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Title: Formulation of the dynamic stiffness of a cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell subjected
to distributed loads

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: Dynamic Stiffness Method; Continuous Element Method; Distributed Loads; Cross-ply
Laminated Composite Shell; Harmonic Response.

Corresponding Author: Dr. jean-baptiste casimir, Ph.D.

Corresponding Author's Institution: Supmeca

First Author: jean-baptiste casimir, Ph.D.

Order of Authors: jean-baptiste casimir, Ph.D.; Mohamed Amine Khadimallah, Ph.D.; Manh Cuong
Nguyen, Ph. D.

Abstract: This paper describes a procedure for taking into account distributed loads in the calculation
of the harmonic response of a cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell using the dynamic stiffness
method. Equivalent loads are established on element boundaries to determine the response of the
system. The vibration analysis is then solved with numerical examples in order to determine the
performances of this approach. The method allows reducing both the size of the model and computing
time, and ensures higher precision compared to the finite element method.

Suggested Reviewers:




J.B. CASIMIR
Supmeca
3, rue Fernand Hainaut
93407 SAINT-OUEN Cedex
FRANCE
tel : +33 1 49452963 Professor Ferreira
jean-baptiste.casimir@supmeca.fr Universidade do Porto
Porto, Portugal


25 March 2014









Dear Professor Ferreira,


I would like to submit to Composite Structures our paper titled :

Formulation of the dynamic stiffness of a cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell
subjected to distributed loads


This paper is submitted for publication in Composite Structures. It has not been previously
published, is not currently submitted for review to any other journal, and will not be submitted
elsewhere during peer review for Composite Structures.


I shall be at your disposal to afford complementary information about this proposed article.




With my best regards

J.B. CASIMIR







Cover Letter
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Title :
Formulation of the dynamic stiffness of a cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell subjected to
distributed loads

Authors :
CASIMIR J.B. (Corresponding author)
Institut Suprieur de Mcanique de Paris, LISMMA, 3 rue Fernand Hainaut 93407 Saint-Ouen, France
jean-baptiste.casimir@supmeca.fr
+33 1 49452963

KHADIMALLAH M.A.
Laboratory of Systems and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Tunisia, University of Carthage,
Tunis, Tunisia

NGUYEN M.C.
Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi,
Vietnam

Abstract :
This paper describes a procedure for taking into account distributed loads in the calculation of the
harmonic response of a cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell using the dynamic stiffness
method. Equivalent loads are established on element boundaries to determine the response of the
system. The vibration analysis is then solved with numerical examples in order to determine the
performances of this approach. The method allows reducing both the size of the model and
computing time, and ensures higher precision compared to the finite element method.

Keywords :
Dynamic Stiffness Method, Continuous Element Method, Distributed Loads, Cross-ply Laminated
Composite Shell, Harmonic Response.

Title Page
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Formulation of the dynamic stiness of a cross-ply
laminated circular cylindrical shell subjected to
distributed loads
J.B. Casimir
a,
, M.A. Khadimallah
b
, M.C. Nguyen
c
a
Institut Superieur de Mecanique de Paris, LISMMA, 3 rue Fernand Hainaut 93407
Saint-Ouen, France
b
Laboratory of Systems and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Tunisia,
University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
c
Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hai Ba Trung
District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract
This paper describes a procedure for taking into account distributed loads
in the calculation of the harmonic response of a cross-ply laminated circular
cylindrical shell using the dynamic stiness method. Equivalent loads are
established on element boundaries to determine the response of the system.
The vibration analysis is then solved with numerical examples in order to
determine the performances of this approach. The method allows reducing
both the size of the model and computing time, and ensures higher precision
compared to the nite element method.
Keywords: Dynamic Stiness Method, Continuous Element Method,
Distributed Loads, Cross-ply Laminated Composite Shell, Harmonic
Response.

