Amity School of Engineering and Technology, AUUP Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

Tutorial Sheet 4: (Wa e !ature of light" I!TE#$E#E!%E 1. In the Youngs double slit experiment, interference fringes are formed using sodium light (with wavelengths 58 ! " and 58 # "$. %btain the regions on the screen where the fringe pattern will disappear. &iven the distance between slits d ' !.5 mm and distance between screen and the double slit plane ( ' 1!! cm. ). In a *resnels biprism experiment the fringe width is observed to be !.!8+ mm. ,hat will it become if the slit to biprism distance is reduced to -th of the original distance. /. In an experiment using sodium light of wavelength 58 ! ", an interference pattern was obtained in which )! e0uall1 spaced fringes occupied )./! cm on the screen. %n replacing sodium lamp with another monochromatic source of a different wavelength with no other changes, /! fringes were found to occup1 ).8! cm on the screen. 2alculate the wavelength of light from this source. 3. If one carries out the Youngs double slit experiment using microwaves of wavelength 1 cm, discuss the nature of the fringe pattern if d ' !.1 cm, 1 cm and 3 cm. You ma1 ta4e ( ' 1!! cm. Is the e0uation for fringe width derived for the light waves will be applicable here. 5. 5 radio station broadcasts simultaneousl1 from two transmitting antennas at two different locations. ,ill 1our radio have a better reception with two transmitting antennas rather than one. 6ustif1 1our answer. #. In the Youngs double slit experiment, light waves coming from both slits have their phase shifted b1 half a wavelength. 7ow would the fringe pattern change at the screen. 7ow would the pattern change if the light coming from onl1 one of the slits had its phase shifted b1 half a wavelength. +. In the Youngs double slit experiment, the angle that locates the second dar4 fringe on either side of the central bright fringe is 5.38. *ind the ratio of the slit separation d to the wavelength of light. 8. 5ssume a plane wave incident normall1 on a plane containing two holes separated b1 a distance d. If we place a convex lens behind the slits, show that the fringe width, as observed on the focal plane of the lens, will be f , where f is the focal length of
d

the lens.

. In the Youngs double slit experiment, consider two points on the screen, one corresponding to a path difference of 5!!! " and the other corresponding to a path difference of 3!!!! ". *ind the wavelengths (in the visible region$ which correspond to constructive and destructive interference. ,hat will be the colour of these points. 1!. 5 soap film (n ' 1.//$ is /+5 nm thic4 and is surrounded on both sides b1 air. 9unlight (wavelength range /8! nm to +5! nm$ stri4es the film nearl1 perpendicularl1. *or which wavelength(s$ in this range does constructive interference cause the film to loo4 bright in reflected light. 11. 5 mixture of red (: ' ##1 nm$ and green light (: ' 551 nm$ shines perpendicularl1 on a soap film (n ' 1.//$ that has air on both sides. ,hat is the minimum non;ero thic4ness of the film, so that destructive interference causes it to loo4 red in reflected light. 1). 5 non<reflective coating of magnesium fluoride (n ' 1./8$ covers the glass (n ' 1.5)$ of a camera lens. 5ssuming that the coating prevents reflection of 1ellow<green light (: ' 5#5 nm$, determine the minimum non<;ero thic4ness of the coating can have. 1/. =wo plane glass plates are placed on top of one another and on one side a paper is introduced to form a thin wedge of air. 5ssuming that a beam of wavelength #!! nm is incident normall1, and that there are 1!! interference fringes per cm, calculate the wedge angle. 13. In >ewtons ring experiment the diameters of 3th and 1)th dar4 rings are !.3 and !.+ cm, respectivel1. 2alculate the diameter of )!th dar4 ring. 15. >ewtons rings are formed b1 monochromatic light between a flat glass plate and a plano<convex lens is viewed normall1. 2alculate the order of the dar4 ring which will have double the diameter of that of 3!th dar4 ring. 1#. >ewtons rings are formed b1 monochromatic light of : ' #3! nm. 5ssume that the point of contact to be perfect. (iscuss the ring pattern as seen through the microscope if the lens is slowl1 raised verticall1 above the plate. ?adius of the convex surface is 1!! cm. ,hat are the radii of the first and second dar4 rings when (a$ the lens rests on the glass plate, (b$ lens is raised through a height of :@3, (c$ lens is raised through a height of :@) . 1+. t

