COMMUNICATION ASSESSMENT FILE

TITLE:

NOTICES AND CIRCULARS

SUBMITTED TO: MS. LEKHA RANI SINGH DEPARTMENT: AICC

SUBMITTED BY: KANIKA GARG B.TECH- 3IT-1 A2305309055 ASET

AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH

INTRODUCTION
NOTICES: Notice is the legal concept in which a party is made aware of a legal process affecting their rights, obligations or duties. There are several types of notice: public notice (or legal notice), actual notice, constructive notice and implied notice. At common law, notice is the fundamental principle in service of process. In this case, the service of process puts the defendant "on notice" of the allegations contained within a criminal defendant to be notified of the charges and their grounds.

If a court bases personal urisdiction over an out!of!state or foreign defendant on a long!arm statute, the court must carefully select a means of notifying the defendant to comply with the notice re"uirement of due process. #ometimes this is done by serving agents of the defendant located within the state. $ecause out! of!state defendants can%t always be located easily, some state or local laws may allow for selication. An e&ample of this would be printing a notice of the lawsuit in a newspaper published where the defendant is believed to reside. $ecause the failure of a defendant to appear in court results in a default udgment against him, such measures must be sufficiently calculated to notice to the defendant to satisfy due process. give actual. In the core case setting forth constitutional notice re"uirements, the '.#. #upreme (ourt held that notice must be "reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their ob ections." )oreover, defendants must be notified by the "best practical means" available.

CIRCULARS : A circular (or called a flyer, handbill or leaflet) is a single page

leaflet advertising a nightclub, event, service, or other activity. *lyers are typically used by individuals or businesses to promote their products or services. They are a form of mass mar+eting or small scale, community communication. The verb "flyering" or "fliering" has evolved as a collo"uial e&pression meaning "to put up flyers". (irculars, along with postcards, pamphlets and small posters, are forms of communication for people who want to engage the public but do not have the money or desire to advertise over the internet, in telephone directories, or classified or display advertising in newspapers or other periodicals. As mar+eting became more direct in the late ,-./s and ,--/s, flyers evolved and currently there are many formats to be found. #ome e&amples are: A0 (roughly letterhead si1e) A2 (roughly half letterhead si1e) 34 (compslip si1e) A5 (postcard si1e) (( (credit card si1e)

(irculars are ine&pensive to produce and are regarded as a very effective form of direct mar+eting. Their widespread use intensified with the spread of des+top publishing systems. In recent years, the production of flyers through traditional printing services has been supplanted by Internet services6 customers may send designs and receive final products by mail.

TYPES OF NOTICES

7ublic notices(or legal notices) Actual notices (onstructive notices Implied notices

PU LIC NOTICES:
P!blic notice is a notice given to the public regarding certain types of legal proceedings.

y "o#ern$ent 7ublic notices are issued by a government agency or legislative body in certain rulema+ing or lawma+ing proceeding. It is a re"uirement in most urisdictions, in order to allow members of the public to ma+e their opinions on proposals +nown before a rule or law is made. *or local government, public notice is often given by those see+ing a li"uor license, a re1oning or variance, or other minor approval which must be granted by a city council, county commission, or board of supervisors.

y %ri#ate indi#id!al& or co$%anie&

7arties to some legal proceedings, such as foreclosures, probate, and estate actions are sometimes re"uired to publish public notices.

In co$$!nication& 7ublic notices are sometimes re"uired when see+ing a new broadcast license from a national broadcasting authority, or a change to modification to an e&isting license. '.#. broadcast stations are re"uired to give public notice on the air that they are see+ing a license renewal from the '.#. *ederal (ommunications (ommission (*((), or that they are ending analog T8 service early during the digital television transition in the 'nited #tates. 9ecords of these public notices must often be +ept in a station%s public file.

'ethod of notice :ne method of notice is publication in a local newspaper. 7ublic notice can also be given in other ways, including radio, television, and on the Internet. #ome governments re"uired publication in a newspaper, though there have been attempts among some politicians to eliminate the e&pense of publication by switching to electronic forms of notification.

CONSTRUCTI(E NOTICES:

(onstructive notice is a legal fiction used in the law of both common law and civil law systems to signify that a person or entity is legally presumed to have +nowledge of something, even if they have no actual +nowledge of it.

Intellect!al %ro%erty *or e&ample, one benefit of registering a trademar+ with the federal government of the 'nited #tates is that the registration gives nationwide constructive notice that the trademar+ is owned by the registrant. Therefore, if another entity uses the mar+, they will be treated as though they +new their use of it was a trademar+ infringement, even if they had no actual +nowledge of the registration, or the registrant%s use of the mar+.

Real %ro%erty :ne of the most common e&amples of constructive notice is in the operation of the real estate recording laws. :ne of the purposes of these is to impart constructive notice of the contents of documents affecting the title that are recorded in the recorder%s offices in the urisdictions where the real estate lies.

In tort (onstructive notice in the American legal system can be used to impose liability for negligence in tort actions against landholder defendants. ;hen there is no actual notice to a defendant of a ha1ardous condition, there may nevertheless be constructive notice. If the defendant would have been aware of the condition by being reasonably attentive, the defendant has constructive notice.

Ser#ice of %roce&& Another common e&ample of constructive notice is found in the law of civil procedure. ;here a plaintiff files a lawsuit, but is unable to effect service of process on the defendant because the defendant is in hiding, or their whereabouts are un+nown, most states permit the plaintiff to give constructive notice by either posting an announcement of the suit on property +nown to be

owned by the defendant, or by publishing the notice in a local newspaper. <ven if the defendant never sees the notice (or, at least, if it can not be proven that the defendant saw it), the court will go forward with the case as though the defendant was fully aware of the proceedings. In such a case, however, the defendant can later challenge the urisdiction of the court to hear the case, at which time the plaintiff usually has to prove that he tried to effect service of process by other means, and was unable to do so. A "lis pendens" notice is a document filed in the public records which, according to the laws of many states, provides constructive notice of pending litigation which could affect title to the property. 8arious forms of constructive notice have been challenged in the 'nited #tates #upreme (ourt as violating due process. ;hile the (ourt has generally upheld such practices, there have been some e&ceptions to this in which the court has held that notice must be reasonably calculated to reach +nown parties to a proceeding.

ACTUAL NOTICES:

Act!al notice is a law term, used most fre"uently in civil procedure. It is notice (usually to a defendant in a civil proceeding) delivered in such a way as to give legally sufficient assurance that actual +nowledge of the matter has been conveyed to the recipient. 7ersonal service, that is, physically handing something to an individual, is usually considered the least!disputable method of giving actual notice. Actual notice may be contrasted with constructive notice, which is a way of giving notice that may not immediately bring the matter to the attention of the individual that is intended to receive the notice. (onstructive notice includes, among other

methods, service on an agent or family member, service by posting (on the front door), and service by publication (as in a newspaper).

FOR'AT OF NOTICE

Date: Place: ody: ;hat, where, when, how, how

Na$e: (:fficial seal) )De&i"nation*

And the abo#e &ho!ld be enclo&ed in a bo+,

TYPES OF CIRCULARS

Academics Administration Accounts Training 7ay (ommision Admission <vents )iscellaneous