EECE253 15 CorrelatedNoise

EECE\CS 253 Image Processing
Lecture Notes Lecture Notes: Reduction of Correlated Noise
Richard Alan Peters II

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Fall Semester 2011
. 1
.... . .
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Pratt Pratt& &Whitney WhitneyRocketdyne RocketdyneJ-2 J-2rocket rocketengines engines on Apollo 18s Saturn V second stage. on Apollo 18s Saturn V second stage.
Periodic Noise
original image
15 November 2011
image + noise
2
1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II
Noise Reduction through Directional Blurring
diagonal convolution mask
image + noise
15 November 2011 1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II
blurred image
3
Power Spectrum of Image with Periodic Noise
original image
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image + noise
4
Low Frequency Region
original image
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image + noise
5
Noise Reduction through Notch Filtering
noise mask
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masked power spectrum

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II 6
Inverse of Masked Fourier Transform
original image
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noise reduced image

7
Notch filter reduction of periodic noise

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Take the FFT of the input image. F = fft2(I). Display the log power spectrum of the fftshift-ed F. Find the locations, xi, of the spikes that correspond to the periodic distortion. Create a 1-band image, M, of class double the same size as I. Set all Ms pixels to 1.0. Let N(xi) be a neighborhood of xi with area sufficient to cover the spike at xi. For each xi do: for each yj N(xi), set M(yj) = 0. Blur M with a Gaussian whose is smaller than the radius of N(xi). Take the ifftshift of M.
10. For
each band, k, of the image let Gk = Fk .*M. 11. Then the noise-reduced image is: J = real(ifft2(G)).
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How to determine the frequency and period of a point in the log power spectrum of an image (ex.):
C
(0,0)
C/2 + 1
C/2 - 1 R/2 + 1
C/2 + 1
R R/2 - 1
original image
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R/2 + 1
quadrant partition of PS
loc of (0,0) in fftshift(PS)

9
How to determine the frequency and period of a point in the log power spectrum of an image (ex.):
339
(0,0)
170
169
170
241
480
original image
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239
241
quadrant partition of PS loc of (0,0) in fftshift(PS)
10
How to determine the frequency and period of a point in the log power spectrum of an image:
c1 r1 c2 -u
R/2 + 1
r2
-v
C/2 + 1
u
11
How to determine the frequency and period of a point in the log power spectrum of an image:
-u
v = r2 R / 2 1 v = R / 2 + 1 r1 u = c2 C / 2 1
-v
u = C / 2 + 1 c1
wf =
( ) +( )
C u R v
wf =
1 wf
u
vC wf = tan1 uR
12
Points on the Fourier Plane (of a Digital Image)

In the Fourier transform of an RC digital image the wavelengths, u and v represent a fraction of the R and C values. That is,
-v direction
u = C and v = u
R v
pixels.
The wavefront direction is given by
of a digital image
wf = tan1 ( vC , uR )
and the wavelength is - direction
wf =
( ) +( )
C u R v
v R
.
(0,0)
cycles.
u direction
The frequencies represent fractions of R & C,

u u = C , v =
, and
wf = 1
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( ) ( )
C 2 R 2 + u v
13
How to to determine determine the the frequency frequency How plane location location of of a a sinusoid: sinusoid: plane
c
257
r
512
r = / cos( )
-64
c = / sin( ) -32
257
A cos 2 ( r sin + c cos ) +
32
64
512
Orientation, Orientation, ,is ismeasured measured , -CCWfrom fromcc CCW ..
cosine grating = 322, = -/4 r = 64 = 512/v, c = 64 = 512/v

14
How to to determine determine the the frequency frequency How plane location location of of a a sinusoid: sinusoid: plane
=1 u=-256 u=-256 rr=1
u = R / r v = C / c
=1 v=-256 v=-256 cc=1
=512 v=255 v=255 cc=512
-8 8
u = 512/64 u= 512/64 = = 512/64 v v 512/64
v
(0,0) (257,257) (257,257) (0,0)
=512 u=255 u=255 rr=512
u u cosine grating = 82, orientation = 3/4 u = 8, v = 8

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Sinusoidal grating image with an even number or rows and an odd number of columns.
c r
c= 40 r -23
512767 sine grating = 20, orient. = 5/6 r= 20/cos(5/6) -23 , c= 20/sin(5/6) = 40

