L290 ReturnRatio 2UP

Lecture 290 Feedback Analysis using Return Ratio (3/22/04) Page 290-1
ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II P.E. Allen - 2002

LECTURE 290 FEEDBACK CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING RETURN
RATIO
(READING: GHLM 599-613)
Objective
The objective of this presentation is:
1.) Illustrate the method of using return ratio to analyze feedback circuits
2.) Demonstrate using examples
Outline
Concept of return ratio
Closed-loop gain using return ratio
Closed-loop impedance using return ratio
Summary
Concept of Return Ratio
Instead of using two-port analysis, return ratio takes advantage of signal flow graph
theory.
The return ratio for a dependent source in a feedback loop is found as follows:
1.) Set all independent sources to zero.
2.) Change the dependent source to an independent source and define the controlling
variable as, s
r
, and the source variable as s
t
.
3.) Calculate the return ratio designated as RR = - s
r
/s
t
.
-
+
s
r
as
r
s
t
s
r
-
+
s
t
as
r
Fig. 290-01
s
in
s
out
-
+
s
out
Rest of feedback amplifier
-
+
s
r
as
r
s
t
s
r
-
+
s
t
s
in
s
out
-
+
s
out
Example 1 Calculation of Return Ratio
Find the return ratio of the op amp with feedback shown if the input resistance of the
op amp is r
i
, the output resistance is r
o
, and the voltage gain is a
v
.
R
S
+
-
R
F
v
s
v
o
R
S
R
F
v
s v
o
+
-
v
x
r
i
r
o
-a
v
v
x
+
-
R
S
R
F
v
o
+
-
v
r
r
i
r
o
-a
v
v
t
+
-
Fig. 290-02
Solution
v
r
=
(-a
v
v
t
)R
S
||r
i
r
o
+ R
F
+ R
S
||r
i
RR = -
v
r
v
t
=
(a
v
)R
S
||r
i
r
o
+ R
F
+ R
S
||r
i

Closed-Loop Gain Using Return Ratio
Consider the following general feedback amplifier:
-
+
s
ic
ks
ic
s
oc
s
r
-
+
s
oc
s
in
s
out
-
+
s
out
Fig. 290-03
Note that s
oc
= ks
ic
.
Assume the amplifier is linear and express s
ic
and s
out
as linear functions of the two
sources, s
in
and s
oc
.
s
ic
= B
1
s
in
- H s
oc
s
out
= d s
in
+ B
2
s
oc
where B
1
, B
2
, and H are defined as
B
1
=
s
ic
s
in

|
s
oc
=0
=
s
ic
s
in

|
k=0
, B
2
=
s
out
s
oc

|
s
in
=0
, and H = -
s
ic
s
oc

|
s
in
=0

Closed-Loop Gain Using Return Ratio Continued
Interpretation:
B
1
is the transfer function from the input to the controlling signal with k = 0.
B
2
is the transfer function from the controlling signal to the output with s
in
= 0.
H is the transfer function from the output of the dependent source to the controlling
signal with s
in
= 0 and multiplied times a 1.
d is defined as,
d =
s
out
s
in

|
s
oc
=0
=
s
out
s
in

|
k=0

d = is the direct signal feedthrough when the controlled source in A is set to zero (k=0)
Closed-loop gain (s
out
/s
in
) can be found as,
s
ic
= B
1
s
in
- H s
oc
= B
1
s
in
- kH s
ic

s
ic
s
in
=
B
1
1 + kH
s
out
= d s
in
+ B
2
s
oc
= d s
in
+ kB
2
s
ic
= d s
in
+
B
1
kB
2
1 + kH
s
in
2.) A =
s
out
s
in
=
B
1
kB
2
1 + kH
+ d =
B
1
kB
2
1 + RR
+ d =
g
1 + RR
+ d
where RR = kH and g = B
1
kB
2
(gain from s
in
to s
out
if H = 0 and d = 0)
Closed-Loop Gain Using Return Ratio Continued
Further simplification:
A =
g
1 + RR
+ d =
g + d(1+RR)
1 + RR
=
g + dRR
1 + RR
+
d
1 + RR
=
\
|
[
)
j
g
RR
+ d RR
1 + RR
+
d
1 + RR
Define
A
=
g
RR
+ d
3.) A = A

RR
1 + RR
+
d
1 + RR
Note that as RR , that A = A
.
A
is the closed-loop gain when the feedback circuit is ideal (i.e., RR or k ).

