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Lecture No.

RF & Microwave Engineering

Basit Ali Zeb


Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering Air University

Lecturers Introduction
Basit Ali Zeb
MSc Telecommunications Engineering
Technical University of Denmark BSc Electrical Engineering 2001 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Area of Specialization: Antennas/Microwave Engineering Industry Experience: Nescom/MTC 2006

Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Course Information
OBJECTIVES
This course will provide a comprehensive introduction to basic RF & microwave engineering, its theory and applications in practical components and systems. To encourage students to get involved in this rather complex but highly rewarding field.

REQUIRED SKILLS
Electromagnetics Waves EE212 Antennas and Wave Propagation EE313 Vector Calculus and Basic Circuit Theory
Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 3 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Course Information -1
Course Coverage
Microwave Transmission Lines Microwave Circuit Design Basics Microwave Network Analysis Scattering Parameters Microwave Devices Microwave Systems Microwave Measurements Some Advanced topics in microwave engineering
Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Lecture Plan
Week
1

Topics

Introduction to Microwave Engineering, Overview of Microwave Frequencies, Review of relevant Electromagnetics and Maxwells Equations, Transmission line theory Derivations of Transmission line wave equations, definitions of characteristic impedance, group and phase velocities. Lossless transmission line, Terminated lossless lines, concept of standing waves , reflection coefficient and VSWR, calculation of Input Impedance and Return Loss Time average power flow, special cases of lossless terminated transmission lines, Quarter wave Transformer, Generator and load Mismatch, Problem solving Discussion of home assignment, Introduction to Smith Chart, Algebra behind the smith chart, problems solving, Introduction to Microstrip lines Impedance matching and tuning, matching with lumped elements, matching using microstrip lines, Single stub tuner, quarter wave transformer matching. Problems solving using analytical methods and smith charts Microwave network analysis, Introduction to Z and Y matrices, Global characteristics of Z and Y matrices, Tutorial Example , N-port microwave networks Introduction of Scattering parameters, definition of S-parameters for n-port networks, concept and uses of modified S-parameters
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Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Lecture Plan
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Scattering parameters and time average power flow, generalized S-parameters, Transmission ABCD matrix, Discussion of home assignment, Introduction to passive microwave devices, General properties of 3 and 4-port networks, Operation of and directional coupler Wilkinson Power dividers (WPD), Even and odd mode analysis, S-parameters of WPD, Design of 900 Hybrid coupler and 1800 ring coupler Waveguides, developing concepts of waveguides, Energy propagation in waveguides, E and H fields Field analysis of rectangular waveguides, TE and TM modes, Microwave connector types, Problem solving Microwave Resonators , Transmission line resonators, Dielectric Resonator Active devices, Gunn Oscillator, PIN diodes, Microwave Tubes, Introduction to Microwave antennas and propagation characteristics Microwave Receiver design, Microwave measurements (VNA), Introduction to Anechoic Chamber, Review topics, problems solving and general discussion
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Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Course Information -2
Grading Criteria
Quizzes (Written) Home Assignments Midterm Exam Lab Work+ Oral Exam Final Exam
Total

= = = = =

10% 05% 20% 20% 45%

= 100%

Attitude Counts !! Be in time, not on-time


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Reading
Text & Reference Books:
1: Microwave Engineering
(David M. Pozar) 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005

2:

Microwave and wireless Systems


(David M. Pozar)

RF

Design

of

3:

RF Circuit Applications

Design-Theory

and

(R. Ludwig & P. Bretchko) 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2000


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General Requirements
You are expected to take active part during the lectures, there might be surprise quizzes!!! Late attendance will be marked twice during the two hour session Frequent movements in the class is not allowed Mobile phone must strictly be turned off, there is a penalty of marks deduction if u dont follow this. You are strongly discouraged to enter the lecture room after five minutes of T0
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Questions ?

This course is not about the engineering of Microwave Ovens!!