FT of Sinusoidal Grating Image

-22
u = R / r v = C / c
(0,0) v
-19 19 22
752937 sine grating = 20, orient. = 5/6 u = 512/r 22 , v = 767/ c 19

17
15 November 2011
Processing Scanned Press-Printed Images

4-color printing:
1. 1. A Aphotograph photographor orother othercolor colorimage imageis isseparated separatedinto intofour four intensity intensityband bandimages: images:cyan, cyan,magenta, magenta,yellow, yellow,and andblack. black. 1 2. 2. Each Eachof ofthese theseis ismultiplied multipliedby byaahalftone halftonescreen screen1aadot dotmask mask with withaaunique uniqueorientation. orientation. 3. 3. Each Eachof ofthe theresulting resultingfour fourimages imagesshows showsaapattern patternof ofdots dots whose whoseindividual individualsizes sizesindicate indicatethe theamount amountof ofink inkto tobe be applied appliedat ateach eachpoint. point. 4. 4. The Thefour fourimages imagesare areprinted, printed,one oneatop atopthe theother, other,in inthe the corresponding correspondingcolor. color.
1
Merriam-Webster Dictionary: halftone 2 (1): a photoengraving made from an image photographed through a screen and then etched so that the details of the image are reproduced in dots.
15 November 2011
18
Halftone Screen (45)

space
isthe thepointwise pointwiseproduct productof of is 2sinusoidal sinusoidalgratings gratingswith with 2 perpendicularorientations. orientations. perpendicular
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frequency
19
Halftone Screens (90)

space
Theorientation orientationof ofthe the The screenis isthe theaverage averageof of screen thegrating gratingorientations. orientations. the
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frequency
20
Standard Halftone Screen Angles

Cyan: 105 Yellow: 90 Magenta: 75 Black: 45
Image from Adobe Photoshop CS2 documentation. 15 November 2011 1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II 21
Each Eachband bandhas has2 2perpendicular perpendicular sinusoids + a DC component sinusoids + a DC component
CMYK Standard Halftone Screens
Power Spectra
which whichcreates createsrectangular rectangular grids at 4 different grids at 4 differentangles. angles.

cyan magenta
105
75
yellow
black
90
45
space domain images

When Whenthe the4 4are aresummed, summed,the the result is a rosette image. result is a rosette image.

cyan magenta
105
75
yellow
black
90
45
space domain images

To Toprint printan animage, image,it itis is separated into 4 color separated into 4 colorbands bands
Example: Color Separation / Halftoning
That Thatis, is,an anintensity intensityimage imageis is created for each of the four created for each of the four color colorbands. bands.
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each eachof ofwhich whichis ismultiplied multipliedby by aacorresponding screen. corresponding screen.
Color Separation / Halftoning

Each Eachintensity intensityimage imageis ismultiplied multiplied by a corresponding screen, by a corresponding screen,then then Cyan Magenta
Yellow
Black
each eachscreened screenedimage imageis isprinted printedin in its own color on the same page. its own color on the same page.
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26
To Toprint printan animage, image,it itis is separated into 4 color separated into 4 colorbands bands
Here Herethe thebands bandstinted tintedin intheir their corresponding colors. corresponding colors.
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each eachof ofwhich whichis ismultiplied multipliedby by aacorresponding screen corresponding screen
Here Herethe thescreens screenstinted tintedin in their corresponding colors. their corresponding colors.
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to toget getdot dotpatterns patternsfor forprinting. printing. The 4 are printed over each The 4 are printed over eachother other to get the final result. to get the final result.
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29
Halftone Dots
Image scanned (600 dpi) from a magazine

15 November 2011
Detail: Circular patterns, the rosettes, are the result of the halftone dots.
30
Filtering Out Halftone Dot Distortion
original
log power spectrum
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31
Filtering Out Halftone Dot Distortion
Eachpair pairof ofpeaks peaks Each correspondsto toaa corresponds sinusoidalsub-pattern sub-pattern sinusoidal inthe theHTD HTDpattern. pattern. in
original
log power spectrum
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32
Blurring with a Gaussian ( = 1)
blurred image =1
log power spectrum =1
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33
blurred image =2
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34
blurred image =4
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35
blurred image =8
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36
original
difference
middle gray = 0, normalized
blurred = 1
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37
blurred = 2
difference
original
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38
original
difference
blurred = 4
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39
blurred = 8
difference
original
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40
Problem with Blurring to Reduce HTD Distortion

