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} (1)
%he dilation of binary image I by structuring element S
is defined by the formula ,-.<
{, :
} (2)
Aet f < D "
n
" be an image function and g<6 "
n
"
be a structuring function. %he t/o fundamental operations of
gray9scale morphology, erosion and dilation are defined as<
Definition -< ,D. (Dilation) %he dilation of the function
f(+) by the structuring function g(+), (f g)(+), is given by<
(f g)(+) E ma+Ff(2) G (g+)(2) < 2 D,g+.H (>)
Definition < ,D. (Erosion) %he erosion of the function
f(+) by the structuring function g(+), (f g)(+), is given by<
(f g)(+) E minFf(2) I (g+)(2) < 2 D,g+.H (?)
/here g+ indicates the translation by + (g+)(2) E g(2 I +),
and D,g+. denotes the domain of the translated structuring
function. %he operations of closing and opening are the
combinations of erosion and dilation, both using the same
structuring element. 'orphological opening is erosion
follo/ed by dilation and morphological closing is dilation
follo/ed by erosion. %he 8ig.> sho/s that in a binari2ed
image there are some remaining pi+els that represent the
noise. %o remove the left9over pi+els the opening operation
/as used.
(a) (b)
8igure -. Dis# shape structuring elements< (a) 9pi+el radius, (b) ;9pi+el
radius
III. 0"&0&SED 'E%@&D&A&6B 8&" S%"I00IN6 SJUAA %&
SE6'EN% 5"$IN
%his section presents the proposed methodology for
segmenting brain '"I images. %he fundamental tas# in
brain '"I segmentation is the classification of volumetric
data into grey matter, /hite matter and cerebrospinal fluid
but it is not easy as there are some inherent difficulties
associated /ith image segmentationK among them are "8
coil in homogeneity, brain tissue susceptibility and other
systematic artifacts. Larious preprocessing steps have been
proposed to deal /ith some or all of these difficulties. S#ull
stripping is the first processing step in the segmentation of
brain tissue as sho/n in 8ig. .
8igure . &vervie/ of proposed methodology
In the proposed method for s#ull stripping, /e see the
brain surface as a smooth manifold /ith relatively lo/
curvature that separates brain from non9brain regions. $lso,
the brain corte+ can be visuali2ed as a distinct dar# ring
surrounding the brain tissues in the %-9/eighted a+ial '"
images.
%he steps involved in the proposed methodology for s#ull
stripping consists of three steps.
step-< 5inari2ation of every image.
step< &pening operation and closing operation on every
image in the se*uence using the structuring element.
step>< $pplying the binary mas# to the received '"I
input image.
A. Binarization
5inari2ation is the process that converts a grey level
image into a binary image. %he binari2ation process involves
e+amining the grey9level value of each pi+el in the enhanced
image, and if the value is greater than the global threshold,
then the pi+el value is set to a binary value oneK other/ise it
is set to 2ero.
(a) (b)
8igure >. (a) Input Image, (b) 5inari2ed Image
B. Morphological Operation
%he binary morphological operators are then applied on
the binari2ed image. Elimination of any obstacles and noise
from the image is the primary function of the morphological
operators ,C.. %he morphological operators namely, opening
and closing are being employed in the proposed method.
1) Opening: $n opening operation consists of erosion
follo/ed by dilation /ith the same structuring element.
&pening operator consists of an erosion follo/ed by a
dilation and can be used to eliminate all pi+els in regions
that are too small to contain the structuring element. In this
case the structuring element is often called a probe, because
it is probing the image loo#ing for small objects to filter out
the image ,--..
%he morphological opening of I by S, denoted as IS is
simply erosion of I by S, follo/ed by dilation of the result
by S ,--..
IS E (I S) S (;)
8igure ?. 5inari2ed image after applying opening operator
%he 8ig. ? sho/s the image after applying the opening
operator. 'orphological opening removes completely
regions of an object that cannot contain the structuring
element, smoothens object contours, brea#s thin connections
and removes this protrusion.
2) Closing: $ closing operation consists of a dilation
follo/ed by erosion /ith the same structuring element. %he
morphological closing of I by S, denoted as IS ,--.,
IS E (I S) S (4)
Ai#e opening, morphological closing operator tends to
smooth the contours of objects, it joins narro/ brea#s, fills
holes smaller than the structuring element. %he 8ig. ; sho/s
the image after applying the closing operator.
8igure ;. 5inari2ed image after applying closing operator
3) Erosion: Erosion operation on an image I containing
labels = and -, /ith a structuring element S, changes the
value of pi+el i in I from - to =, if the result of convolving S
/ith I, centered at i, is less than some predetermined value.
7e have set this value to be the area of S, /hich is basically
the number of pi+els that are - in the structuring element
itself. %he structuring element (also #no/n as the erosion
#ernel) determines the details of ho/ particular erosion
thins boundaries.
4) Dilation: Dual to erosion, a dilation operation on an
image I containing labels = and -, /ith a structuring element
S, changes the value of pi+el i in I from = to -, if the result
of convolving S /ith I , centered at i , is more than some
predetermined value. 7e have set this value to be 2ero. %he
structuring element (also #no/n as the dilation #ernel)
determines the details of ho/ a particular dilation gro/s
boundaries in an image
8igure 4. 5rain 'as#
C. Region-ase! inar" #as$ e%traction
"egion9based e+traction is done by e+amining the
properties of each bloc# that satisfy some criteria. 7e have
used one of t/o criteria. &ne criterion is to loo# at the ma+9
min difference and the other is to determine the mean values
of the bloc#s. %he process results /ith a brain mas# as
sho/n in 8ig.4 is then applied to the original '"I image as
sho/n in 8ig. -. Conse*uently, /e attain a brain '"I image
/ith its brain corte+ stripped as sho/n in 8ig. :.
