ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

L T P
0 0 3
1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers - Frequency response, Input and output
impedance
calculation
2. Class B Complementary symmetry poer amplifier
!bser"ation of the output a"e form ith cross o"er #istortion.
$odification of the circuit to a"oid cross o"er distortion.
$easurement of ma%imum poer output.
#etermination of efficiency.
Comparison ith calculated "alues.
&. #ifferential amplifier usin' B().
Construction of the circuit.
$easurement of #C collector current of indi"idual transistors.
*quali+ation of #C current usin' indi"idual emitter resistance ,-. / 1.. !hms0
$easurement of C$11.
2. #esi'n of oscillator
1C 3hase shift
4ein Brid'e !scillator
5artley and Colpitts !scilator.
-. Class C )uned 6mplifier.
SIMULATION USING PSPICE / MULTISIM
1. #ifferentiatial amplifier
2. 6cti"e filter7 Butterorth IInd order 83F
&. 6stable, $onostable and Bistable $ulti"ibrator - )ransistor bias
2. #96 and 69# con"erter ,Successi"e appro%imation0
-. 6nalo' multiplier
:. C$!S In"ertors, ;6;# and ;!1
Total: 45
*%periment71 #ate7

S5<;) =!8)6>* F**#B6C? 6$38IFI*1
1.1.AIM:
)o construct a "olta'e shunt feedback amplifier and to find its frequency
response ith and ithout feedback
1.2.APPARATUS REUIRED:
6pparatus Specification @uantity
)ransistor BC1.A 1
1esistors 1.kB,1kB,22kB,::2kB,CkB *ach one
Capacitor 1..:

f,-.

f 2,1
3oer supply , .-&.0= 1
C1! ,.-2.0 $h+ 1
6F! ,.-10 $h+ 1
Bread board 1
Connectin' ires 6s required
1.3.T!EORY7
If the feed back si'nal applied is in phase ith the input si'nal and thus
increase the input is called as positi"e or re'enerati"e feed back amplifier. )he "olta'e
'ain of the feed back is 'reater than open loop 'ain. If the feed back si'nal applied to the
input is out phase ith the input si'nal and thus the input si'nal decrease is knon as
;e'ati"e feed back. )he feedback is obtained throu'h resistor 1
f
connected from
collector to base .)he input "olta'e =i and the output "olta'e =o is 1C. de'ree out of
phase ith each other.
I
f
D ,=
i
/=
o
0 1
f
D
f
o
R
V

D =o E
4hen E D
f
R
1
D feed back factor
1.4.PROCEDURE7
F
Connections are 'i"en as per the circuit dia'ram.
F By keepin' the output "olta'e constant if the frequency is "aried and
the correspondin' output "olta'e is noted.
F )he 1eadin's are )abulated and the 'ain is con"erted to db usin' the
Formula.
F )he same procedure is repeted for both ith and ithout feedback.
F )he response cur"e is plotted for each case and bandith is
calculated.
.
S"#$%&%$at%o'(:
v v
cc
1.
)
mA I
CQ
&
)
mV V A hfe S v v
T v CEQ
2- , 12- , &.. , 1. , -
1.5 D#(%*' "+o$#,-+#:
Ba(# $-++#'t
A
I
I
CQ
B

1.
&..
1. &
&

Coll#$t#+ R#(%(ta'$#

K
I
V A
R
CQ
T v
C
1
1. &
1. 2- 12-
&
&

E.%tt#+ +#(%(ta'$#


+ + +
+ + +

2- . ::2
0 1. 1. 1. & , - 0 1 1. & , 1.
0 ,
: & &
E
E
E B CQ CEQ C CQ CC
R
R K
R I I V R I V
B%a(%'* +#(%(ta'$#

,
_

+
+
+

,
_

+
+
+

K R
R
R R
R
S
B
B
B E
E
:
2- . ::2
2- . ::2
&.. 1
&.. 1
1
1

R#(%(ta'$# R
1
A: . 2
2- . ::2 0 1. 1. 1. & , A . . 0 1. : 1. 1. ,
0 ,
22
A&G . 21
A: . 2
1. : 1.
: & & :
1
&
1

