solutions from http://bolvan.ph.utexas.

edu/ vadim
Textbook Problem 4.3(a):
The propagators are contractions of the free elds, thus for N distinct elds
i
of the same
mass m we have

j
(x)
k
(y) =
j
(x)
k
(y) =
jk
G
F
(x y)
mass=m
, (1)
or in momentum space,

k
=
i
jk
q
2
m
2
+ i0
. (2)
The vertices follow from the perturbation operator

V =
_
d
3
x
_

4
( )
2

4
(

j
)
4
+

j<k

2
(

j
)
2
(

k
)
2
_
, (3)
hence two vertex types: (1) a vertex involving 4 lines of the same eld species
j
, with the
vertex factor i

4
4! = 6i; and (2) a vertex involving 2 lines of one eld species
j
and 2
lines of a dierent species
k
, with the vertex factor i

2
(2!)
2
= 2i. (The combinatoric
factors arise from the interchanges of the identical elds in the same vertex, thus 4! for the
rst vertex type and (2!)
2
for the second type.) Equivalently, we may use a single vertex
type involving 4 elds of whatever species, with the species-dependent vertex factor

m
= 2i
_

jk

m
+
j

km
+
jm

k
_
. (4)
Now consider the scattering process
j
+
k

+
m
. At the lowest order of the
perturbation theory, there is just one Feynman diagram for this process; it has one vertex,
4 external legs and no internal lines. Consequently, at the lowest order,
/(
j
+
k

+
m
) = 2
_

jk

m
+
j

km
+
jm

k
_
(5)
independent of the particles momenta. Specically,
/(
1
+
2

1
+
2
) = 2,
/(
1
+
1

2
+
2
) = 2,
/(
1
+
1

1
+
1
) = 6,
(6)
1
and consequently (using eq. (4.85) of the textbook)
d(
1
+
2

1
+
2
)
d
c.m.
=

2
16
2
E
2
c.m.
,
d(
1
+
1

2
+
2
)
d
c.m.
=

2
16
2
E
2
c.m.
,
d(
1
+
1

1
+
1
)
d
c.m.
=
9
2
16
2
E
2
c.m.
.
(7)
These are partial cross sections. To calculate the total cross sections, we integrate over d,
which gives the factor of 4 when the two nal particles are of distinct species, but for the
same species, we only get 2 because of Bose statistics. Hence,

tot
(
1
+
2

1
+
2
) =

2
4E
2
c.m.
,

tot
(
1
+
1

2
+
2
) =

2
8E
2
c.m.
,

tot
(
1
+
1

1
+
1
) =
9
2
8E
2
c.m.
.
(8)
Textbook Problem 4.3(b):
The classical potential
V (
2
) =
1
2

2
(
2
) +
1
4
(
2
)
2
(9)
with a negative mass term m
2
=
2
< 0 has a minimum (or rather a spherical shell of
minima) for

2
= v
2
=

2

> 0. (10)
Semi-classically, we expect a non-zero vacuum expectation value of the scalar elds, ) ,= 0
with )
2
= v
2
, or equivalently,
j
) = v
jN
modulo the O(N) symmetry of the problem.
Shifting the elds according to

N
(x) = v + (x),
j
(x) =
j
(x) (j < N), (11)
and re-writing the Lagrangian in terms of the shifted elds, we obtain
L =
1
2
()
2

2

2
+
1
2
(

)
2
v(
2
+

2
)
1
4
(
2
+

2
)
2
+ const (12)
where

stands for the (N 1)plet of the

j
elds, thus

2
=

j
(
j
)
2
.
2
The free part of the Lagrangian (12) (the rst 3 terms) describe one massive real scalar
eld (x) of mass m

2 and (N1) massless real scalars

j
(x) which are the Goldstone
particles of the O(N) symmetry spontaneously broken down to O(N1) (thus (N1) broken
symmetry generators, forming a vector multiplet of the unbroken O(N 1) symmetry).
Consequently, the non-zero contractions of the free and elds are
(x) (y) = G
F
(x y)
mass=m
,

j
(x)
k
(y) =
jk
G
F
(x y)
mass=0
,
(13)
which give us two distinct Feynman propagators in the momentum basis,
=
i
q
2
2
2
+ i0
,

k
=
i
jk
q
2
+ i0
.
(14)
The last two terms in the Lagrangian (12) give rise to the interaction Hamiltonian of the
linear sigma model, namely