Corresponding author
E-mail address : jean-baptiste.casimir@supmeca.fr
Preprint submitted to Composite Structures March 25, 2014
*Manuscript without line numbers
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1. Introduction
The analysis of the dynamic response of composite structures is the sub-
ject of much on-going research. Such research performed with laminated
composite shells is interesting as they are frequently used in various engi-
neering applications in the aerospace, mechanical, marine, and automotive
industries. General theoretical developments for such structures can be found
in the textbook written by Reddy [1]. Qatu et al. [2] have recently published
a review on the dynamic analysis of composite shell structures. Solutions of
dynamic problems are generally proposed by using traditional approximate
methods such as the Finite Elements Method (FEM) and Rayleigh-Ritz pro-
cedures due to their facility of application. However, these methods have
limitations and may require a great amount of computer time, especially
when the frequency band widens, leading to a large systems of equations.
These methods are often restricted to low frequency applications, thus many
researchers try to nd alternative methods in order to reduce computing
times and computer storage requirements while trying to enhance the accu-
racy of the results over larger frequency ranges. The work presented in this
paper is part of this trend.
For example, Haftchenari et al. [3], Alibeigloo [4] studied the dynamic
behaviour of composite cylindrical shells using the Dierential Quadrature
Method. More specically, the latter was used to investigate the eect of
edge conditions on the vibrations of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells.
Xie et al. [5] used the Haar Wavelet Method for computing natural vibrations
of composite laminated cylindrical shells. Thinh and Nguyen [6] studied the
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dynamic response of a cross-ply laminated composite cylindrical shell with
the Dynamic Stiness Method.
The work described in this paper carries on directly from the latter. The
limitation of the dynamic stiness approach developed by Thinh and Nguyen
concerns the harmonic loadings which are necessarily located on the free
edges of the shell. Distributed loads are not taken into account. This limita-
tion does not allow dealing with cylindrical shells subjected, for example, to
the action of external or internal uids. In a recent paper, Khadimmallah et
al. [7] described a procedure for taking into account distributed loads in the
dynamic stiness formulation for axisymmetric shells composed of isotropic
homogeneous material. In the present work, the method is extended to the
case of a cross-ply composite circular cylindrical shell as dened by Thinh
and Nguyen.
The Dynamic Stiness Method [8], [9], [10] is based on exact relationships
between harmonic loadings located on the boundaries of a structural element
and the displacements of these boundaries. Recent formulations concern all
kinds of structural elements such as functionally graded beams [11], com-
posite plates [12], [13], [14] and stiened [15] and composite shells [16]. To
take into account distributed forces acting inside the geometrical domain, the
main idea is to evaluate an equivalent loading located only on the edges. In
this paper, the calculation of this equivalent loading is described and applied
to thick cross-ply laminated composite cylindrical shells. Both rotatory in-
ertia and shear deformation eects are taken into account. The accuracy of
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the model proposed is examined by comparing the solutions obtained with
those obtained with nite element models.
2. Elastodynamic problem
2.1. Geometry
The geometry of the cylindrical structural elements studied in this work
is illustrated in Figure 1. The middle surface radius of the cylindrical shell is
denoted R and its length L. The shell is made up of N orthotropic layers per-
fectly bound together. The k
th
layer is located between the coordinates
k
and

k+1
along the radial axis, therefore its thickness is given by: h
k
=
k+1

k
.
For general cross-ply laminated shells, the constitutive orthotropic material
of the k
th
layer is oriented with an angle
k
. This angle is equal to 0

or 90

about the cylinder axis. A local basis (e


s
, e

, n) is dened on each point of


the middle surface, see Figure 1.
The position of each point of the shell is described in an orthogonal curvi-
linear system by three coordinates (s, , ) where s is the longitudinal coordi-
nate of the point along the axis of the shell, is the angular circumferential
coordinate and is the coordinate along n about the midsurface. These
coordinates are such that:
OM(s, , ) = OP(s, ) + n (1)
P being the orthogonal projection of M on the middle surface of the shell
and OP = Rn + se
s
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In this curvilinear coordinate system, the expression of the gradient of a
vector eld V = V
s
(s, , )e
s
+ V

(s, , )e

+ V

(s, , )e

is given by Eq. 2:
[V ] =
_
_
_
_
_
Vs
s
1
R+
Vs

Vs

s
1
R+
_
V

+ V

_
V

s
1
R+
_
V

_
V

_
_
_
_
_
(es,en,n)
(2)
2.2. Formulation of cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shells
2.2.1. Kinematic assumptions
According to the Mindlin-Reissner theory, the amplitude of the harmonic
displacement eld of point M is given by Eq. (3):
_