+ + +
+ + +

th
E B CQ BE B B th
th
B CC
V
R I I V R I V
K R
V
R V
R
R#(%(ta'$# R
2

+
+

K R
R
R R R
R
R
R R
R R
R R
R R
R
B
B
C
2&G . C
:A . &
1. :
1. 22
2
2
2 2 1
&
2
&
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

2-..
1. &
1. 2- &..
&
&
CQ
T
ie
I
V
h

F C
hz wheref
F
h f
C
C
c
ie c
C

.: . 1
:.
.:1 . 1
2-.. :. 2
1
2
1

/%t0o-t 1##,2a$3:
T0# %'"-t %."#,a'$# %( *%4#' 25

+

,
_

1-..
2-.. &A-.
2-.. &A-.
1. :
1. :
0 ,
i
ie
ie f B i
R
IIh
K K
K K
parallelh parallelR R R
T0# o-t"-t %."#,a'$# %( *%4#' 25

+

.G . G.G
1. 1
1. 1
o
f C o
R
K K
K K
IIR R R
/%t0 1##,2a$3:
F C
fC
X
R
X
R X
ce i InputCapac
F
f R
C
fC
X
R
X
ce ci OutputCapa
IIR R R

Ro
R
!ance Outputimpe

R
R
R R
R
R it"factor e#en#itiv
K R
h IIR R
IIR R IIR R h
ceR Tran#re#i#

R
ancveR Inputimpe!
i
i
ci
if
ci
if ci
of
o
co
of
co
c of
of
of
i
if
m m
f
m
m
ie f B
f c f B ie
m
i
if

1C
2
1
1.
tan
&.
0 2 0, ,
1.
2
1
1.
tan
A2 . 2G
1... &- . -2
1... &- . -2
&- . -2
&:2 . 1A
.G . G.G
&G . C:
&:2 . 1A
1-..
&:2 . 1A 0
1. 1.
1
, 1 0
1
, 1
1
:&: . 1:&
2-.. &A-.
0 .G . G.G 0, &A-. , &..
0 ,
0 0, ,
tan
.
1
&

+
+

+

1.
tan
1
1
E
CE
E CE
R
X
R X
ce ci B"pa##capa

1
1
]
1

+
+

.C . 2A
1
2
1
1
fe
B ie
E E
E
CE
h
R h
II R R
fc
X

F C
R
fc
E
E
E

-C
1. 2
1
1

1.6 C%+$-%t D%a*+a.:

Q 1
R 1
1 k
R 2
2 2 K
R 3
1 0 K
R 4
8 k
R 5
6 6 4
C 1
1 . 0 6 1 u f
C 2
5 0 u f
C 3
1 . 0 6 1 u f
0
V 1 CRO O/P
Vo
AFO I/P
Vin
Vcc=10v
-
+
BC107
+ -
1.7 Ta2-lat%o':
/%t0o-t &##,2a$3: 8%'9
1+#:-#'$5 %'!; O-t"-t %' 4olt( Ga%' %' ,B
/%t0 &##,2a$3 : 8%'9
1+#:-#'$5 %'!; O-t"-t %' 4olt( Ga%' %' ,B
1.< R#(-lt:
)hus the feedback amplifier is desi'ned and bandidth is calculated
Bandith ithout feedbackD
Bandith ith feedbackD
*%periment no72 #ate7
I;)*>16)!1S,#IFF*1*;)I6)!1S, C8I33*1S, 6;# C86$3*1S
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
H
2.1.AIM :
)o study the Inte'rator, #ifferentiator, )ime constants, Clipper,and
Clampers and obser"e their a"eforms.
2.2.APPARATUS REUIRED:
633616)<S S3*CIFIC6)I!;S @<6;)I)I
Si'nal 'enerator ,.-10 $h+ 1
C1! ,.-2.0 $h+ 1
3oer supply ,.-&.0= 1
1esistors 1.kB 1
Capacitors ..1Jf 1
#iode I;2..1 1
Bread board
Connectin' ires 6s required
2.3.T!EORY
DI11ERENTIATOR:
6n inte'rator is a simple 1C netork. If the time constant,1C0 is "ery
small ,1CKK

