ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS
MODULE 5
1
CHAPTER 3 : QUADRARIC FUNCTIONS
MODULE 5
3.1 CONCEPT MAP 2
Exercise 1 2
3.2 Recognizing the quadratic functions 3
3.3 Graphs of quadratic functions 4
Exercise 2 4
3.4 Shape of Graphs of quadratic functions 5
Exercise 3 5
3.5 The position of graphs of quadratic functions 6
Exercise 4 6
3.6 Maximum and minimum value of a quadratic functions 9
Exercise 5 10
3.7 Assessment 12
Answer 18
2
CHAPTER 3 : QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
( ) q min x f = ( ) q max x f =
0 > a 0 < a
Minimum point
q f
min
=
Corresponding value p x =
Coordinate minimum ( ) q , p
Symmetrical equation, p x =
Maximum point
q f
min
=
Corresponding value p x =
Coordinate maximum ( ) q , p
Symmetrical equation, x=p
0 > a
0 < a
( ) q , p
( ) q , p
Quadratic Functions
( ) c bx ax x f + + =
2
( ) ( ) q p x a x f + + =
2
3
A: RECOGNISING THE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Example 1:
Express the following quadratic functions in general form.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
3 7
2 4 5
x x x g b
x x x f a
=
+ =
Solution
(a) ( )
2
2 4 5 x x x f + =
5 4 2
2
+ = x x
(b) ( )
2
3 7 x x x g =
7 3
2
+ = x
Exercise 1
1. Determine whether each of the following functions is a quadratic functions
(a) ( ) 1 3
2
+ = x x f
(b) ( )
1
=
x
x
x f
(c) ( )
2
5x x x f = (d) ( ) 5 7
3
+ = x x x f
2. Express the following quadratic functions in general form
(a) ( )
2
3 2 x x f + = (b) ( )
2
2 5 x x x f =
(c) ( )
2
4 x x x f + = (d) ( )
2
4 3 7 x x x f =
4
B. Graph of quadratic functions
The graphs of quadratic functions, ( ) c bx ax x f + + =
2
can be plotted based on the
tabulated values of x and ( ) x f
Example 1
Plot the following quadratic function graphs. Then label the axis of symmetry, maximum
point or minimum point for each graphs.
(a) ( ) 3 3 2
2
s s + + = x for x x x f
(b) ( ) 5 2 4
2
s s = x for x x x f
Solution
(a) ( ) 2
2
+ + = x x x f
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
( ) x f
8 4 2 2 4 8 14
5
(b) ( )
2
4 x x x f =
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( ) x f
-12 -5 0 3 4 3 0 -5
Exercise 2
1. Complete the table of values for each of the following quadratic functions. Plot
the graph f(x) . Label the axis of symmetry, maximum point or minimum point of
the graph.
(a) ( ) 5 2
2
= x x x f
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
( ) x f
16 -5
6
(b) ( )
2
3 6 10 x x x f + =
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( ) x f
7
C. Shape of graphs of quadratic functions
( ) c bx ax x f + + =
2
0 > a 0 < a
Exercise 1
1 Recognise the shapes of the graphs for the following quadratic functions.
Quadratic functions
Coefficient of
2
x
Shape of the graph
a.
( ) 4
2
+ = x x x f
b.
( ) x x x f 10 3
2
+ =
c.
( )
2
4 7 x x x f =
d.
( ) 9 4
2
= x x f
8
D. The position of the graphs of quadratic functions with
types of roots for ( ) 0 = x f
The roots of ( ) 0
2
= + + = c bx ax x f are given by
Position of
the graph
0 > a
0 4
2
> ac b 0 4
2
= ac b 0 4
2
< ac b
0 < a
Type of
root
0 > a
Two different
root
0 < a
( )
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
9
Exercise 4
1. Based on each of the following quadratic function graphs given, determine the
type of the roots of ( ) 0 = x f
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
2. Find the range of values of k if each of the following graphs of the quadratic
functions meets the x-axis at two points .
(a) ( ) ( ) 8 4 3 2
2
= x x k x f (b) ( ) 6 8
2
+ = q x qx x f
10
3. Find the values of p if each of the following graph of the quadratic functions
touches the x-axis at one point.