_
u
s
(s, , ) = U
s
(s, ) +

(s, )
u

(s, , ) = U

(s, ) +
s
(s, )
u

(s, , ) = U

(x, )
(3)
where u
s
, u

and u

are displacement components along e


s
,e

and n re-
spectively. U
s
, U

and U

are amplitude displacement components of point


P(s, , 0) on the middle surface of the shell.
s
,

are the rotations of the


middle surface about e
s
and e

, respectively.
With the assumption of small displacements, the strain-displacement re-
lationship =
1
2
_
U+
T
U
_
is obtained by considering Eq. (2) and Eq.
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(3). We obtain:
_

ss
=
us
s
=
Us
s
+

=
1
R+
_
u

+ u

_
=
1
R+
_
U

+
s

+ U

=
u

= 0

s
= 2
s
=
1
R+
us

+
u

s
=
1
R+
_
Us

_
+
U

s
+
s
s

s
= 2
s
=
us

+
u

s
=

+
U

= 2

=
1
R+
_
u

_
+
u

=
1
R+
_
U


s
_
+
s
(4)
2.3. Lamina constitutive relations
The stress-strain relations are the constitutive equations of the orthotropic
k
th
layer. These equations are given by [1] and, in the case of a cross-ply
laminated shell, they are reduced to:
_

ss

s
_

_
=
_

_
Q
(k)
11
Q
(k)
12
0 0 0
Q
(k)
12
Q
(k)
22
0 0 0
0 0 Q
(k)
44
0 0
0 0 0 Q
(k)
55
0
0 0 0 0 Q
(k)
66
_

_
_

ss

s
_

_
(5)
where Q
(k)
ij
are the transformed stinesses of the k
th
lamina as a function
of the orientation of the orthotropic material direction. The expressions of
these stinesses are given in Appendix A.
2.4. Shell behaviour equations
Relations between internal forces and section displacements of the shell
are the behaviour equations. These equations are given by considering the
internal forces per unit length, with the denition given by:
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[N
ss
, N

, N
s
, N
s
] =
_ h
2

h
2
_

ss
_
1 +

R
_
,

,
s
_
1 +

R
_
,
s
_
d (6)
[M
ss
, M

, M
s
, M
s
] =
_ h
2

h
2
_

ss
_
1 +

R
_
,

,
s
_
1 +

R
_
,
s
_
d
(7)
and:
[Q
s
, Q

]) = K
_ h
2

h
2
_

s
_
1 +

R
_
,

_
d (8)
where K = 5/6 is the shear correction factor. In the case of thin shallow
shells, the force-displacements are obtained with the assumption that 1+

R

1. Therefore, by considering stress-strain relationships Eq. (5) and Eq. (4),
Eqs. (6), (7) and (8) become:
_

_
N
ss
= A
11
Us
s
+
1
R
A
12
_
U

+ U

_
+ B
11

s
+
1
R
B
12
s

= A
12
Us
s
+
1
R
A
22
_
U

+ U

_
+ B
12

s
+
1
R
B
22
s

N
s
= A
66
_
U

s
+
1
R
Us

_
+ B
66
_
1
R

+
s
s
_
M
s
= B
11
Us
s
+
1
R
B
12
_
U

+ U

_
+ D
11

s
+
1
R
D
12
s

= B
12
Us
s
+
1
R
B
22
_
U

+ U

_
+ D
12

s
+
1
R
D
22
s

M
s
= B
66
_
U

s
+
1
R
Us

_
+ D
66
_
s
s
+
1
R

_
Q
s
= KA
55
_

+
U

s
_
Q

= KA
44
_

s
+
1
R
U

R
_
(9)
where
A
ij
=

N
k=1
Q
(k)
ij
(
k+1

k
) (i, j = 1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
B
ij
=
1
2

N
k=1
Q
(k)
ij
(
2
k+1

2
k
) (i, j = 1, 2, 6)
D
ij
=
1
3

N
k=1
Q
(k)
ij
(
3
k+1

3
k
) (i, j = 1, 2, 6)
(10)
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2.5. Equilibrium equations for harmonic regime
The rst order shell theory gives the following for a circular cylindrical
shell subjected to harmonic distributed forces, see [1]:
_