0 in comparison ith the time require for the input si'nal to make an
appropriate chan'e, then the circuit results in a differential output.
INTEGRATOR:
An inte'rator is a simple 1C netork. If the time constant ,1C0is "ery
lar'e ,1CLL

0 in comparision ith the time required for the input si'nal to make an
appropriate chan'e, the circuit results in an inte'rated output.
CLIPPER:
By usin' this circuit certain portion of the input si'nal is clip-off
$OSITIVE C&I$$ER'
For input "olta'e =
i
K =
ref
, the diode conducts. 4hen =
i
L =
ref
, the
diode is dri"en into cutoff.

(E)ATIVE C&I$$ER'
If =
ref
, is made ne'ati"e, the entire output a"eform abo"e =
ref
,ill
'et clipped off.
)hr positi"e clipper can be easily con"erted into ne'ati"e clipper by simply re"erse the
diode # and chan'in' the polatity of the reference "olta'e.

CLAMPER:
)he clamper is also knon as #C inserter ,or0 restorer. )he circuit is
used to add a desire le"el to the output "olta'e. In other ords the output is clamped to a
desired #C le"el. If the clamped #C le"el is M"e it is called positi"e clamper. Similarly if
the clamped #C le"el is /"e, then it is called ne'ati"e clamper. )he circuit clamps the
peak of the input a"eform means it is called peak clamper.
2.4. PROCEDURE 7
* Connect the circuit as per the dia'ram
N Set input si'nal "olta'e ,-",1k5+0 usin' si'nal 'enerator.
N !bser"e the output a"e form usin' C1!.
N Sketch the obser"ed a"e form on the 'raph sheet.
2.5. DESIGN PROCEDURE:
DI11ERENTIATOR:
For ) D

, f D 1k5+, ) D
f
1
D 1ms,

D 1C D 1%1.
-&
If C D ..1 Jf, then 1 D
C

D 1.kB
For )K

, then 1L
C

L 1.kB
For )L

, then 1K
C

K 1.kB
=
.
D I1 D C
!t
!v
1 D 1C
!t
!v
INTEGRATOR:

For ) D

, f D 1k5+, ) D
f
1
D 1ms,

D 1C D 1%1.
-&
If C D ..1 Jf, then 1 D
C

D 1.kB
For )K

, then 1L
C

L 1.kB
For )L

, then 1K
C

K 1.kB
=
. D
R
i!t
C
1 1

,
_

i!t
RC
1
CLIPPER:
G%4#'
f D 1kh+
) D
f
1
D 1%1.
-&
D 1C
6ssume C D ..1 Jf, then 1 D 1.kB
CLAMPER:
G%4#'
f D 1kh+
) D
f
1
D 1%1.
-&
D 1C
6ssume C D ..1 Jf, then 1 D 1.kB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DI11ERENTIATOR:
0
V 2
+
O/P
Vo
_
freq=1khz
Vi=5v
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
Mo,#l G+a"0:
1 D 1.kB
1 D 1.kB
5v
5v
RC!
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
Vo
Vo
Vi
5v
RC&&!
INTEGRATOR:
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
0
V 2
+
O/P
Vo
_
freq=1khz
Vi=5v
Mo,#l G+a"0:
5v
5v
RC!
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
Vo
Vo
Vi
5v
RC&&!
CLIPPER:
0
+
O/P
Vo
_
V 1
F R E Q = 1 k h z
V A M P L = 8 v
V O F F = 0 v
R 1
1 0 k
D 1
V 2
1 v
Mo,#l G+a"0:
CLAMPER:
POSITI8E CLAMPER:
0
+
O/P
Vo
_
V 1
F R E Q = 1 k h z
V A M P L = 5 v
V O F F = 0 v
D 1
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
Mo,#l G+a"0:
NEGATI8E CLAMPER:
0
+
O/P
Vo
_
V 1
F R E Q = 1 k h z
V A M P L = 8 v
V O F F = 0 v
D 1
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
Mo,#l G+a"0:
2.6.TABULATION:

3articular =olts9di" $ultiplier 6mplitude )ime9di" $ultiplier )ime in
,ms0
#ifferentiator
Inte'rator
Clipper
Clamper
2.7.RESULT:
)hus #ifferentiator ,Inte'rator, Clipper, Clamper
Circuits ere desi'ned and tested.
*%periment no 7& Dat#:
R.C.P!ASE S!I1T OSCILLATOR
3.1AIM:
)o desi'n and construct the 1C phase shift oscillator and to compare the theoretical and
practical frequency of the oscillator.
3.2APPARATUS REUIRED:
633616)<S S3*CIFIC6)I!;S @<68I)I
)ransistor BC1.A 1
1esistors 2.Ak, &
-Ck,12k,1k,&.:k *ach 1
Capacitor ...1Jf 2
-. Jf 1
3oer supply .-&." 1
C1! .-2.$h+ 1
Connectin' ires
Bread board
3.3.T!EORY:
In 1Cphase shift oscillator the required phase shift is&:. #e'ree. )he feed back loop
from output to input is obtained by usin' 1OC components.4hich 'i"es 1C. #e'ree
3hase shift. 6 common *mitter amplifier, 4hich 'i"es 1C. #e'ree 3hase shift.5ere a
common emitter amplifier is folloed by three sections of 1Cphase netork.)he output
of the last section bein' returned to the input. )he "alues of 1and C are chosen such that ,
each 1C section 'i"es :. de'ree phase shift. )hus 1C ladder net ork produces a total
phase shift of 1C. de'ree beteen input and output. )he shift beteen input and output of
the C* amplifier is 1C. de'ree. 5ence the total phase shift of &:. de'ree is achie"ed )he
Barkhausen Condition for oscillation is satisfied.
)he frequency of oscillation f
r
D
R
Rc
RC
2
: 2
1
+
3.4 PROCEDURE:
Connections are 'i"en as per the circuit dia'ram.
Sitch on the poer supply
!utput a"e form is obser"ed in the C1!
)he amplitude and the frequencies are noted.
!btained frequency is compared ith the theoretical "alue.
3.5 DESIGN PROCEDURE:
=ccD1.", IC@D1m6, =ce@D-",ED1..,SD1.,6"D2G,=
t
D2-m",hieD1.1kB
FoD
R
Rc
RC
2
: 2
1
+
Choose CD...1Jf,foD1k5+
FoD
( )
2
1
A . 2 2
: .1 . . 2
1

,
_

+
R
K
R F
1D
R
*
F fo
2 A . 2
: 0 .1 . . , 2
1

+
D
R
* A . 2 2
:
1-G1-

+
)akin' square on both sides

2
R
D
( )
R
K 2 A . 2
:
1-G1-
2

+
1
2
,:M
R
* A . 2 2
0 D ,1-G1-0
2
:1
2
M1C.C?1D ,1-G1-0
2
:1
2
M1C.C?1-,1-G1-0
2
D .
1C.Ck
0 1-G1- . . , : 2 0 C . 1C ,
2
t *
1 D HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH D 2.AkB
,2 P:0

1 D2.AkB
1
&
D1-hie
D 2.Ak -1.1k
1
&
D &.:kB
=cc D =
1C
M =
C*
M =
1*
=
1 *
D=
C*
for min symmetric output

=
1 *
D
1.
CC
V
D..1=
CC
=
CC D
2 =
1C
M =
1*

2 =
1C
D =
CC
- =
1*
=
1C D
2
G . .
CC
V
D
..2- =
CC
=
1C
D I
C
1
C
..2- % 1. D 1m6 % 1
C


=
1*
D ..1 =
CC
D ..1%1. D 1=
I
*
1
*
D 1= Q I
C

I
*
1
*
D
*
I
= 1
D
mA
V
1
1
D 1?