It blurs everything. Better to remove the HTD frequency components selectively: 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. Read Readin inthe theimage. image. Compute Computethe thelog logpower powerspectrum spectrumof ofthe theimage. image. Find Findthe thelocations locationsof ofthe theHTD HTDspectrum spectrumpeaks. peaks. Mark Markthese theseon onaamask. mask. Enlarge Enlargethe thepoints pointsto toregions regionsthat thatcover covermost mostof ofthe theenergy. energy. Blur Blurthe themask maskfor forused usedas asaanotch notchfilter. filter. Multiply Multiplythe theFourier Fouriertransform transformof ofthe theimage imageby bythe themask. mask. Take Takethe theinverse inverseFourier Fouriertransform transformof ofthe theresult. result.
15 November 2011
Remove HTD Distortion Selectively
through throughnotch notch filtering. filtering.
1. Read in image; 2. Compute power spectrum; 3. Locate HTD frequency components; 4. Mark locs on a mask; 5. Enlarge points to regions; 6. Blur the mask; 7. Multiply FT of image by mask; 8. Take inverse FT of result; 15 November 2011 1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II 42
Notch Filtering of Halftone Dot Distortion
original
log power spectrum
15 November 2011
43
Notch Filtering
Sincenot notmuch muchdistortion distortionwas was Since removed,these thesemust mustbe besubharmonics subharmonics removed, ofthe thetrue truedot dotfrequencies frequencies of
frequency masked 1
log power spectrum
15 November 2011
44
Notch Filtering
Theouter outerring ringare arethe theactual actualHTD HTD The frequencies. Can Canwe wedo doany anybetter? better? frequencies.
frequency masked 2
log power spectrum
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45
Notch Filtering
Notmuch. much.The Theharmonics harmonicscontribute contribute Not littleenergy energyto tothe theimage. image. little
frequency masked 3
log power spectrum
15 November 2011
46
Notch Filter Difference Images
original
difference
frequency masked 1
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47
frequency masked 2
difference
original
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48
original
difference
frequency masked 3
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frequency masked 1
difference
frequency masked 2
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frequency masked 2
difference
frequency masked 3
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EECE\CS 253 Image Processing

Lecture Notes Lecture Notes: Reduction of Correlated Noise

Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Noise Reduction through Directional Blurring

diagonal convolution mask

Power Spectrum of Image with Periodic Noise

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Low Frequency Region

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Noise Reduction through Notch Filtering

masked power spectrum

Inverse of Masked Fourier Transform

noise reduced image

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Notch filter reduction of periodic noise

loc of (0,0) in fftshift(PS)

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Points on the Fourier Plane (of a Digital Image)

The wavefront direction is given by

The frequencies represent fractions of R & C,

Orientation, Orientation, ,is ismeasured measured , -CCWfrom fromcc CCW ..

cosine grating = 322, = -/4 r = 64 = 512/v, c = 64 = 512/v

=1 v=-256 v=-256 cc=1

=512 v=255 v=255 cc=512

=512 u=255 u=255 rr=512

u u cosine grating = 82, orientation = 3/4 u = 8, v = 8

512767 sine grating = 20, orient. = 5/6 r= 20/cos(5/6) -23 , c= 20/sin(5/6) = 40

FT of Sinusoidal Grating Image

752937 sine grating = 20, orient. = 5/6 u = 512/r 22 , v = 767/ c 19

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Processing Scanned Press-Printed Images

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Halftone Screen (45)

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Halftone Screens (90)

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Standard Halftone Screen Angles

CMYK Standard Halftone Screens

which whichcreates createsrectangular rectangular grids at 4 different grids at 4 differentangles. angles.

CMYK Standard Halftone Screens

space domain images

CMYK Standard Halftone Screens

space domain images

Example: Color Separation / Halftoning

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Color Separation / Halftoning

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Example: Color Separation / Halftoning

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Example: Color Separation / Halftoning

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Example: Color Separation / Halftoning

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Image scanned (600 dpi) from a magazine

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Filtering Out Halftone Dot Distortion

log power spectrum

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II

Filtering Out Halftone Dot Distortion

log power spectrum

1999-2011 by Richard Alan Peters II