droplets hit ice crystal structure, then becomes snow crustal Ice formation requires ice nuclei Coexist of ice and supercooled water = ice crystals KEY : Saturation vapor Pressure of ice is < that of supercooled water at the same temp See phone pic; ice crystal sucks moisture out of air (droplet) . (wrt) with respect to

Review see phone pic Types of Precipitation: rain, graupel,freezing rain,snow, sleet, hail Caused by profile of temperature Liquid Prec. o Rain result from liq droplets or ice crystals (origin from Bergeron ) o Virga evap on way down ; does not hit ground; usually in summertime (warm air) ; warm air holds a lot of moisture o Shower/Cloudburst = *EXTREME High all rate (>or equal to 5 in/hr) Highly vert dev cloud formations (usually cumulonimbus) with high moisture content Can result in disastrous floods short duration India/Asia during Monsoons

Frozen Prec o Snow originate Bergeron Temp profile that never goes above freezing *EXAM Shape depend on temp and vapor pressure Freezing Prec o Hail vertical develp cloud lots of mixing Melt and refreezing = more ; larger it becomes o Graupel Snow flakes collide with others / cold liq droplets ; air pockets Spongy texture = dots icecream o Sleet Start as frozen prec melts, refreezes Unlike hail, it does it outside of the cloud o Freezing Rain Similar to sleet, but it doesnt refreeze when it comes down it super cools = freeze onto any solid surface

Human Alteration to Prec Weather mod o Cloud seeding more rain o Fog dispersal airports / visibility o Hail suppression farmers o Frost prevention farmer CS inject material into non precipitating cloud rocket/plane o Dry ice/silver iodide o Olympics Fog D o See phone pic o Heaters, mixing, or seeding smilar to cloud seeding o Ineffective above freezing o Airports Frost P Hail suppression hail cannons o Big funnel ; shockwave thru funnel to cloud