In the above figure a plano<convex lens is resting on a flat glass plate. =he thic4ness t ' 1./+ A 1!e<5 m. =he lens is illuminated with monochromatic light (: ' 55! nm$

and a series of concentric bright and dar4 fringes are formed. 7ow man1 bright rings are there. 18. 5 convex surface of radius of radius /!! cm of a plano<convex lens rests on a concave surface of radius 3!! cm and >ewtons rings are viewed with reflected light of wavelength #!!! ". 2alculate the diameter of the 1!th bright ring. 1 . In a >ewtons ring arrangement, light consisting of wavelengths 1 and ) incidents normall1 on a plane convex lens of radius of curvature R resting on a glass plate. If the nth dar4 ring due to 1 coincides with (nB1$th dar4 ring due to ) , then show that the radius of the nth dar4 ring of 1 is given b1

1) R . ( 1 ) )

)!. In a >ewtons ring arrangement if the incident light consists of two wavelengths 5!!! " and 5!!) ". 2alculate the distance from the point of contact at which the rings will disappear. 5ssume that the radius of curvature of the curved surface is 3!! nm. Tutorial Sheet & 'I$$#A%TI(! )1. 9how that, for *raunhofer diffraction at a single slit, the relative intensities of the successive maxima are approximatel1 1 C 3@ ) C 3@)5) C 3@3 ) DDD.. )). 5 single slit is illuminated b1 light composed of two wavelengths 1 and ). %ne observes that due to *raunhofer diffraction the first minimum obtained for 1 coincides with the second diffraction minimum of ). ,hat is the relation between 1 and ) . )/. (iffraction pattern of a single slit of width !.5 cm is formed b1 a lens of focal 3! cm. 2alculate the distance between the first dar4 and next bright fringe from the optic axis. ( ' 38 ! "$ )3. Eight is incident normall1 on a grating !.5 cm wide with )5!! lines. *ind the angles of diffraction for the principal maxima of the two sodium lines in the first order spectrum. &iven that 1 = 58 ! A and ) = 58 # A . )5. In a diffraction phenomenon using double slit, 2alculate (i$ the distance between the central maximum and the first minimum of the fringe envelope and (ii$ the distance between an1 two consecutive double slit dar4 fringes. &iven dataC ,avelength of light' 5!!! ", 9lit width '!.!) mm, 9pacing between two slits ' !.1! mm, 9creen to slits distance ' 1!! cm.
! !

)#. (educe the missing orders for a double slit *raunhofer diffraction pattern, if the slit widths are !.1# mm and the1 are !.8 mm apart. )+. ,hat is grating element. 9how that onl1 first order is possible if the width of the grating element is less than twice the wavelength of light. )8. 5 diffraction grating is Fust able to resolve two line of '513! " and '513!.85 " in the first order. ,ill it resolve the line ' 8!/+.)! " and ' 8!/+.5! " in the second order . ) . ,hat is the ratio of resolving powers of two gratings having 15!!! lines in ) cm and 1!,!!! lines in 1 cm in first order. Gach grating has lines in its ).5 cm width. /!. 5 plane transmission grating has 15!!! lines per inch. *ind the angle of separation of the 5!58 " and 5!1# " lines of helium in the second order spectrum. /1. In the second order spectrum of a plane diffraction grating, a certain spectral line appears at an angle of 1!8, while another line of wavelength 5 A 1! < cm higher appears at an angle / more. *ind the wavelengths of the lines and the minimum grating width re0uired to resolve them. (&iven sin 1!8 ' !.1+/# and cos 1!8 ' !. 838$ /). 2onsider a diffraction grating of width 5 cm with slits of width !.!!!1 cm separated b1 a distance of !.!!!) cm. ,hat is the corresponding grating element. 7ow man1 diffraction orders would be observed for wavelength '5 A 1!</ 2m. 2alculate the width of the principal maximum. //. Eight is incident normall1 on a grating of total ruled width 5 A 1!</ m with )5!! lines in all. 2alculate the angular separation of two sodium lines in the first order spectrum. 2an the1 be seen distinctl1. /3. =he wavelengths of sodium ( lines are 58 .#nm and 58 nm. ,hat is the minimum number of lines that a grating must have in order to resolve these lines in the first order spectrum. Tutorial Sheet ) P(*A#I+ATI(! /5. =he components of a plane electromagnetic wave are, E x = ) E ! cos( t kz + ) and E y = E ! sin (t kz ) . (raw the diagram showing the state of polari;ation when (a$ ' !, (b$ ' H@), (c$ ' H@3. electric field

/#. 5 beam of verticall1 plane polari;ed light is normall1 incident on an ideal linear polari;er. 9how that if its transmission axis ma4es an angle of #!8 with the vertical, onl1 )5I of the irradiance will be transmitted b1 the polari;er.