Block diagram of the new formulation:
Note that b = RRA
is called the
effective gain of the feedback amplifier.
b = RRA
d
1
A
s
in
s
out
+
+
+
-
Fig. 290-04
Example 2 Use of Return Ratio Approach to Calculate the Closed-Loop Gain
Find the closed-loop gain and the effective gain of the transistor
feedback amplifier shown using the previous formulas. Assume
that the BJT g
m
= 40mS, r
= 5k, and r
o
= 1M.
Solution
The small-signal
model suitable
for calculating
A
and d is
shown.
A
=
s
out
s
in

|
k=
=
v
o
i
in

|
g
m
=
= ? Remember that A =
a
1+af

1
f
as a .
f =
v
o
i
F

|
v
in
=0
=
-1
R
F
Therefore, A
= - R
F
= -20k
d =
s
out
s
in

|
k=0
=
v
o
i
in

|
g
m
=0
=
r
+R
F
+(r
o
||R
C
)
(r
o
||R
C
)
=
5k
5k+20k+1M||10k
(1M||10k) = 1.42k
i
in
v
o
V
CC
R
C
= 10k
R
F
= 20k
Fig. 290-05
-
+
v
be
=s
ic
v
o
=s
out
+
-
i
in=
s
in
R
F
r
r
o
R
C
g
m
v
be
= ks
ic
Fig. 290-06
i
F
Example 2 Continued
What is left is to calculate the RR. A small-signal model for this is shown below.
-
+
v
be
=v
r
v
o
+
-
R
F
r
r
o
R
C
g
m
v
be
= g
m
v
t
Fig. 290-07
v
r
= (-g
m
v
t
)
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
r
o
||R
C
r
+R
F
+r
o
||R
C
r

v
r
v
t
= (-g
m
r
)
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
r
o
||R
C
r
+R
F
+r
o
||R
C

RR = -
v
r
v
t
= (g
m
r
)
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
r
o
||R
C
r
+R
F
+r
o
||R
C
= (200)
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1M||10k
5k+20k+1M||10k
= 56.74
Now, the closed loop gain is found to be,
A = A

RR
1 + RR
+
d
1 + RR
= (-20k)
\
|
[
)
j
56.74
1 + 56.74
+
\
|
[
)
j
1.4k
1 + 56.74
= -19.63k
The effective gain is given as,
b = RRA
= 56.74(-20k) = -1135k
Closed-Loop Impedance Formula using the Return Ratio (Blackmans Formula)
Consider the following linear feedback circuit where the impedance at port X is to be
calculated.
ks
ic
Fig. 290-08
-
+
s
ic
=
s
r
s
t
s
ic
=s
r
-
+
s
t
v
x
-
+
i
x
Port
X
Port
Y
s
y
-
+
Expressing the signals, v
x
and s
ic
as linear functions of the signals i
x
and s
y
gives,
v
x
= a
1
i
x
+ a
2
s
y
s
ic
= a
3
i
x
+ a
4
s
y
The impedance looking into port X when k = 0 is,
Z
port
(k=0) =
v
x
i
x

|
k=0
=
v
x
i
x

|
s
y
=0

Closed-Loop Impedance Formula using the Return Ratio Continued
Next, compute the RR for the controlled source, k, under two different conditions.
1.) The first condition is when port X is open (i
x
= 0).
s
ic
= a
4
s
y
= a
4
s
t
Also,
s
r
= ks
ic
s
r
= ka
4
s
t
RR(port open) = -
s
r
s
t
= - ka
4
2.) The second condition is when port X is shorted (v
x
= 0).
i
x
= -
a
2
a
1
s
y
= -
a
2
a
1
s
t
s
ic
= a
3
i
x
+ a
4
s
y
=
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
a
4
-

a
2
a
3
a
1
s
t
The return signal is
s
r
= ks
ic
= k
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
a
4
-

a
2
a
3
a
1
s
t
RR(port shorted) = -
s
r
s
t
= - k
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
a
4
-

a
2
a
3
a
1

3.) The port impedance can be found as (Blackmans formula),
4.) Z
port
=
v
x
i
x
= a
1\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1 - k
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
a
4
-

a
2
a
3
a
1
1 - a
4
Z
port
= Z
port
(k=0)
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 + RR(port shorted)
1 + RR(port open)