V =
_
d
3
x
_
v
3
+ v

2
+

4

4
+

2

2

2
+

4
(

2
)
2
_
. (15)
The ve terms in this interaction Hamiltonian give rise to ve types of Feynman vertices.
Proceeding exactly as in part (a) of the problem, we obtain

m
= 2i
_

jk

m
+
j

km
+
jm

k
_
(16)
and similarly

= 2i
ik
and

= 6i. (17)
The remaining two vertices have valence = 3 and follow from the cubic terms in the in-
teraction Hamiltonian (15). The analysis proceeds exactly as in the previous problem and
3
yields

k
= 2iv
jk
and

= 6iv. (18)
This completes the Feynman rules of the linear sigma model.
Textbook Problem 4.3(c):
In this part of the problem, we use the Feynman rules we have just derived to calculate the
tree-level scattering amplitudes. As explained in class, a tree diagram (L = 0) with
E = 4 external legs has either one valence = 4 vertex (and hence no propagators) or two
valence = 3 vertices (and hence one propagator). Altogether, there are four such diagrams
contributing to the tree-level i/
_

j
(p
1
) +
k
(p
2
)

(p

1
) +
m
(p

2
)
_
they are shown in
the textbook. The diagrams evaluate to:
4

j
(p
1
)

k
(p
2
)

(p

1
)

m
(p

2
)
= 2i
_

jk

m
+
j

km
+
jm

k
_
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

j
(p
1
)

k
(p
2
)

(p

1
)

m
(p

2
)
= (2iv
jk
)
i
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
2
2
(2iv
m
),
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

j
(p
1
)

k
(p
2
)

(p

1
)

m
(p

2
)
= (2iv
j
)
i
(p
1
p

1
)
2
2
2
(2iv
km
),
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

j
(p
1
)

k
(p
2
)

(p

1
)

m
(p

2
)
= (2iv
jm
)
i
(p
1
p

2
)
2
2
2
(2iv
k
),
(19)
which gives the net scattering amplitude
/
_

j
(p
1
) +
k
(p
2
)

(p

1
) +
m
(p

2
)
_
= 2
jk

m
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
2
2
_
2
j

km
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
p

1
)
2
2
2
_
2
jm

k
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
p

2
)
2
2
2
_
.
(20)
Now, according to eq. (10) v
2
=
2
, which makes for
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
2
2
_
=
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
2
2
(21)
5
and ditto for the other two terms in the amplitude (20). Altogether, we now have
/ = 2
_

jk

(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
2
2
+
j

km

(p
1
p

1
)
2
(p
1
p

1
)
2
2
2
+
jm

(p
1
p

2
)
2
(p
1
p

2
)
2
2
2
_
,
(22)
which vanishes in the zero-momentum limit for any one of the four pions, initial or nal.
Indeed, since the pions are massless, (p
1
)
2
= (p
2
)
2
= (p

1
)
2
= (p

2
)
2
= 0 and hence
s
def
= (p
1
+ p
2
)
2
(p

1
+ p

2
)
2
= +2(p
1
p
2
) = +2(p

1
p

2
),
t
def
= (p

1
p
1
)
2
(p

2
p
2
)
2
= 2(p

1
p
1
) = 2(p

2
p
2
),
u
def
= (p

1
p
2
)
2
(p

2
p

1
)
2
= 2(p
1
p

2
) = 2(p

1
p
2
),
(23)
this whenever any one of the four momenta becomes small, all three numerators in the
amplitude (22) become small as well, thus /= O(small p).
Please note that although eq. (22) gives only the tree-level approximation to the actual
scattering amplitude, its behavior in the small pion momentum limit is correct and com-
pletely general. According to the Goldstone theorem, not only the Goldstone particles (such
as pions in this linear sigma model) are exactly massless, but also any scattering amplitude
involving any Goldstone particle vanishes as O(p

) when the Goldstone particles momentum

p

goes to zero.
To complete this part of the problem, let us now assume that all four pions momenta
are small compared to the -particles mass m

