Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)

MANAGEMENT

DESIGN VENDORS SALES TOOLING PURCHASING PRODUCTION SERVICE INSPECTION ROUTING PLANNING PRICING

CUSTOMERS

ASSEMBLY

PART PRODUCTION COMMUNICATION MODEL

Three Categories of Dimensioning

Dimensioning can be divided into three categories: !general dimensioning, !geometric dimensioning, and !surface texture. The following provides information necessary to begin to understand geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)

Limit Tolerancing Applied To An Angle Block

Geometric Tolerancing Applied To An Angle Block

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)

!! GD&T

is a means of dimensioning & tolerancing a drawing which considers the function of the part and how this part functions with related parts.
! This allows a drawing to contain a more defined feature more accurately, without increasing tolerances.

GD&T contd
!!

GD&T has increased in practice in last 15 years because of ISO 9000.

! ISO 9000 requires not only that something be required, but how it is to be controlled. For example, how round does a round feature have to be?

!!

GD&T is a system that uses standard symbols to indicate tolerances that are based on the features geometry.
! Sometimes called feature based dimensioning & tolerancing or true position dimensioning & tolerancing

!!

GD&T practices are specified in ANSI Y14.5M-1994.

For Example
!!

Given Table Height

Assume all 4 legs will be cut to length at the same time.

!!

However, all surfaces have a degree of waviness, or smoothness. For example, the surface of a 2 x 4 is much wavier (rough) than the surface of a piece of glass.
! As the table height is dimensioned, the following table would pass inspection.
or

!!

If top must be flatter, you could tighten the tolerance to 1/32.

! However, now the height is restricted to 26.97 to 27.03 meaning good tables would be rejected.

Example contd.
!! You

can have both, by using GD&T.

! The table height may any height between 26 and 28 inches. ! The table top must be flat within 1/16. (1/32)

.06

.06

.06

26

27

28

WHY IS GD&T IMPORTANT Saves money ! For example, if large number of parts are being made GD&T can reduce or eliminate inspection of some features. ! Provides bonus tolerance !! Ensures design, dimension, and tolerance requirements as they relate to the actual function !! Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at the assembly !! Provides uniformity !! It is a universal understanding of the symbols instead of words
!!

WHEN TO USE GD&T When part features are critical to a function or interchangeability !! When functional gaging is desirable !! When datum references are desirable to insure consistency between design !! When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already implied !! When it allows a better choice of machining processes to be made for production of a part
!!

TERMINOLOGY REVIEW
!!

!!

!! !!

!!

Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The condition where a size feature contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size. I.e., largest shaft and smallest hole. Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition where a size feature contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size. I.e., smallest shaft and largest hole. Tolerance: Difference between MMC and LMC limits of a single dimension. Allowance: Difference between the MMC of two mating parts. (Minimum clearance and maximum interference) Basic Dimension: Nominal dimension from which tolerances are derived.

LIMITS OF SIZE

LIMITS OF SIZE A variation in form is allowed between the least material condition (LMC) and the maximum material condition (MMC).

Envelop Principle defines the size and form relationships between mating parts.

LIMITS OF SIZE

ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE

LMC CLEARANCE

MMC ALLOWANCE

LIMITS OF SIZE The actual size of the feature at any cross section must be within the size boundary.
MMC LMC

LIMITS OF SIZE No portion of the feature may be outside a perfect form barrier at maximum material condition (MMC).

Other Factors
I.e., Parallel Line Tolerance Zones

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS

14 characteristics that may be controlled

TYPE OF FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL TOLERANCE

FLATNESS

INDIVIDUAL (No Datum Reference)

STRAIGHTNESS FORM CIRCULARITY CYLINDRICITY

INDIVIDUAL or RELATED FEATURES

LINE PROFILE PROFILE SURFACE PROFILE PERPENDICULARITY ORIENTATION ANGULARITY PARALLELISM

RELATED FEATURES (Datum Reference Required)

CIRCULAR RUNOUT RUNOUT TOTAL RUNOUT CONCENTRICITY LOCATION POSITION SYMMETRY

Characteristics & Symbols

contd.

! Maximum Material Condition MMC ! Regardless of Feature Size RFS ! Least Material Condition LMC ! Projected Tolerance Zone ! Diametrical (Cylindrical) Tolerance Zone or Feature ! Basic, or Exact, Dimension ! Datum Feature Symbol ! Feature Control Frame

Feature Control Frame FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

GEOMETRIC SYMBOL TOLERANCE INFORMATION DATUM REFERENCES COMPARTMENT VARIABLES

THE RELATIVE TO OF THE FEATURE MUST BE WITHIN CONNECTING WORDS

Feature Control Frame

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Uses feature control frames to indicate tolerance

!!

Reads as: The position of the feature must be within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at maximum material condition relative to datums A, B, and C.

Feature Control Frame

!!

Uses feature control frames to indicate tolerance

!!

Reads as: The position of the feature must be within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at maximum material condition relative to datums A at maximum material condition and B.

Reading Feature Control Frames

!!

The zone.

of the feature must be within a

tolerance

!!

The tolerance zone at to Datum .

of the feature must be within a relative

!!

The

of the feature must be within a tolerance zone relative to Datum .

!!

The

of the feature must be within a zone at relative to Datum .

!!

The of the feature must be within a tolerance zone relative to datums .

Placement of Feature Control Frames

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May be attached to a side, end or corner of the symbol box to an extension line.

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Applied to surface.

!!

Applied to axis

Placement of Feature Control Frames

Contd.

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May be below or closely adjacent to the dimension or note pertaining to that feature.
.500.005

Basic Dimension
!!

!! !!

A theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target, therefore, a basic dimension is untoleranced. Most often used with position, angularity, and profile) Basic dimensions have a rectangle surrounding it.

1.000

Basic Dimension
contd.

Form Features
Individual Features !! No Datum Reference
!!

Flatness

Straightness

Circularity

Cylindricity

Form Features Examples

Flatness as stated on drawing: The flatness of the feature must be within .06 tolerance zone.

Straightness applied to a flat surface: The straightness of the feature must be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003

0.500 .005

.003

0.500 .005

Form Features Examples

Straightness applied to the surface of a diameter: The straightness of the feature must be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003

! 0.500 0.505

Straightness of an Axis at MMC: The derived median line straightness of the feature must be within a diametric zone of .030 at MMC.
! 0.500 0.505
1.010 0.990

! .030

Dial Indicator

Verification of Flatness

Features that Require Datum Reference

!!

Orientation
! Perpendicularity ! Angularity ! Parallelism

!!

Runout
! Circular Runout ! Total Runout

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Location
! Position ! Concentricity ! Symmetry