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Introduction to Microwave Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering Air University

RF & Microwave Frequencies


Region Range
3 30 MHz 30 300 MHz 300 1 GHz

Band
HF VHF UHF L S C X
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Application
Radio, citizens band radio, cordless telephony, HERTZ ANTENNA

Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

RF Microwave

Radio, TV channels, FM, Police, flight navigation, telephone


Radars, TV channels, GSM 900, Microwave Oven 915 MHz (Europe)

1 2 GHz 2 4 GHz 4 8 GHz 8 12 GHz

L-band communication, GPS, WLL, PCS, GSM 1800 / 1900 Weather radars, ISM applications, Microwave Oven 2.4 GHz (US), WiMax Weather radar, Satellite Broadcasting, military Comms. Police radar, military
Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Microwave Frequencies
Region Range
12 18 GHz 18 27 GHz 27 40 GHz 40 75 GHz 75 110 GHz 110 GHz 300

Band
Ku K Ka V W mm

Application
Satellite, military, remote sensing, Police radar, Industrial and medical applications

Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Advantages of Microwave Circuits


RF, Microwave & millimeter wave circuit design is much more complicated than low frequency work, So why do we do it? Increased Antenna Gain More Bandwidth is achieved LOS Communications & Penetration through Ionosphere makes it useful to communicate with satellites Atomic, molecular and Nuclear resonances: useful for remote sensing applications Preferred in Radar systems
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Micro Millimeter wave wave

Mobile, Satellite and fixed communications, atmospherical radiometry, solid-state spectroscopy, THz Imaging

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Difficulties in Microwave Circuits


Electrical length of the circuit is defined as:

Voltages and currents are not well defined Behavior of lumped components in microwave region is not predictable Device fabrication and measurements need extra care, which means cost increases

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Applications
Wireless data networks Bluetooth WiFi WiMax ZigBee GPS Mobile communications Satellite Communications High Power Microwaves

CAN YOU THINK OF SOME OTHERS?


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Introduction and Review of Relevant Electromagnetics

Department of Electrical Engineering Air University

Electromagnetics Waves

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Electromagnetics Waves

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Overview of Maxwells Equations


What are Maxwells Equations ?
Combination of Gauss law for electric and magnetic fields, Amperes law for magnetic fields, and the Faraday-Henry law of electromagnetic induction

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

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Maxwells Equations
Maxwells Equations relate the fields (E and H) and their sources ( and J) to each other
Time Harmonic Representation Local fields Faradays Law

Amperes Law with Maxwells addition

Differential Form of Equations

Gausss Law

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Qualitative Interpretation
A changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Both a moving charge (current) and a changing electric flux create a magnetic field. The distribution of the electric charge determines the electric field. The magnetic flux lines are closed; in other words, there are no magnetic charges.
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Features
Maxwells equations form the basis of radio and microwave engineering, in fact, of the whole of electrical engineering. These equations cannot be derived from other laws; they are based on empirical research. Their validity comes from their capability to predict the electromagnetic phenomena correctly. The creation of EM field is easy to understand with Maxwells Equations and hence forms the basis of wave propagation.
We will not explicitly be seeing Maxwells Equations much in this course
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Representation of Microwaves
Classical field theory on Maxwells Equations reveals that TEM Wave has an impedance which is:

Remember how the wavelength changes as the function of frequency!!


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Example

This example conveys an appreciation of how the wavelength changes as frequency. As the frequency increases, the wavelength becomes comparable to the dimensions of circuit board or even to the individual discrete components!!
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Conclusion
Low frequency circuits are usually very small as compared to the minimum EM wavelength Components like inductors, resistors, capacitors, transistors are electrically small at these frequencies and are considered LUMPED Because of this, simple circuit analysis like KVL etc. can be applied in terms of voltages and currents However, at microwave frequencies, the lumped components may not be electrically small. Wave propagation effects have to be considered for propagation delays and phase shifts
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Study
Chapter 1 of the text book
Articles 1.1 to 1.5

Next lecture on Transmission Lines

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

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