(a) ( ) 9 6
2
+ = x px x f (b) ( ) ( ) 1 2 4 3
2
+ + = p x x x f
4. Find the range of values of n if each of the following graphs of the quadratic
functions does not meet the x-axis
(a) ( ) ( ) 1 1 2
2 2
+ + + = n x n x x f (b) ( ) ( ) 9 6 5 2
2
+ + = x x n x f
(c) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 3 6 + + = n nx x x f (d) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 2
2
+ + + = n x n x x f
11
2. Maximum and Minimum values of A Quadratic
Functions
( ) c bx ax x f + + =
2
( ) ( ) q p x a x f + + =
2
Example 1
Find the minimum value of each of the following quadratic functions. Hence, find the
corresponding value of x.
(a) ( ) 3 4
2
+ = x x x f
(b) ( ) 5 6 2
2
+ = x x x f
Solution
(a) ( ) 3 4
2
+ = x x x f
( )
( ) 7 2
3 2 2 4
3
2
4
2
4
4
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
+ =
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
x
x x
x x
The minimum value of ( ) x f is -7 when 0 2 = + x or 2 = x
0 < a
0 > a
q f
min
=
q f
max
=
12
(b) ( ) 5 6 2
2
+ = x x x f
(

+ =
2
5
3 2
2
x x
2
1
2
3
2
4
1
2
3
2
2
5
4
9
2
3
2
2
5
2
3
2
3
3 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
x
x
x
x x
The minimum value of ( ) x f is
2
1
when 0
2
3
= x or
2
3
= x
Exercise 5
1. Determine the maximum or minimum value of each of the following quadratic
function and find the corresponding value of x.
(a) ( ) 7 8
2
+ = x x x f (b) ( )
2
2 5 6 x x x f =
13
2. Express the following quadratic functions in the form of ( ) q p x a + +
2
. Hence,
find the maximum value or minimum value of ( ) x f and state the corresponding
value of x.
(a) ( ) 7 8
2
+ = x x x f (b) ( ) 1 4 3
2
+ = x x x f
14
Assessments
1. Given that the minimum value of the function ( ) m x x x f = = 4
2
is 6, find the
value of m.
2. Given the graph ( )
2
2 x q p y = has a maximum point of ( ) 4 3 , . Find the
value of p and q.
3. The quadratic equation ( ) 4 1 = + px x x has two distinct roots. Find the range of
value of p.
15
4. Sketch the graph of ( ) 2 3
2
+ x x f for 3 2 s s x and state the range of ( ) x f .
16
5. The diagram given shows the graph of the quadratic functions ( ) 4
2
+ = p x y ,
where p is a constant. Find
(a) the value of p,
(b) the axis symmetry,
(c) the coordinates of the maximum point.
y
x
-5
(6,-5)
17
6. The minimum value of the quadratic function ( ) 4 10 6
2 2
+ + = h hx x x f is
h a 4
2
+ , where a and h are constants.
(a) Show that 2 = h a by using the method of completing the square.
(b) Hence, find the values of h and a if the function has an axis of symmetry
4
2
= a x
18
Answer
Exercise 1
1. (a)Yes
(b) No
(c) Yes
(d) No
2. (a) ( ) 2 3
2
+ = x x f
(b) ( ) x x x f 5 2
2
+ =
(c) ( ) 4
2
+ = x x x f
(d) ( ) 7 3 4
2
+ = x x x f
Exercise 2
(a) Parabola with minimum point
(b) Parabola with maximum point
Exercise 3
(a) 1,
(b) -3,
(c) -1,
(d) 4,
Exercise 4
1 (a) Has two equal roots
(b) No real roots
(c) Two different roots
(d) Two different roots
2. (a)
3
1
13 > k
(b) 8 2 < < q
3. (a) p=1
(b) P=14
4. (a) 1 < n
(b) 2 > n
(c)
6
1
> n
(d)
4
1
< n
19
Exercise 5
1 (a) Minimum value = 4 9 = x ,
(b) Maximum value
4
5
8
73
= = x ,
2. (a)
( ) ( )
4
8
25
23 4
2
= =
+ + =
x , value imum min
, x x f
(b) ( ) , x x f
3
1
3
2
3
2

|
.
|

\
|
=
minimum value =23 , 4 = x
Assessment
1. 3 = q
2. m=10
3. 3 < p or 5 > p
4. ( ) 29 2 s s x f
5. (a) p=3
(b) the axis symmetry 3 = x
(c) maximum point ( ) 4 3,
6. (b) 5 2 = = a , a
20
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 6
21
CHAPTER 3 : QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
MODULE 4
3.1 Sketching graph of quadratic functions 2 3
Exercise 1 4 - 5
3.2 Quadratic Inequalities 6 - 7
Exercise 2 7 - 8
3.3 Assessment 9 - 11
3.4 Answer 12 - 14
22
Chapter 3 : Quadratic Functions
3.1 Sketching Graph of quadratic functions
Example 1
Sketch the graph of the following quadratic function ( ) x x x f 2
2
=
Sketching Graph of
quadratic functions
shape of the
graph a ?