_
Nss
s
+
1
R

(N
s

1
2R
M
s
) + f
s
= I
0

2
U
s
I
1

s
_
N
s
+
1
2R
M
s
_
+
1
R
N

+
Q

R
+ f

= I
0

2
U

I
1

s
Qs
s
+
1
R
Q

R
+ f
n
= I
1

2
U

Mss
s
+
1
R
M
s

Q
s
= I
1

2
U
s
I
2

M
s
s
+
1
R
M

= I
1

2
U

I
2

s
(11)
where
I
i
=
N

k=1
_

k+1

(k)

i
d (i = 0, 1, 2) (12)
and f
s
, f

and f
n
are distributed loads acting along the directions e
s
, e

and n respectively.
3. Dynamic stiness relation of a cross-ply laminated cylindrical
shell subjected to distributed loads
3.1. Fourier expansion of solution
The procedure for calculating the dynamic stiness relation was described
in [7] and is used here for the case of cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells.
This procedure is based on a Fourier expansion along the circumferential co-
ordinate and is described briey here.
The displacement and internal force solutions are expanded with Fourier
series. According to the 2-periodicity of the structure, a symmetry partition
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of the unknowns is used. It can be observed, for example, that with equations
(9) and (11), if U
s
is -symmetric, then U

is -antisymmetric. Therefore un-


knowns that have the same symmetry properties as U

are called symmetric


unknowns and the others are called antisymmetric unknowns. This partition
leads to the following symmetric and antisymmetric state vectors:
s
E = (U
s
, U

, N
ss
, N

, M

, Q
s
, M
ss
)
a
E = (U

,
s
, Q

, N
s
, M
s
)
The solution is said to be symmetric if U

is symmetric and antisymmetric


if U

is antisymmetric. The Fourier expansion of the symmetric solution is


such that:
s
E =

m=0
s
E
(1)
m
cos(m)
a
E =

m=1
a
E
(2)
m
sin(m)
(13)
and the Fourier expansion of the antisymmetric solution is such that:
s
E =

m=1
s
E
(2)
m
sin(m)
a
E =

m=0
a
E
(1)
m
cos(m)
(14)
3.2. Dynamic transfer relation
Introducing Fourier expansions of the symmetric solution into equations
(9) and (12) gives rise to a rst order dierential system of equations as
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follows: _

_
dU
(1)
sm
ds
= f
1
_
U
(2)
m
, U
(1)
m
,
(2)
sm
, N
(1)
ssm
, M
(1)
ssm
_
dU
(2)
m
ds
= f
2
_
U
(1)
sm
, N
(2)
sm
, M
(2)
sm
_
dU
(1)
m
ds
= f
3
(
(1)
m
, Q
(1)
sm
)
d
(1)
m
ds
= f
4
(U
(2)
m
, U
(1)
m
,
(2)
sm
, N
(1)
ssm
, M
(1)
ssm
)
d
(2)
sm
ds
= f
5
(
(1)
m
, N
(2)
sm
, M
(2)
sm
)
dN
(1)
ssm
ds
= f
6
(U
(1)
sm
,
(1)
m
, N
(2)
sm
, M
(2)
sm
) f
(1)
sm
dN
(2)
sm
ds
= f
7
(U
(2)
m
, U
(1)
m
,
(2)
sm
, N
(1)
ssm
, M
(1)
ssm
) f
(2)
m
dQ
(1)
sm
ds
= f
8
(U
(2)
m
, U
(1)
m
,
(2)
sm
, N
(1)
ssm
, M
(1)
ssm
) f
(1)
nm
dM
(1)
sm
ds
= f
9
(U
(1)
sm
,
(1)
m
, Q
(1)
sm
, M
(2)
sm
)
dM
(2)
sm
ds
= f
10
(U
(2)
m
, U
(1)
m
,
(2)
sm
, N
(1)
ssm
, M
(1)
ssm
)
(15)
where the expressions of functions f
i
(i = 1 10) are given in Appendix B.
f
(1)
sm
and f
(1)
nm
are the symmetric Fourier components of the distributed loads
acting along e
s
and n, respectively. f
(2)
m
is the antisymmetric Fourier com-
ponents of the distributed load acting along e