2. In this limit, all three denominators

in eq. (22) are dominated by the 2
2
term, hence
/ =
1
v
2
_

jk

m
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
+
j

km
(p
1
p

1
)
2
+
jm

k
(p
1
p

2
)
2
+ O
_
p
4
m
2

__
.
(24)
For generic species of the four pions, this amplitude is of the order O(p
2
/v
2
), but there is a
cancellation when all for pions belong to the same species (this is unavoidable for N = 2).
Indeed,
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
+ (p
1
p

1
)
2
+ (p
1
p

2
)
2
= 2(p
1
p
2
) 2(p
1
p

1
) 2(p
1
p

2
)
= 2p
1
(p
2
p

1
p

2
= p
1
) = 2p
2
1
= 0
(25)
and hence
/(
1
+
1

1
+
1
) =
1
v
2
_
0 + O
_
p
4
m
2

__
. (26)
6
Finally, let us translate the amplitude (24) into the low-energy scattering cross sections:
d(
1
+
2

1
+
2
)
d
c.m.
=
E
2
c.m.
64
2
v
4
sin
4

c.m.
2
,

tot
(
1
+
2

1
+
2
) =
E
2
c.m.
48v
4
,
d(
1
+
1

2
+
2
)
d
c.m.
=
E
2
c.m.
64
2
v
4
,

tot
(
1
+
1

2
+
2
) =
E
2
c.m.
32v
4
,
(
1
+
1

1
+
1
) = O
_
E
6
c.m.
v
4
m
4

_
.
(27)
Textbook Problem 4.3(d):
The linear term v = a
(N)
in the classical potential for the N scalar elds explicitly
breaks the O(N) symmetry of the theory. Hence the potential
V () =
1
4
(
2
)
2

1
2

2
(
2
) a
(N)
(28)
now has a non-degenerate minimum at

j
) = v
jN
where v
_

+
a
2
+ O
_
a
2

_
. (29)
Shifting the elds according to eq. (11) for the new value of v now gives us
L =
1
2
()
2

1
2
m
2

2
+
1
2
(

)
2

1
2
m
2

2
v(
2
+

2
)
1
4
(
2
+

2
)
2
(30)
(plus an irrelevant constant) where
m
2

= 2
2
+ 3m
2

and m
2

=
a
v
> 0. (31)
Thus, the pions are no longer exactly massless Goldstone bosons but rather pseudoGoldstone
bosons with small but non-zero masses.
Comparing the Lagrangians (30) and (12) we immediately see identical interaction terms,
hence the Feynman vertices of the modied sigma model are exactly as in eqs. (16), (17)
7
and (18), without any modication (except for the new value of v). On the other hand, the
Feynman propagators need adjustment to accommodate the new masses (31), thus
=
i
q
2
m
2

+ i0
,

k
=
i
jk
q
2
m
2

+ i0
.
(32)
The tree-level + + scattering amplitude is governed by the same four Feynman
diagrams as before, thus
/
_

j
(p
1
) +
k
(p
2
)

(p

1
) +
m
(p

2
)
_
= 2
jk

m
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

_
2
j

km
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
p

1
)
2
m
2

_
2
jm

k
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
p

2
)
2
m
2

_
,
(33)
exactly as in eq. (20), except for the new v and new m
2

. The exact equation for the

minimum (29) is
v
2

2
=
a
v
= m
2

(34)
hence
2v
2
m
2

= m
2

(35)
and
_
1 +
2v
2
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

_
=
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

(36)
and ditto for the other two terms in the amplitude (33). Therefore, instead of eq. (22) we
now have
/ = 2
_

jk

(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

+
j

km

(p
1
p

1
)
2
m
2

(p
1
p

1
)
2
m
2

+
jm

(p
1
p

2
)
2
m
2

(p
1
p

2
)
2
m
2

_
,
(37)
which in the low-energy limit E
c.m.
m

simplies to
/ =
_
2
m
2

1
v
2
_
_

jk

m
_
(p
1
+ p
2
)
2
m
2

_
+
j

km
_
(p
1
p

1
)
2
m
2

_
+
jm

k
_
(p
1
p

2
)
2
m
2

_
+ O
_
p
4
m
2

_
_
.
(38)
In particular, near the threshold (p
1
+p
2
)
2
= E
2
c.m.
4m
2

while (p

1
p
1
)
2
(p

2
p
1
)
2
0
8
and hence
/
m
2

v
2

_
3
jk

m

j

km

jm

k
_
. (39)
This threshold amplitude does not vanish. Instead,
/
m
2

v
2
=
a
v
3
. (40)
Problem 2:
In Pauli-Villars (PV) regularization the scalar propagators in the loop integral are UV-
softened as discussed in class. The product of the two propagators in the loop diagram
becomes
1
q
2
1
+ m
2