/+. 5t what angle will the reflection of the s41 coming of the surface of a pond (n ' 1.//$ completel1 vanish when seen through a Jolaroid filter. /8. Eight reflected from a glass plate (ng ' 1.#5$ immersed in eth1l alcohol (ne ' 1./#$ is found to be completel1 linearl1 polari;ed. 5t what angle will the partiall1 polari;ed beam be transmitted into the plate. / . 5 right circularl1 polari;ed beam is incident on a calcite half<wave plate. 9how that the emergent beam will be left<circularl1 polari;ed. 3!. J1 I1 L I! L 158 Jass axis of J1

7,J A I) J) I/

5 7,J (half wave plate$ is introduced between two crossed Jolaroids J1 and J). =he optic axis ma4es an angle 158 with the pass axis of J 1 as shown in *igs (a$ K (b$. If an unpolari;ed light beam of intensit1 I! in normall1 incident on J1 and if I1, I) and I/ are the intensities after J1, 7,J and J) respectivel1, then calculate I1@I!, I)@I!, I/@I!. 31. 5 0uart; plate cut perpendicular to the optic axis is to be used to rotate the plane polari;ed light through an angle of !8. If wavelength of the light used is 53#1 ", find its thic4ness. 3). 5 beam of linearl1 polari;ed light is changed into circularl1 polari;ed light b1 passing it through a sliced cr1stal of thic4ness !.!!5 cm. 2alculate the difference in refractive indices of the two ra1s in the cr1stal assuming this to be of minimum ! thic4ness that will produce the effect. =he wavelength of light used is 5!!! A . 3/. 5n un4nown solution is suspected of containing particular substance of specific rotation 9: ' <51.38. If a 15 cm length of this solution rotates sodium light (58 / " ) by )5.#, what is the concentration of this particular substance.

33. 5 polarimeter tube is /! cm long filled with a solution containing 15 gm of cane sugar per 1!! cc is placed in the path of a plane polari;ed light. *ind the angle of rotation of the plane of polari;ation. 9pecific rotation of sugar is ##.58. 35. 5 length of 15 cm of a solution containing 3! gm of solute per liter causes a rotation of the plane of polari;ation of light b1 # !. 2alculate the rotation of plane of polari;ation b1 a length of ))gm cm of a solution containing 1!! gm of solute per liter. 3#. 2alculate the specific rotation if the plane of polari;ation is turned through ))!, traversing 15 cm length of )!I sugar solution. 3+. 5 calcite plate cut with its faces parallel to the optic axis is placed between two crossed nicols with its principal section at /5! with polari;er. *ind a$ the amplitudes, b$ the internets of the % and G vibrations leaving the calcite. *ind also (c$ the relative amplitudes and (d$ intensities leaving the anal1;er. 38. 5 plate of thic4ness !.!)! mm is cut from calcite with optic axis parallel to the face. &iven, Mo ' 1.#38 and Me ' 1.381 (ignoring variations with wavelength$, find out those wavelengths in the range 3!!! " to +8!! " for which the plate behaves as a half wave plate and also those for which the plate behaves as a 0uarter wave plate. 3 . 5 beam of light is passed through a polari;er. If the polari;er is rotated with the beam as an axis, the intensit1 I of the emergent beam does not var1. ,hat are the possible polari;ation states and how to ascertain the state of the light beam with an additional N,J. 5!. 5 @3 plate is rotated between two crossed Jolaroids. If an unpolari;ed beam is incident of the 1st Jolaroid, discuss the variation of intensit1 of the emergent beam as the 0uarter wave plate in rotated. ,hat will happen if have a @) plate instead of a @3 plate

Tutorial Sheet ,: (Electromagnetics" -odule III 1. (efine the gradient of a scalar field. ,hat is the ph1sical significance of gradient. ). *ind the gradient of the functions (a$ f(x,1,;$ ' x) B 1/ B ;3 and (b$ f(x,1,;$ ' exsin(1$ln(;$. /. Eet r be the vector from some fixed point (x !, 1!, ;!$ to the point (x,1,;$ and r be its length. 9how that (a$ ( r ) ) = )r (b$ =
1 r O r O is a unit vector in the direction of r. , where r r)