.
The same procedure is applied for antisymmetrical solutions. We obtain
a rst order dierential system of equations similar to Equations (15) where
the functions f
i
(i = 1 10) are obtained by replacing m by m in their
expressions given in Appendix B and superscripts
(1)
and
(2)
are permutated.
The two systems of dierential equations are written according to Equa-
tion (16):
dE
(i)
m
ds
=
(i)
m
().E
(i)
m
+f
(i)
m
i {1, 2} (16)
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
where E
(1)
m
=
_
s
E
(1)
m
,
a
E
(2)
m
_
, E
(2)
m
=
_
s
E
(2)
m
,
a
E
(1)
m
_
, f
(1)
m
=
_
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, f
(1)
sm
, f
(2)
m
, f
(1)
nm
, 0, 0
_
and f
(2)
m
=
_
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, f
(2)
sm
, f
(1)
m
, f
(2)
nm
, 0, 0
_
.
The solutions of the systems of equations (16) are obtained considering
the homogenous equation and a particular solution. These solutions are given
by equations (17), see [7].
E
(i)
m
(s) = e

(i)
m
s
.E
(i)
m
(0) +e

(i)
m
s
.
_
s
0
e

(i)
m
l
.f
(i)
m
(l)dl (17)
The dynamic transfer relation is written according to Equation (17) for
s = L, we obtain:
E
(i)
m
(L) = e

(i)
m
L
.E
(i)
m
(0) +e

(i)
m
L
.
_
L
0
e

(i)
m
l
.f
(i)
m
(l)dl (18)
Equation (18) is the relation existing between the state vectors E
(i)
m
at both
edges of the shell. This relation implies an additional part depending on the
distributed forces acting inside or outside the cylindrical shell and is written
according to (19):
E
(i)
m
(L) = T
(i)
m
.E
(i)
m
(0) +
(i)
m
for i {1, 2} (19)
T
(i)
m
are the symmetric and antisymmetric transfer matrices and
(i)
m
are
the distributed load additional part vectors.
3.3. Dynamic stiness relation
The dynamic stiness equation that links the external forces acting on
the two edges of the shell and the displacement of these edges is obtained
from equation (19) by partitioning the transfer matrix into four matricial
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
blocks
jk
T
(i)
m
with j, k {1, 2} and applying several matrix manipulations.
This relation is given by Equation (20), see [7]:
K
(i)
m
.U
(i)
m
= F
(i)
m
+
(i)
m
for i {1, 2} (20)
where:
K
(i)
m
=
_
_
12
T
(i)
m
1
.
11
T
(i)
m

12
T
(i)
m
1

12
T
(i)
m
T
22
T
(i)
m
.
12
T
(i)
m
1
_
_
(21)
are the dynamic stiness matrices, U
(i)
m
are the Fourier coecients of com-
ponent displacements of the two edges, F
(i)
m
are the Fourier coecients of
component forces acting on the two edges and
(i)
m
are additional forces de-
pending on the distributed forces acting between the two edges, see [7].
4. Application
4.1. A cross-ply laminated cylindrical shell
To validate the present study, a computer program based on the continu-
ous element formulation (CEM) was developed to treat numerical examples.
The example chosen and described here is the case of a cross-ply composite
cylindrical shell subjected to two distributed load cases:
A uniform pressure inside the shell.
A distributed load along a line on the external surface.
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
The geometry of the circular cylindrical shell is dened by the following
parameters:
L = 1.016 m
R = 0.508 m
h = 0.0254 m
The shell is composed of four graphite/epoxy cross-plies (0