1
q
2
2
+ m
2

1
q
2
1
+
2

1
q
2
2
+ m
2

1
q
2
1
+ m
2

1
q
2
2
+
2
+
1
q
2
1
+
2

1
q
2
2
+
2
(41)
where q
2
= kq
1
. Applying Feynmans parameter trick to each of these products, we obtain
1
_
0
dx
_
1
[q
2
+ ]
2

1
[q
2
+ + x

2
]
2

1
[q
2
+ + (1 x)

2
]
2
+
1
[q
2
+ +

2
]
2
_
(42)
where q = q
1
kx is the same in all four terms,
(x) = m
2
+ x(1 x)k
2
E
= m
2
x(1 x)k
2
Mink
(43)
is also the same in all the terms, and nally

2
=
2
m
2

2
(44)
is what makes the four terms dierent from each other.
Now we need to integrate the propagator product over the Euclidean momentum. As in
class, we integrate over the momentum before integrating over x in eq. (42), and this allows
us to shift the integration variable from q
1
(or q
2
) to q and use spherical symmetry. Thus,
d
4
q
E
= 2
2
q
3
dq =
2
q
2
dq
2
, (45)
9
and therefore
_
d
4
q
E
(2)
4
_
1
[q
2
+ ]
2

1
[q
2
+ + x

2
]
2

1
[q
2
+ + (1 x)

2
]
2
+
1
[q
2
+ +

2
]
2
_
=
1
16
2

_
0
dq
2
_

_
q
2
[q
2
+ ]
2

q
2
[q
2
+ + x

2
]
2

q
2
[q
2
+ + (1 x)

2
]
2
+
q
2
[q
2
+ +

2
]
2
_

_
=
1
16
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
log(q
2
+ )
q
2
q
2
+
_

_
log(q
2
+ + x

2
)
q
2
q
2
+ + x

2
_

_
log(q
2
+ + (1 x)

2
)
q
2
q
2
+ + (1 x)

2
_
+
_
log(q
2
+ +

2
)
q
2
q
2
+ +

2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

q
2
=
q
2
=0
= log
( + x

2
) ( + (1 x)

2
)
( +

2
)
log
x

2
(1 x)

2
log
x(1 x)
2

.
(46)
Consequently, the whole diagram evaluates to
/ =

2
2

1
16
2
1
_
0
dx log
x(1 x)
2
= m
2
x(1 x)k
2
=

2
32
2
_
_
log

2
m
2
+
1
_
0
dx log x(1 x)
1
_
0
dx log
_
1 x(1 x)
k
2
m
2
_
_
_
=

2
32
2
_
log

2
m
2
2 + I(k
2
/m
2
)
_
.
(47)
10
Finally, let us compare our result (47) for the PV regulator with
/ =

2
32
2
_
log

2
m
2
1 + I(k
2
/m
2
)
_
(48)
which one can similarly obtain a sharp (S) UV cuto. Clearly the only dierence between the
two formul is the numerical constant inside the square brackets. Moreover, this dierence
may be absorbed into a re-denition of the UV cuto parameter: If we set

2
PV
= exp(1)
2
S
, (49)
then
log

2
PV
m
2
2 + I(k
2
/m
2
) = log

2
S
m
2
1 + I(k
2
/m
2
) (50)
and eqs. (47) and (48) are in perfect agreement.
Problem 3(a):
We begin with the muon decay amplitude
/(

e
) =
G
F

2
_
u(

)(1
5
)

u(

_
u(e

)(1
5
)

v(
e
)

, (3)
Its complex conjugate can be written as
/

=
G
F

2
_
u(

(1 +
5
)u(

)
_

_
v(
e
)

(1 +
5
)u(e

, (51)
where (1
5
) factors become (1 +
5
) because
5

0
(
5
)