Example 3 Application of Blackmans Formula
Use Blackmans formula to calculate the output resistance of Example 2.
Solution
We must calculate three quantities. They are
R
out
(g
m
=0), RR(output port shorted), and
RR(output port open). Use the following
model for calculations:
R
out
(g
m
=0) = r
o
||R
C
||(r
+R
F
) = 7.09k
RR(output port shorted) = 0 because v
r
= 0.
RR(output port open) = RR of Example 2 = 56.74
R
out
= R
out
(g
m
=0)
|
|
|
|
|
1 + RR(port open)
= 7.09k
\
|
[
)
j
1
1+56.74
= 129
-
+
v
be
=v
r
v
o
+
-
R
F
r
r
o
R
C
g
m
v
be
= g
m
v
t
Fig. 290-07
Example 4 Output Resistance of a Super-Source Follower
Find an expression for the small-signal output resistance of the
circuit shown.
Solution
The appropriate small-signal model is shown where g
m2
= k.
v
in
+
-
+ -
v
2
+
-
v
1
g
m1
v
2
g
m2
v
1
r
ds2
r
ds1
v
out
+
-
v
in
+
-
+ -
v
2
+
-
v
1
= v
r
g
m1
v
2
g
m2
v
1
=
g
m2
v
t
r
ds2
r
ds1
v
out
+
-
Fig. 290-10
R
out
(g
m2
=0) = r
ds2
and RR(output port shorted) = 0 because v
t
= 0.
RR(output port open) = -
s
r
s
t
= -
v
r
v
t

v
r
= v
out
(g
m1
v
2
)r
ds1
= v
out
g
m1
r
ds1
(-v
out
) = v
out
(1 + g
m1
r
ds1
)
v
out
= - g
m2
r
ds2
v
t
v
r
= -(1 + g
m1
r
ds1
)g
m2
r
ds2
v
t
RR(output port open) = -
v
r
v
t
= (1 + g
m1
r
ds1
)g
m2
r
ds2
R
out
= R
out
(g
m2
=0)
|
|
|
|
|
1 + RR(port open)
= r
ds2
\
|
|
[
)
j
j
1+0
1+(1 +g
m1
r
ds1
)g
m2
r
ds2

1
g
m1
r
ds1
g
m2

v
in
v
out
V
DD
I
2
I
1
M1
M2
I
2
-I
1
Fig. 290-09
SUMMARY
Return ratio is associated with a dependent source. If the dependent source is
converted to an independent source, then the return ratio is the gain from the dependent
source variable to the previously controlling variable.
The closed-loop gain of a linear, negative feedback system can be expressed as
A = A

RR
1 + RR
+
d
1 + RR
where
A
= the closed-loop gain when the loop gain is infinite

RR = the return ratio
d = the closed-loop gain when the amplifier gain is zero
The resistance at a port can be found from Blackmans formula which is
Z
port
= Z
port
(k=0)
|
|
|
|
|
1 + RR(port open)

where k is the gain of the dependent source chosen for the return ratio calculation
This stuff is all great but of little use as far as calculations are concerned.
Small-signal analysis is generally quicker and easier than the two-port approach or
the return ratio approach.
Why study feedback? Because it is a great tool for understanding a circuit and for
knowing how to modify the performance in design.

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Lecture 290 Feedback Analysis using Return Ratio (3/22/04) Page 290-1

ECE 6412 - Analog Integrated Circuit Design - II P.E. Allen - 2002

is the closed-loop gain when the feedback circuit is ideal (i.e., RR or k ).

= the closed-loop gain when the loop gain is infinite

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