/90

/90

/0

) from
the outer to the inner layer. The thicknesses and materials of the layers are
identical. The material characteristics are the following:
Youngs moduli: E
1
= 138 GPa, E
2
= 8.96 GPa.
Coulombs moduli: G
12
= G
13
= 7.1 GPa, G
23
= 3.45 GPa.
Poissons ratios:
12
= 0.3,
21
=
12
E
2
E
1
= 0.019
Density: = 1645 kg/m
3
.
4.2. A uniform pressure inside the shell
This load case is dened by a uniform pressure inside the shell (see Figure
2).
This simple load case is axisymmetrical, like the geometry, therefore the
Fourier expansion of the solution involves only the rst term.
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Two kinds of boundary conditions are examined :
a clamped-free boundary condition (denoted CF) for which one of the
edges is clamped and the second is free.
a free-free boundary condition (denoted FF) for which the two edges
are free.
Both radial displacements are calculated on the free edge for the CF bound-
ary condition. These displacements depend on the frequency of the loads
applied and are given with continuous lines in Figures 3 and 4 for each
boundary condition .
The harmonic responses are compared with those obtained with a nite
element formulation (FEM). In this respect, two nite element models are
dened with multilayer shell nite elements. These nite element models are
built with 24 6 and 60 15 8-node layered structural shells.
In the case of the FF boundary condition, the displacement response of
the structure in the neighbourhood of 0 Hz is not innite because of the ax-
isymmetry of the loads, implying the equilibrium of the structure. For both
boundary conditions, only the axisymmetrical modes are excited. An FEM
modal analysis at [0.3500 Hz] showed that in the case of the CF boundary
condition there are more axisymmetrical exural modes about e

than in the
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
case of the FF boundary condition. This implies more resonances for the
rst boundary condition than for the second one in this frequency range.
The nite element results can be seen to converge very well with the con-
tinuous element results. This observation proves the accuracy of the method
dened to take into account distributed loads in the dynamic stiness method
for multilayer composite structures. However, this validation is limited to the
rst component of the Fourier expansion. To extend the validation to the
other components, a distributed force acting along a longitudinal line in-
side the shell is used. The non-axisymmetry of this load case requires many
more terms in the Fourier expansions. The results are presented in the next
section.
4.3. Distributed load along a longitudinal line
This load case is illustrated in Figure 5. Twenty terms in the Fourier
expansions are used.
As in the previous section, CF and FF boundary conditions are examined
and the radial displacement responses are compared with the results obtained
by nite element models. These comparisons are given in gures 6 and 7.
The frequency range was restricted to [0-1200 Hz] because of the high density
of modes involved in the response for this load case. FEM modal analysis
showed that the rst axisymmetrical modes for the CF and FF boundary
conditions are the 98th and the 118th modes, respectively.
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Once again, very good convergence of FE results with the CE results can
been, thus validating the methods accuracy.
4.4. Computational time
The well-known performance of the dynamic stiness method concerning
computational time is preserved. For example, the calculation of the re-
sponse for 5000 discrete frequencies took less than 1 minute. In comparison,
the computational times required for the commercial nite element software
to produce these 5000 responses were more than 1 hour (24 x 6 FEM) and
3 hours (60 x 15 FEM), respectively. The nite element harmonic reponses
were not calculated with a truncated modal superposition method in order
to obtain better accuracy from the model. Of course, truncated modal su-
perpositon techniques could reduce FE computation time if accuracy is not
required.
5. Conclusion
The Dynamic Stiness Method formulated previously for computing the
harmonic response of cross-ply laminated composite cylindrical shells sub-
jected to loads acting on their edges was extended to the case of the dis-
tributed loads acting between them. The advantages of the dynamic stiness
formulation in terms of accuracy, storage requirements and time consumption
were preserved. Very good convergence of the FE results with the computed
solution were observed for various loadings and boundary conditions. These
comparisons allowed validating the procedure described. Therefore the DSM
oers a benchmark solution for FEM, particularly in the medium and high
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
frequency ranges. Fluid/composite interaction problems that involve dis-
tributed loads will be another eld of investigation for the dynamic stiness
method.
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Appendix A
Material stinesses for layers of cross-ply laminated shells ( = 0 or =
90

), see [1]:
_

_
Q
11
=
E
1
1
12

21
cos
4
+
E
2
1
12

21
sin
4

Q
12
=

12
E
2
1
12

21
Q
22
=
E
1
1
12

21
sin
4
+
E
2
1
12

21
cos
4

Q
66
= G
12
Q
44
= G
23
cos
2
+ G
13
sin
2

Q
55
= G
13
cos
2
+ G
23
sin
2

(A-1)
where E
1
, E
2
, E
3
are Young moduli,
12
,
21
are poisson ratios and G
12
, G
23
,
G
13
are Coulomb moduli.
Appendix B
The functionals of the force-displacement relationships are:
18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
_