max, a(x+p)
2
+q
(-p,q)
position of the
graph b
2
-4ac
f(0)
min, a(x+p) +q
(-p,q)
f(x)=0
x=?
mark all points and draw a smooth parabola
23
i) 0 1 > = a shape of the curve
ii) ( ) ( )( ) 0 1 4 2 4
2 2
= ac b
= 0 4 >
iii) ( ) x x x f 2
2
=
=
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ x x
= ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 + x x
= ( ) 1 1
2
x
the minimum point is ( ) 1 1 ,
iv) ( ) 0 = x f
( ) 0 2
0 2
2
=
=
x x
x x
x = 0 or 2
v) ( ) ( ) 0 2 0 0
2
= f
= 0
vi) Sketch the graph
( ) x x x f 2
2
=
2
x
( ) 1 1 ,
y
24
Exercise 1
1. Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions.
(a) ( ) 6 4
2
+ + = x x x f (b) ( )
2
9 6 x x x f =
25
2. Sketch the graph of ( ) 2 3
2
+ = x x f for
3 2 s s x and state the range of f(x)
3. Given ( )
2 2
2 q x p x kx h y + = + = .
(a) Find the value of
(i) p
(ii) q
In terms of and/ or k
(b) If k=3, state the axis of
symmetry of the curve.
(c) It is given that the line y=4
touches the curve
2
2 x kx h y + =
(i) State h in term of k.
(ii) Hence, sketch the graph of
the curve
26
3.2 Quadratic Inequalities
Quadratic Inequalities
coefficient
2
x positive, 0 > a
( ) c bx ax x f + + =
2
( )( ) | o x x
Sketch the graph minimum/ maximum point, two
State the range
intercepts | o = = x , x
27
Example 1
Find the range of values of x for which 0 15 2
2
> x x
Solution
0 15 2
2
> x x
Let ( ) 15 2
2
= x x x f
=( )( ) 5 3 + x x
When ( ) 0 = x f
( )( ) 0 5 3 = + x x
3 = x or 5
For 0 15 2
2
> x x
5 > x or 3 < x
Exercise 2
1. Find the range of value of x for which
( ) 12 8 > x x
2. Find the range of values of x for
which 0 10 7
2
> + x x
3
( ) 0 < x f
5
28
3. Given that the quadratic equation
12 5 2 2
2
= + + m mx x has roots, find the
range of value m.
4. (a) Find the range of values of q for
which q x x = + 36 6 2
2
has roots
(b) Show that
2
2 6 5 x x is always
negative for all values of x.
29
Assessment
1. Sketch the graph of the quadratic function ( ) ( )
2
1 = x x f .
2. Given the quadratic function ( )
2
3 2 5 x x x f = .
(a) Express ( ) x f in the forms of ( ) , p n x m + +
2
where m, n and p are constants.
Determine whether ( ) x f has maximum or minimum point and state the value.
(b) Sketch the graph of ( ) x f
30
3. Skecth the graph of 3 4
2
= = x x y and find the range of values of y for 2 0 s s x
4. Given that ( ) 1 2
2 2
= + k x k x has no roots, find the range of values of k.
31
5. (a) Given that
2
2 6 11 x x > , find the range of value of x.
(b) Given that the line x y 4 3 2 = and the curve 0 4 2
2 2
= + + h y x show that the line
do not meet if 1 > h
Answer
Exercise 1
1.
(a)
(b)
2.
( ) 29 2 s s x f
3.
Assessment
1.
2. (a) ( )
12
1
6
5
3
2
+
|
.
|

\
|
= x x f
12
1
6
5
3 = = = p , n , a
(b)
( ) 2 2,
6
x
3
-9
x
24
14
-2
3
x
( ) 4 3,
1
5
3 = x
-5
x
1
1
( ) ( )
2
1 = x x f
( )
12
1
4
5
,
3
2 1
2
y
y
y
y
1
3.
4. 0
5
4
< < k
5. (a)
2
1
> x or 6 < x
(b) 1 > n
( ) 1 2,