S D

,
_

+
+
B E
E
R R
R

1
1

1
C D
2.-kB
1
*
D 1?B
1. D

,
_

+
+
B
R K
K
1
1
1.. 1
1.1

1
B D
( )
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
+
=
th
D hieI
B
M =
B*
M I
*
1
*

D ,1.1?0
1..
1. 1
&

M ..A M 1% 1.
-&
%1 % 1.
-&

=
th D
1.A1


=
th
D =cc.
( ) ( )
1 2
2
R R
R
+

=
th
1
1
D. =cc.
( ) ( )
1 2
2
R R
R
+
1
1 D
=cc.1
B
1
1
D
th
B cc
V
R V
.
D
A1 . 1
1. 1. 1.
&

D -C.2AkB
1
1
D -C.2AkB
C%+$-%t D%a*+a.:
Q 1
C 1
0 . 0 1 u f
C 2
0 . 0 1 u f
C 3
0 . 0 1 u f
C e
5 0 u f
R 1
4 . k
R 2
5 8 k
R 2
1 2 k
R E
1 k
R 5
4 . k
R 6
4 . k
R
3 . 6 k
0
C 4
0 . 0 1 u f
O/P
Vcc=10v
BC107
Mo,#l G+a"0:
3.6 TABULATION
=olts,"0 )ime,ms0
=olta'e
di"ision
$ultiplie 6mplitude )ime di"ision $ultiplier )ime period


3.7 RESULT 7
)hus the 1C phase shift oscillator is desi'ned and constructed.
3ractical frequency of oscillation D HHHHHHHHHHHH
)heoritical frequency of oscillation D HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
)ime,ms0
6mplitude,"0
*%periment no72 #ate 7
D#(%*' a', (%.-lat%o' o& D%&&#+#'t%al A."l%&%#+
4.1 A%.:
)o desi'n, simulate and to study the output a"eform of differential amplifier for dual
output balanced output in the common mode and differential mode confi'uration.
4.2 A""a+at-( +#:-%+#,
1.!rCad simulation softare
2.6 personal computer
&.3rinter
4.3 Ba(%$ T0#o+5:
1C coupled amplifier cannot be used to amplify "ery hi'h frequency or #C si'nals.)he
differential amplifier is used in applications here response for #C to more number of
frequencies are required.It is also the basic sta'e of an inte'rated amplifier.In the
differential amplifier the difference beteen to si'nals are applied at its input.6n
differential amplifier is shon in fi'ure.
=
.
D6
d
,=s
1
-=s
2
0 4here 6
d
is the 'ain of the differential amplifier. *ach si'nal is
measured ith response to 'round.6ny si'nal common to both the inputs ith ha"e no
effect on the input "olta'e.5oe"er in a practical differential amplifier,the output
depends not only upon the differtence si'nal =
d
D ,=s
1
-=s
2
0, but also upon the difference
si'nal le"el called common mode si'nal =
C
D1R2,=s
1
-=s
2
0 .)hus the output "olta'e =o is
'i"en by =oD6
d
=
d
-6s=s here 6c is the common mode 'ain of the amplifier,hen
#IFF*1*;)I68 6$38IFI*1
bothe the inputs are applied to phase.#ifferential amplifier is characteri+ed by a fi'ure of
merit.)he common mode rteSectiion ratio C$11 is defined as C$11D6
d
R6
c
.
For ideal differential amplifier the "alue of C$11 should be infinity.
Similarly the differential mode 'ain 6
d
can be obtained by settin' =s
1
D=s
2
D =sR
2
and
measurin' the output "olta'e =
o1
or =
o2
.)hen 6
d
D1R2,=
o1
R =
o2
0.
4.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#
6
d
D1-., 6
c
D..1,hfeD&-.,I
*
D1.2m6
#ifferential 'ain by 6
d
D
e
r
Rc
2

r
e
D
e
I
mV 2:
r
e
D
mA 2 . 1
1. 2:
&

6
d
D
2 :A . 21
c
R
1
C
D:.-?
Common mode is 'i"en by
6cD
E e
R r
Rc
2
2
+
..1D
E
R +