8igure :. S#ull Stripped 5rain Image
IL. SE6'EN%$%I&N &8 CS8, 6' $ND 7'
A. &eg#entation o' cererospinal 'l(i!
"egarding CS8 segmentation, /e assume that there
e+ists some contrast bet/een brain tissue (gray matter and
/hite matter) and cerebrospinal fluid, /hich separates the
brain from the e+tra9cranial tissue. %he segmentation
methods /e have seen so far can be roughly grouped into
categories< intensity based or surface based. &ur method is
an intensity based method and it does simple thresholding.
In order to segment the cerebrospinal fluid from the brain
'"I image, /e apply the orthogonal polynomial transform
to the s#ull stripped image. 0rior to transformation, the
image S is blended using the formula,
( ) M) (M N =; . =
-==
O
>
) (
& ran!
&
&in &
i
+
,
_
(:)
1) Orthogonal pol"no#ial trans'or#: Aet
) = M ( l p
l
be
a se*uence of orthogonal polynomials on
)
/ith respect to
some /eight function
) (% *
, and let
l
# # # #
c
. %hen the follo/ing
e*uation holds ,-?.
( )
'
<
" % % p % p % p % p c
" %
" %
% p " p % p " p
c
" p % p
# # # # #
# # # #
#
l l
# l
l
, ) ( O ) ( ) ( O ) (
,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
-
- -
- -
=
(D)
7here
l
pO denotes the derivative of
l
p .$fter applying
the polynomial transform, the region corresponding to the
CS8 are segmented as in the 8ig. D.
8igure D. Segmented cerebrospinal 8luid
B. +hite #atter an! ,ra" #atter seg#entation
8ollo/ing CS8 segmentation, the ne+t step is the
segmentation of /hite matter and grey matter present in the
brain '"I. %he input to the process is the s#ull stripped
image. %he major steps used to segment the gray matter and
/hite matter is as sho/n in 8ig C belo/.
8igure C. Steps to segment 6' and 7'
%he s#ull stripped input image & is smoothened by
applying the 9d 6aussian convolution filter to obtain
another image as sho/n in 8ig.-=.
8igure -=. Smoothening "esults
%hen, the
%
,
"
gradients of the smoothened image is
computed (8ig ?). %he gradient of t/o variables
%
and
"
is defined by,
-
"
'
i
%
'
" % ' ) , (
(C)
8igure --. (a) 6radient /.r.to + (b) 6radient /.r.to y
Using the gradient values, the edges present in the image
are mar#ed using the follo/ing e*uations,
) (
) ( i i
" % . +
(-=)
.
E
)
+
-
-
(--)
%he image
)
E
/ith the edges mar#ed, is then
subjected to binari2ation. %he binari2ation process involves
e+amining the grey9level value of each pi+el in the enhanced
image by means of global threshold / . %he global
threshold / is determined by means of the function,
) (
) /h
E , /
(-)
%hen the binari2ed image B) is subjected to binary
morphological operators opening and closing. %he
morphological operators are applied mainly for the purpose
of removing any of the obstacles and noise from the image.
%he /hite matter +M and the gray matter ,M
tissues in the brain '"I are finally segmented (thresholding)
based on their intensity values
8igure -. (a) segmented 6' (b) segmented 7'
L. EQ0E"I'EN%$A "ESUA%S
%he e+perimental results of the proposed methodology
for segmenting cerebrospinal fluid (CS8), gray matter (6'),
/hite matter (7') of '"I brain images are presented in
this section. %he proposed methodology is implemented in
'atlab (:.?). %he input to the proposed methodology is %-9
/eighted brain '"I images collected from publicly
available databases (http<PP///.bic.mni.mcgill.caPbrain/eb)
%he proposed methodology is based on Intensity
%hresholding (I%), /hich is the easiest and fastest
segmentation method, often adopted for preprocessing of
medical images and preregistration problems. %he sample
results of brain '"I segmentation obtained using the
proposed methodology is sho/n in the follo/ing figures.
(a) (b)
) -> (
= K
- K
'
i
i
o(t
B) ,M
B) +M
R
(c)
(d) (e)
8igure ->. (a) Input Image, (b) Segmented 5rain Image (c) CS8
Segmented Image (d) segmented 6' (e) segmented 7'
(a) (b)
(c)
(d) (e)
8igure -?. (a) Input Image, (b) Segmented 5rain Image (c) CS8
Segmented Image (d) segmented 6' (e) segmented 7'
LI. C&NCAUSI&N
In this paper, an automated, simple and efficient brain
'"I segmentation method for segmenting cerebrospinal
fluid (CS8) has been presented. Initially, the corte+ present
in the brain '"I images is e+tracted by combining
preprocessing techni*ues and incorporating mathematical
morphological operators and later cerebrospinal fluid is
segmented using orthogonal polynomial transform (&0%).
E+perimental results have sho/ed that the proposed method
does a reasonably good job in terms of segmenting s#ull and
CS8. In this present paper normal images /ere used. So, in
future, the method can be implemented on the abnormal
images.
$CJN&7AED6'EN%
7e than# Dr.0.Chinnadurai, Secretary R Correspondent,
0animalar Engineering college, Chennai, India for providing
support and facilities to do this research /or# and 5ernard
Institute of "adiology for providing the '" images.
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