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Flame Theory
Outline
Types of Flames
Two basic categories
PrePre-mixed Diffusion
Premixed
Results from gaseous reactants that are mixed prior to combustion Flame propogates at velocities slightly less than a few m/s Considered constant pressure combustion Reacts quite rapidly
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Diffusion
Gaseous reactants are introduced separately and mix during combustion Energy release rate limited by mixing process Reaction zone between oxidizer and fuel zone
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Laminar
Premixed
Ex. Bunsen Burner Flame moves at fairly low velocity Mechanically create laminar conditions
Diffusion
Ex. Candle Flame Fuel: Wax, Oxidizer: Air Reaction zone between wax vapors and air
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Turbulent
Premixed
Heat release occurs much faster Increased flame propagation No definite theories to predict behavior
Flame Propagation
Initial spark causes pressure wave formation Flame propagation considered constant pressure Burned and Unburned regions Unburned portion may undergo autoignition, autoignition, known as Knock Knock
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Diffusion
Can obtain high rates of combustion energy release per unit volume Ex. Diesel Engine Modeling is very complex, no well established approach
Chemistry Basics
Reactants
Fuel: HydroHydro-Carbon Octane (C8H18) Oxidizer: Dry Air (D.A) 21% O2 79% N2 3.76 mol N2 1 mol O2
Products
CO2 H2O N2
CO2 + H2O
4CO2 + 5H2O
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Example Cont.
Practical Chemical Equation: Air used as oxidizer, not pure oxygen C4H10 + 6.5(O2+3.76N2) C4H10 + 31.03D.A. 4CO2 + 5H2O+24.44N2
CH + a(O2+3.76N2)
a = +( /4)
b=
c=/2
d = 3.76a
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Combustion Energy
U = Q - W Q = U + W W = PV Q = U + PV = H Q = Hprod - Hreact
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Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Formation (hf)
Energy required to form the compound
Adiabatic Assumptions
No heat transfer through cylinder walls All energy transferred to engine work & exhaust products Allows Adiabatic Flame Temperature (AFT) to be calculated Q=0 Hreact = Hprod
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1)
hf, CH4 = -74.81 kJ/mol (from chart) hf, O2 = hf, N2 = 0 Hreact = (ni hi) (n = # of moles) Hreact = 1mol * ((-74.81 kJ/mol) Hreact = -74.81 kJ
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Calculations Cont.
4) Determine Enthalpies of Products Guess value for temperature required: try 1000K
Calculations Cont.
Enthalpy of Formation values: hf,CO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol hf,H2O = -241.8 kJ/mol hf,N2 = 0 kJ/mol h values: hCO2(Tprod) hCO2(Tref) = 33.41 kJ/mol hH2O(Tprod) hH2O(Tref) = 25.98 kJ/mol hN2(Tprod) hN2(Tref) = 21.46 kJ/mol
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hCO2 = hf, CO2 + (hCO2(Tprod) hCO2(Tref)) hH2O = hf, H2O + (hH2O(Tprod) hH2O(Tref)) hN2 = hf, N2 + (hN2(Tprod) hN2(Tref))
Use tables provided to find hf and h
Calculations Cont.
5) Total Enthalpy of each molecule: h = hf + h
Calculations Cont.
6) Hprod << Hreact
hCO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol + 33.41 kJ/mol = -360.09 kJ/mol hH2O = -241.8 kJ/mol + 25.98 kJ/mol = -215.82 kJ/mol hN2 = 0 kJ/mol + 21.46 kJ/mol = 21.46 kJ/mol Total Enthalpy of Products:
hCO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol + 109.67 kJ/mol = -283.83 kJ/mol hH2O = -241.8 kJ/mol + 88.29 kJ/mol = -153.51 kJ/mol hN2 = 0 kJ/mol + 67.01 kJ/mol = 67.01 kJ/mol Hprod = (nihi) Hprod = 1( 283.83) + 2( 153.51) + 7.5( 67.01) Hprod = -88.28 kJ
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Hprod = (nihi) Hprod = (1) -360.09 + (2) -215.82 + (7.5) 21.46 Hprod = -630.78 kJ
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Calculations Cont.
7) Hprod < Hreact
Calculations Cont.
8) Interpolate to find proper value
T prod 2300 K 74.81 kJ ( 88.28 kJ ) Find (T prod 2400 K 2300 K 44.46 kJ ( 88.28 kJ )
hCO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol + 115.79 kJ/mol = -277.71 kJ/mol hH2O = -241.8 kJ/mol + 93.60 kJ/mol = -148.20 kJ/mol hN2 = 0 kJ/mol + 70.65 kJ/mol = 70.62 kJ/mol Hprod = (nihi) Hprod = (1) 302.05 + (2) -169.11 + (7.5) 56.14 Hprod = -44.46 kJ
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)=
2331 K
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Summary
Premixed and Diffusion Flames
Laminar Turbulent
Homework Problem
Problem Statement: Liquid Octane (C8H18) is burned at a constant pressure. The air and fuel are supplied at 298 K and 1 atm. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature for these conditions assuming complete combustion.
Combustion Chemistry
Balancing Chemical equations First Law Energy Balance