3. Gxplain the geometrical interpretations of the divergence and curl of a vector field. 5. 2alculate the divergence of the following vector functions O O + / xz ) O j ) xzk (a$ v1 = x ) i O O+ ) yzO j + / xzk (b$ v ) =xyi O O + () xy + z ) $ O j + ) yzk (c$ v/ = y ) i .(tv $ = ( t $.v +t ( .v $ for a scalar function Pt and vector #. 9how that function v . O. O + () xy + z ) $ O j + () yz $k +. 2hec4 the divergence theorem for the function v = y ) i =a4e volume the cube of side unit1 and situated at origin. O is O +( y ) z $ O j +( x +az $ k 8. *ind the constant Pa for which the vector A = ( x +/ y $i solenoidal. . Jrove that $ = ! where is a scalar function. (a$ ( .( A$ = ! where 5 is a vector function. (b$ 1!. 2hec4 the 9to4es theorem for the s0uare surface of side unit1 at origin. &iven O and area vector da = O. dydzi j + ( 3 yz ) $k vector function v = ( ) xz + / y ) $ O r O , show that O + yO = !. j +zk 11. &iven a position vector r = xi / r

Tutorial Sheet .: Electromagnetics (-odule III" 1. ,hat is electric flux. If electric field is given b1
O, O +8 O E =3i j +/k

then calculate

the electric flux through a surface of area 3!! units l1ing in 1<; plane. ). 2onsider a uniform electric field G oriented in the A direction. *ind the net electric flux through the surface of a cube of edge length l situated at origin. /. 9tate and prove &ausss law in electrostatics. 3. (etermine the electric intensit1 inside and outside a hollow spherical conductor carr1ing a charge 0. &iven ?1 and ?) are the inside and outside radii. 5. (erive 2oulombs law from &ausss law. #. Qsing &auss theorem show that for points external to charged sphere, the force exerted are the same as would be produced if all the charges were concentrated at the centre of the sphere. +. 5 sphericall1 s1mmetric charge distribution of radius ? is characteri;ed b1 the charge densit1 function
r) for r ? (r $ = o 1 R) '! for r R ?. 2alculate (a$ total amount of charge, (b$ electric field at internal and external points.

8. Qse &auss law to calculate the electric field intensit1 due to a uniforml1 charged sphere at external and internal points. . *ind the electric field due to an infinite plane of positive charge with uniform surface charge densit1 . 1!. Gxplain wh1 &ausss law can not be used to calculate the electric field near an electric dipole, a charged disc, or a triangle with a point charge at each corner. Tutorial Sheet /: Electromagnetics (-odule III" 1. 9tate and prove 5mperes circuital law in electromagnetism. ). ,rite the Saxwells e0uations in both integral and differential form. &ive the ph1sical significance of each e0uation. /. (erive Saxwells e0uations in differential and integral form. 3. 9how that e0uation of continuit1 is contained in Saxwells e0uations. 5. Gxplain the propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in free space and show that electric vector E and magnetic vector 0 are mutuall1 perpendicular. #. (efine the Jo1nting vector. (erive Jo1nting theorem for flow of energ1 in an electromagnetic wave. +. 2alculate the magnitude of Jo1nting vector at the surface of the sun, if radius of sun ' + 1! 8 m and power radiated b1 the sun ' /.8 1! )# watt. 8. ,hat is intrinsic impedance. 9how that the intrinsic impedance of the vacuum is /++ . . %utside the earths atmosphere the intensit1 of sunlight (solar constant$ is ) cal cm<) min<1 (' 1.3 1! / watt @ m ) $. 2alculate (i$ the value of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields (assuming light to be a plane wave$. (ii$ the radiation pressure on the earth at normal incidence if it absorbs all the light. (iii$ the radiation pressure on the earth if it acts li4e a perfect mirror. 1!. In a radio wave E ! = 1! 3 V @ m , calculate the magnitude of B! and Jo1nting vector. 11. =he relative permittivit1 of distilled water is 81. 2alculate refractive index and velocit1. 1). If the magnitude of 7 in a plane wave is 1 amp@meter. *ind the magnitude of G for a plane wave in free space. 1/. 5 #! watt point source radiates e0uall1 in all directions. 2alculate the magnitudes of the pea4 value of electric and magnetic fields at a distance 1! m from the source.