:A . 21
0 1. - . : , 2
&
..1 ) (
E
R 2 :A . 21 + D1&...
21.:AM21
*
D1&...
21
*
D12GGAC.&&
D:2GCG.1:-
1
*
D:2.GC?
1
*

:2 ?
4.5Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%.-lat%o' o& ,%&&#+#'t%al Mo,#:

Q 3
2 ! 2 2 2 2
Q 4
2 ! 2 2 2 2
R 4
6 4 k
R 5
6 . 5 k
R 6
6 . 5 k
V 4
1 2 v
V 5
1 2 v
0
0
0
V 8
F R E Q = 1 k
V A M P L = 1 0 0 " v
V O F F = 0
V #
F R E Q = 1 k
V A M P L = 5 0 " v
V O F F = 0
0
V V
V$ V%
Co..o' Mo,#:
Q 1
2 ! 2 2 2 2
Q 2
2 ! 2 2 2 2
R 1
1 k
R 2
6 . 5 k
R 3
6 . 5 k
V 1
1 2 v
V 2
1 2 v
0
0
V 3 2 v
0
0
V
V$ V%
4.6 P+o$#,-+#
1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice
2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and
TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U , onot #ave in pen!rive#0
&. 3lace components, >round,/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as
shon in fi'ure.
2. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profile,inherit from none0. Choose T)ime
domain ,transient0U. In this, 1un to time should be 1ms,Start sa"in' data after is .
and ma%imum step si+e 1ms.1un the simulation usin' the Trun iconU.
-.)he output a"eforms are shon belo.
D%&&#+#'t%al Mo,#:
Input a"eform =
1
Input a"eform =
2
!utput a"eform

Co..o' Mo,#:
!utput a"eform
4.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7
6 differential amplifier for common mode and differential mode confi'uration is
desi'ned and simulated in !rCad. )he results are recorded and a report is submitted.
*%periment no7- #ate 7
D#(%*' a', (%.-lat%o' o& =#%' B+%,*# O($%llato+
5.1 A%.:
)o desi'n, construct and simulate the 4ein Brid'e !scillator
5.2 A""a+at-( +#:-%+#,
1.!rCad simulation softare
2.6 personal computer
&.3rinter
5.3 Ba(%$ T0#o+5:
4ein Brid'e !scillator is one of the most commonly used audio frequency oscillator.In
this ein brid'e circuit is connected beteen amplifier input output terminals.)he brid'e
has a series of 1C netork in one arm and a parallel 1C netork in adSoinin' arm. In the
remainin' arms of the brid'e resistor 1
1
and 1
f
are connected the phase an'le criterion for
oscillations is that the total phase shift around the circuit must be made +ero or &:.o.)his
condition occur only hen the brid'e is balanced i.e at resonant frequency only
frequency of oscillation occur.
FrD
RC 2
1
5.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#
6s the !p-amp is used in non-in"ertin' mode 'ain is 'i"en by
6D
2
2 &
R
R R +
D&
=ccD V 1. t
6D1M
2
&
R
R
L&

2
&
R
R
L2
&
R
L21
2
Choose 1
2
D2.A?, 1
&
DG.2?
Choose CD&.&nF,f
.
D1.?5+
Frequency of oscillaton f
.
D
RC 2
1
1D
2 &
1. & . & 1. 1. 2
V 1

1D2.C?
Selected "alue 1 K A . 2
5.5Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%.-lat%o'
& 1
u A 4 1
%
3
$
2
V %

V $
4
O & '
6
O ( 1
1
O ( 2
5
R 1
2 . 2 k
R 2
3 . 3 k
R 4
3 . 3 k
C 1
0 . 1 u f
C 2
0 . 1 u f
0
0
R 5
4 0 k
V 1
1 2 v
0
V 2
1 2 v
0
V
5.6 P+o$#,-+#
1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice
2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and
TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U , onot #ave in pen!rive#0
&. 3lace components, >round,/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as
shon in fi'ure.
2. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profile,inherit from none0. Choose T)ime
domain ,transient0U. In this, 1un to time should be 1.ms,Start sa"in' data after is
1ms and ma%imum step si+e 1ms.1un the simulation usin' the Trun iconU.
-.)he output a"eforms are shon belo.

