The functional styles Within any language the following styles can be distinguished: a) the belle-letters styles wirh

3 substyles: poetry, emotive prose, drama. b) the publicistic style wich is typical of speeches essay, articles in journals and newspapers. c) the newspaper styles with the substyles: of newspaper headlines, brief news items, advertisements d) the scientific proze style with the substyle of: arts (humanitarian sciences), exact sciences e) the style of official documents with the substyles of: commercial docs, diplomatic docs, legal and military docs. Those it may be concluded that the subject of stylistics is the study of functional styles of literary language and distinguished of each other means. Stylistics also studies the nature function and structure of figures os speech. Their aim and effect they produce on the reader The English literary and figurative language. In order to describe objectively the nature and functional characteristics of the style and stylistic devices it is necessary to make difference between literary and figurative language. Literary lang. is a historical category. It is the variety of the language which imposes grammatical, phonetic, lexical and stylistic norms. What was considerate violation of the norm in one period of language development may be regarded as perfectly normal in another period. Literary language is synonymous to standard English. Standard English is an abstract term which describes the variant of English language that is considerate to be the most representative spoken in the British Isles. The most prestigious pronunciation of standard English is frequently referred to as received pronunciation. Originally it was the speech of educated people of London, and of south east of England. Today it is the language employed in schools, official institutions, TV and radio broadcasts. In the same way we can speak about standard Canadian English etc. These are terms based on standard usage that includes words and expressions used and understood by the educated people all over the English speaking world and it forms the foundation of the literary language. Although standard English is widely understood it is not widely produced, only a minority of people (radio and tv broadcasters) within a country use standard English when they speak. Most people speak original or social dialect. On these bases we may define standard English of an English speaking country as a minority variety which caries most prestige and is most widely understood. The English literary language was practically established in the 17th-18th centuries when the rules of English language was established. As a result of colonial expansion in the 19 th20th centuries many words entered the English language and were accepted by Oxford Dictionary. From the Indians of North America- raccoon, from the West Indians barbeque, cannibal etc. In

addition thousands of scientific terms were developed and borrowed to denote new concepts, inventions and discoveries. For eg. neutron, penicillin, supersonic, sputnik etc. In contrast to standard English figurative language involves the purposeful distortion of language the use of nonliteral constructions which delight the mind or make us think what the write intended to express. What makes figurative lang. work is that the reader knows the patterns of literary language and recognize the distortion. If the readers does not identify the figurative lang. confusion in understanding may result. Figurative language is essential to help convey meaning and expression in an artistic manner, to depict every possible emotion and feeling. If the writer does not create an image in the reader mind she/he will lose the reader attention. Figurative lang. stimulates imagination and evocate visual and sensual imagery. It makes use of symbols and figures stands for another thing which is more abstract. Symbols are terms, names, pictures that are familiar in daily life, yet possess specific connotations in addition today are conventional and obvious meaning