0
=
5
. Consequently,
[/[
2
=
1
2
G
2
F
_
u(

)(1
5
)

u(

) u(

(1 +
5
)u(

)
_
(52)

_
u(e

)(1
5
)

v(
e
) v(
e
)

(1 +
5
)u(e

and hence
1
2

all
spins
[/[
2
=
1
4
G
2
F
tr
_
(1
5
)

(,p

+ M

(1 +
5
)(,p

+ m

)
_
tr
_
(1
5
)

(,p

m

)

(1 +
5
)(,p
e
+ m
e
)
_
.
(53)
Please note that here and henceforth the indices , e

, and
e
denote the particles
to which respective momenta belong and have nothing to do with the Lorentz indices of
those momenta. For the Lorentz indices, I use here , and later also , , and . Thus,
p

is the s component of the muons 4momentum, etc., etc.

11
Having derived eq. (53), we now need to evaluate the traces. For the rst trace, we
eliminate terms containing odd numbers of

matrices and write

tr
_
(1
5
)

(,p

+ M

(1 +
5
)(,p

+ m

)
_
=
= tr
_
(1
5
)

,p

(1 +
5
),p

_
+ tr
_
(1
5
)

(1 +
5
)m

_
= tr
_
(1
5
)

,p

,p

(1
5
)
_
+ M

tr
_
(1
5
)

(1 +
5
)
_
= tr
_
(1
5
)
2

,p

,p

_
+ M

m
e
tr
_
(1 +
5
)(1
5
)

_
= 2 tr
_
(1
5
)

,p

,p

_
+ 0
= 2 tr
_

,p

,p

_
2 tr
_

,p

,p

_
= 8
_
p

+ p

(p

)
_
+ 8i

. (54)
Similarly, the second trace evaluates to
tr
_
(1
5
)

(,p
e
+ m
e
)

(1 +
5
)(,p

m

_
= (55)
= 8
_
(p
e
p

+ p
e
p

g

(p
e
p

)

+ 8i

e
.
It remains to substitute the trace formul (54) and (55) back into eq. (53) and contract
the Lorentz indices. Thus,
1
2

all
spins
[/[
2
= 16G
2
F
__
p

+ p

(p

)
_
+ i

__
p
e
p

+ p
e
p

g

(p
e
p

)
_
+ i

e
_
using symmetry/antisymmetry of factors under ))
= 16G
2
F
_
_
p

+ p

(p

)
_

_
p
e
p

+ p
e
p

g

(p
e
p

)
_

e
_
= 16G
2
F
_
_
2(p

p
e
)(p

p

) + 2(p

p

)(p

p
e
)
2(p

)(p
e
p

) 2(p

)(p
e
p

) + 4(p

)(p
e
p

)
_
+
_
2(p

p

)(p

p
e
) 2(p

p
e
)(p

p

)
_
_
= 64G
2
F
(p

p

)(p

p
e
) .
(56)
12
Problem 3(b):
As explained in the Peskin & Schroeder textbook, the partial rate of a decay process (in the
rest frame of the initial particle) is given by
d =
1
2M
0
[/[
2
dT (57)
where / is the decays amplitude, [/[
2
is [/[
2
averaged over the unknown initial spins
and summed over the unmeasured nal spins, and dT is the innitesimal phase space factor
for the nal particles. For three nal particles,
dT =
d
3
p
1
(2)
3
(2E
1
)
d
3
p
2
(2)
3
(2E
2
)
d
3
p
3
(2)
3
(2E
3
)
(2)
3

(3)
(p
1
+p
2
+p
3
)(2)(E
1
+E
2
+E
3
M
0
)
(58)
where the energy-momentum conservation law apply in the rest frame, thus p
1
+p
2
+p
3
=
p
tot
= 0 and E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
= E
tot
= M
0
.
We start by using the momentum-conservation function to eliminate eliminate the p
3
as independent variable, thus
dT =
d
3
p
1
d
3
p
2
256
5
(E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
E
tot
)
E
1
E
2
E
3

p3=(p1+p2)
. (59)
Next, we use spherical coordinates for the two remaining momenta,
d
3
p
1
= p
2
1
dp
1
d
2

1
, d
3
p
2
= p
2
2
dp
2
d
2

2
, (60)
and then replace the d
2

2
describing the direction of the second particles momentum relative
to the xed external frame with
d
2