_
f
1
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
1
R
B
12
B
11
A
12
D
11
D
11
A
11
B
2
11
(mU
m
+ U
m
) +
m
R
B
11
D
12
B
12
D
11
A
11
D
11
B
2
11

sm
+
D
11
D
11
A
11
B
2
11
N
sm

B
11
D
11
A
11
B
2
11
M
sm
f
2
(U
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
m
R
U
sm

D
66
B
2
66
A
66
D
66
N
sm
+
B
66
B
2
66
A
66
D
66
M
sm
f
3
(
m
, Q
sm
) =
m
+
1
KA
55
Q
sm
f
4
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
1
R
A
12
B
11
B
12
A
11
D
11
A
11
B
2
11
(mU
m
+ U
m
) +
m
R
B
11
B
12
D
12
A
11
A
11
D
11
B
2
11

sm

B
11
D
11
A
11
B
2
11
N
sm
+
A
11
D
11
A
11
B
2
11
M
sm
f
5
(
m
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
m
R

m
+
B
66
B
2
66
A
66
D
66
N
sm

A
66
B
2
66
A
66
D
66
M
sm
f
6
(U
sm
,
m
, N
sm
, M
sm
) = I
0

2
U
sm
I
1

m
R
N
sm
+
m
2R
2
M
sm
f
7
(U
m
, U
m
,
m
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
_
KA
44
R
2

m
2
R
2
A
22
I
0

2
_
U
m

m
R
2
(A
22
+ KA
44
) U
m

m
2
R
2
B
22

_
KA
44
R
+ I
1

2
_

sm

1
2R
f
10
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)

m
R
A
22
f
1
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)
m
R
B
12
f
4
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)
f
8
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
_
m
R
2
KA
44
+
m
R
2
A
22
_
U
m

_
I
1

2
+ KA
44
m
2
R
2

A
22
R
2
_
U
m
+
_
m
R
2
B
22

m
R
KA
44
_

sm
+
A
12
R
f
1
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)
+
B
12
R
f
4
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)
f
9
(u
m
,
xm
, Q
xm
, M
xm
) = I
1

2
U
sm
I
2

m
+ Q
sm

m
R
M
sm
f
10
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
) =
_
m
2
R
2
B
22
+
1
R
KA
44
+ I
1

2
_
U
m
+
_
m
R
KA
44

m
R
2
B
22
_
U
m
+
_
KA
44

m
2
R
2
D
22
I
2

2
_

sm

m
R
B
12
f
1
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)

m
R
D
12
f
4
(U
m
, U
m
,
sm
, N
sm
, M
sm
)
(B-1)
19
1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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25
26
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31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
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40
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43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
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Figures
Figure 1: A cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell.
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Figure 2: Uniform pressure inside the shell.
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-100
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|


24 x 6 FEM
60 x 15 FEM
1 CEM
Figure 3: Clamped-free boundary conditions, uniform pressure.
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Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
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1
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|
U
r
|
Figure 4: Free-free boundary conditions, uniform pressure.
Figure 5: Distributed load along a line.
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Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|


24 x 6 FEM
60 x 15 FEM
1 CEM
Figure 6: Clamped-free, distributed load along a line.
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-60
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|


24x6 FEM
60x15 FEM
1 CEM
Figure 7: Free-free, distributed load along a line.
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Figure Captions

1 - A cross-ply laminated circular cylindrical shell.
2 - Uniform pressure inside the shell.
3 - Clamped-free boundary conditions, uniform pressure.
4 - Free-free boundary conditions, uniform pressure.
5 - Distributed load along a line.
6 - Clamped-free, distributed load along a line.
7 - Free-free, distributed load along a line.

Figure captions
Click here to view linked References
Figure 1
Figure 2
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-160
-140
-120
-100
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|


24 x 6 FEM
60 x 15 FEM
1 CEM
Figure 3
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-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|
Figure 4
Figure 5
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-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|


24 x 6 FEM
60 x 15 FEM
1 CEM
Figure 6
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-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
l
o
g
1
0
|
U
r
|


24x6 FEM
60x15 FEM
1 CEM
Figure 7

LaTeX Source Files
Click here to download LaTeX Source Files: Casimir.tex

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