5.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7
)hus the ein brid'e oscillator circuit is desi'ned and constructed usin' pspice
technique.

*%periment no7: #ate 7
D#(%*' a', (%.-lat%o' o& 2
',
o+,#+ B-tt#+=o+t0 Lo= "a(( &%lt#+
6.1 A%.:
)o desi'n, simulate and plot the frequency response of a 2
nd
order Butterorth 8o pass
filter
6.2 A""a+at-( +#:-%+#,
1. !rCad simulation softare
2. 6 personal computer
&. 3rinter
6.3 Ba(%$ T0#o+5:
*lectronic filters are frequency selecti"e circuits and ha"e many applications. 8o pass
filters allo lo frequency si'nals to pass throu'h and block hi'h frequency si'nals.
Such systems for e%ample can be used in audio processin' systems. )he cutoff frequency
of the filter depends on the 1 and C components and 'ain depends on the opamp 'ain
selection circuits. )he order of the filter is the number of 1C component pairs used. For
each pair, the 'ain reduction is 2.dB9decade and therefore for the 2
nd
order system, the
fall in 'ain is 2.dB9decade.
6.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#
Specification#
Cutoff frequency D 1 ?5+
!rder of the filter D 2
>ain D 1.-C: dB
Since
C R pi
f
c
N N N 2
1

a##ume C D ..1 JF then

C f pi
R
c
N N N 2
1

<pon substitution e 'et 1 D 1.:? ohms. )hese are 1

1
and 1
2
, C
1
and C
2
in fi'ure 1.1
6.5 Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%.-lat%o'
0
V ) *
1 V + ,
0 V - ,
V
& 1
u A 4 1
%
3
$
2
V %

V $
4
O & '
6
O ( 1
1
O ( 2
5
C 1
0 . 1 u f
C 3
0 . 1 u f
0
0
R 5
1 . 6 k
V 6
1 2 v
0
V
1 2 v
0
R
1 . 6 k
R 8
1 0 k
R #
5 . 8 6 k
1%*-+# 1.1 : 2
',
O+,#+ B-tt#+=o+t0 Lo= Pa(( 1%lt#+
6.6 P+o$#,-+#
1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice
2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and
TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U , onot #ave in pen!rive#0
&. 3lace components, >round,/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as
shon in fi'ure :.1
2. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profile,inherit from none0. Choose T6C
SeepU. In this, #tartin, fre2uenc" should be 'reater than . and en! fre2uenc"
can be anythin'. Choose T30 point#U per decade so that the plot ill be lookin'
better.
-. 1un the simulation usin' the Trun 4utton1 shon in fi'ure 'i"en belo.
:. )he output is in "olta'e and it should be chan'ed to dB scale. So T6dd traceU
,refer fi,ure 5670
1%*-+# 1.2: A,,%'* T+a$# to a' #>%(t%'* Plot
A. In the trace, click B89 first and then choose V:C3'3; as shon in fi'ure 1.&
1%*-+# 6.3: P+o$#,-+# &o+ a,,%'* ,B 2a(#, t+a$#
C. )he frequency response ill be plotted. )he &dB cutoff frequency is an important
parameter in filters. )he "alue can be measured or shon usin' a 3robe curser.
1%*-+# 6.4: 1+#:-#'$5 +#("o'(# a', 3,B $-to&& o& t0# &%lt#+ %' o'# *+a"0
G. )he Twin!owU icon is selected and Tcop" to clip4oar!U option is chosen. )hen set
the Twin!ow an! 4ac*,roun!U transparent. Chan'e hite to black. 3aste it in $S-
3aint and from there take to $S ord. )his procedure ill sho the "alues of
a%is clearly.
1%*-+#6.5: P+o$#,-+# &o+ $o"5%'* t0# +#(-lt to MS?/o+,
6.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7
6 lopass 2
nd
order Butterorthfilter is desi'ned and simulated in !rCad. )he results are
recorded and a report is submitted.