(1)
2
= d
12
sin
12
d
(1)
2
describing the same direction of p
2
relative to the frame centered on the p
1
. Consequently,
d
2

1
d
2

2
= d
2

1
d
2

(1)
2
=
_
d
2

1
d
(1)
2
_
d
12
sin
12
d
3
d(cos
12
) (61)
and hence
dT =
d
3

256
5

p
2
1
p
2
2
E
1
E
2
E
3
dp
1
dp
2
d(cos
12
) (E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
E
tot
)

p3=(p1+p2)
. (62)
13
Next, we use the cosine theorem
p
2
3
= (p
1
+p
2
)
2
= p
2
1
+ p
2
2
+ 2p
1
p
2
cos
12
which gives
d(cos
12
) =
p
3
dp
3
p
1
p
2
(for xed p
1
, p
2
) and therefore
dT =
d
3

256
5

p
1
p
2
p
3
E
1
E
2
E
3
dp
1
dp
2
dp
3
(E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
E
tot
). (63)
Finally, we notice that for a relativistic particle of any mass pdp = EdE, hence
dT =
d
3

256
5
dE
1
dE
2
dE
3
(E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
E
tot
), (64)
and therefore eq. (57) for the partial decay rate.
Problem 3(c):
It remains to determine the limits of kinematically allowed ways to distribute the net energy
E
tot
= M
0
of the process among the three nal particles. Such limits follow from the triangle
inequalities for the three momenta,
p
1
p
2
+ p
3
, p
2
p
1
+ p
3
, p
3
p
1
+ p
1
, (65)
which look simple but produce rather complicated inequalities for the energies E
1
=
_
p
2
1
+ m
2
1
,
E
2
=
_
p
2
2
+ m
2
2
, and E
3
=
_
p
2
3
+ m
3
1
. However, when all three nal particles are massless,
the kinematic restrictions become simply
E
1
E
2
+ E
3
= M
0
E
1
(66)
and ditto for the other two inequalities, or equivalently
0 E
1
, E
2
, E
3

1
2
M
0
, while E
1
+ E
2
+ E
3
= M
0
. (5)
14
Problem 3(d):
In light of eqs. (3) and (57), the partial decay rate of the muon at rest is given by
d(

e
) =
G
2
F
8
5
M

(p

p

)(p
e
p

)dE
e
dE

dE

d
3
(E
e
+E

+E

M

). (67)
Specializing to the muons frame, we have
(p

p

) = M

E

(68)
while
(p
e
p
e
) = E
e
E

p
e
p

cos
e
= E
e
E

+
1
2
p
2
e
+
1
2
p
2

1
2
p
2

neglecting m
e
, m

, m

))
= E
e
E

+
1
2
E
2
e
+
1
2
E
2

1
2
E
2

=
1
2
(E
e
+ E

)
2

1
2
E
2

using E
e
+ E

= M

E

))
=
1
2
M

(M

2E

),
(69)
Hence,
d(

e
) =
G
2
F
16
5
M

E

(M

2E

)dE
e
dE

dE

d
3
(E
e
+E

+E

M

). (70)
At this point we are ready to integrate over the nal-state variables. In light of
_
d
3
=
8
2
and the kinematic limits (5), we immediately obtain
(

e
) =
G
2
F
M

2
3
1
2
M
___
0
dE
e
dE

dE

E

(M

2E

)(E
e
+ E

+ E

M

)
=
G
2
F
M

2
3
1
2
M
_
0
dE
e
1
2
M
_
1
2
MEe
dE

E

(M

2E

)
=
G
2
F
M

2
3
1
2
M
_
0
dE
e
E
2
e
(
1
2
M

2
3
E
e
).
(71)
In other words, the partial muon decay rate with respect to the nal electrons energy is
15
given by
d
dE
e
=
G
2
F
M

12
3
E
2
e
(3M

4E
e
) (72)
or rather
d
dE
e

_
G
2
F
12
3
M

E
2
e
(3M

4E
e
) for E
e
<
1
2
M

,
0 for E
e
>
1
2
M

.
(73)
It remains to calculate the total decay rate of the muon by integrating the partial rate
(73) over the electrons energy. The result is

tot
( e ) =
G
2
F
M
5

192
3
. (74)
16