Chapter 9ai

SCKung
M.Sc (Teaching Maths)

B. Edu (Acct & Maths) FORM 4 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS TEL: 012 5349153
1

CHAPTER 9: Differentiation
9.1 Differentiation
Limit of a function
A function f(x) is said to have a limit if f(x) approaches a certain value as x approaches a
particular value.
Example 1
Find the limit of the function f(x) as x approaches
a)
1
( ) , 0
1
f x x
x
= >
+
when x approaches 0

0 0
1
( )
1
lim lim
x x
f x
x

=
+

=
=

x 0.1 0.01 0.001
1
1 x +

b)
1
( ) , 0
1
f x x
x
= >
+
when x approaches 1

x 0.9 0.99 0.999
1
1 x +

c)
2
4
16
4
lim
x
x
x

=
d)
2
2
2
2
lim
x
x x
x
+
+

=

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First derivative of a function as the gradient of the tangent to its graph
The gradient of the tangent to a curve ( ) y f x = at a point P can be determined using the
idea of limit.

Start with the chord PQ and move Q nearer and nearer to point P. Notice that when point Q
approaches point P, the chord PQ approaches the tangent to the curve at point P. Therefore,
the gradient of the chord PQ approaches the gradient of the tangent to the curve at point P.

Let the change in x and y be x o and y o respectively as point Q moves towards point P.
Then,
2 1
x x x o =
2 1
y y y o =
Gradient of the chord PQ =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x
=
y
x
o
o

As point Q approaches point P,
2 1
x x , then lim 0 x o
Gradient of the tangent at point P =
0
lim
x o
gradient of the chord PQ
=
0
lim
x
y
x
o
o
o

Use
dy
dx
to denote
0
lim
x
y
x
o
o
o
. Then,
dy
dx
=
0
lim
x
y
x
o
o
o

dy
dx
represents the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point P.

dy
dx
is known as the first derivative of the function y = f(x)

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Example 2
Find the first derivative of each of the following polynomials using the first principal.
a)
2
5 y x =

b)
2
4 y x =

c)
2
1
y
x
=

d)
3
y
x
=

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Practice 9.1
1. Evaluate each of the following limits.
a)
2
( 2)
lim
x
x
+ b)
3
( 3)
lim
x
x

c)
1
1
5
lim
x
x
+
d)
1
5 4
3 2
lim
x
x
x
+

e)
2
3
(3 1)
lim
x
x
+ f)
2
2
2
lim
x
x
x
+

g)
2
0
2
1
lim
x
x
+
h)
2
5
25
5
lim
x
x
x

i)
2
4
4
4
lim
x
x x
x
j)
2
1
1
1
lim
x
x
x
+

2. Find the first derivative of each of the following polynomials using the first principle.
a) 10 7 y x = b)
2
5 y x =
c)
2
3 y x = d)
2
3 2 y x x =
e)
3
y
x
= f)
2
5
y
x
=

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9.2 First Derivatives of Polynomial Functions
If
n
y ax = , where a and n are constants, then
1 n
dy
anx
dx

=
If y k = where k is a constant, then 0
dy
dx
=
If y u v = , then
dy du dv
dx dx dx
= +
If ( ) y f x = , then
dy
dx
can be written as
'
( ) f x

Example 3
Find
dy
dx
of the following function.
a)
4
y x =
b)
5
2
y x =

c)
2
5 2 y x x = + d)
2
8 14 y x x =

e)
2
( 1)( 2) y x x = + + f)
4 2
3 (2 1) y x x = +

g)
2
(3 2) y x = +
h)
1
y x
x
= +

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i)
2
2
4
3 y x
x
= +
j)
2
2 x
y
x
+
=

k)
1
y x
x
= +
l)
2
( 1) x
y
x
+
=

Example 4
.Find the value of the first derivative of each of the following functions at the given value of
x.
a)
2
4 ; 2 y x x = =
b)
4
3
( ) ; 1 f x x
x
= =

Example 5
If xy = 10, find the value of
a)
dx
dy
, when 2 y = b) ,
dy
dx
when 2 y =

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First derivative of a composite function
For a composite function in the form
n
y u = where ( ) u f x = and n is a constant,

dy dy du
dx du dx
=
Example 6
a)
5
(3 2) y x = +
Let
5
y u = , 3 2 u x = +

dy
du
=
du
dx
=
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
=

b)
4
5(4 5) y x = +

c)
4
3
(3 5) y x = +
d) 3 y x =

e)
3
1
3
y
x
=
f)
2 3
3
( 5 )
y
x x
=

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g)
1
2 1
y
x
=
+
f)
2
3
2
(2 3)
y
x
=

First Derivative of a product of two polynomials
For a function y uv = where u = f(x) and v = g(x)

dy du dv
v u
dx dx dx
= +
Example 7
Find the
dy
dx
for the following function.
a)
3
( 37) y x x = +

b)
2 2
(3 7 )(3 1) y x x x = + +

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c)
2 2
( 3)( 4) y x x = +

d)
2
( 1) 4 y x x = + +

First Derivative of a quotient of two polynomials
For a function
u
y
v
= where ( ) u f x = and ( ) v g x =

2
du dv
v u
dy
dx dx
dx v
=

Example 8
Differentiate the following expression with respect to x.
a)
2
2
3
5
x
y
x

=
+

2 2 2 2
2 2
( 5) ( 3) ( 3) ( 5)
( 5)
d d
x x x x
dy
dx dx
dx x
+ +
=
+

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b)
2
4 1
3
x
y
x

=
+

c)
2
2
2
( 4)
x
y
x
+
=
+

d)
2
( 1)
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

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e)
2 3
4
x
y
x
=
+

f)
1
x
y
x
=
+

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Practice 9.2A
1. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x.
a)
2
3 4 y x x = + b)
3
7 2 y x x =
c)
5 3
4 5 y x x = d)
2
( 3 1) y x x x = +
e)
2
(1 2 ) y x = f) 2 y x =
g) ( 1)(2 1) y x x = + h)
2
3 (1 ) y x x = +
i)
3
1
2
2
y x x = + j)
2
2
y x
x
=
k)
3 2
2
4x x
y
x
= l)
3
2
2 1 x
y
x

=
m)
2
2
3 1
2 y x
x x
= + n)
2
3
3 y x =
o)
1
2 y x
x
= + p)
1
y x
x
=
2. Find the value of the first derivative of each of the following functions at the given value
of x.

a)
2
6 ; 2 y x x = = b)
2
4 ; 2 y x x = =
c)
2
2
; 1 y x
x
= = d)
3
1
; 1
3
y x
x
= =
e)
4
( ) 3 ; 1 f x x x == = f)
2
5
( ) ; 2
2
f x x
x
= =

3. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect of x.
a)
5
(1 ) y x = + b)
4
(2 1) y x = +
c)
10
1
(1 )
5
y x = + d)
2 3
(2 3 ) y x

=
e)
1
1 5
y
x
=
+
f)
2
2 3 y x =
g)
2
1
3 2
y
x
=
+
h)
4 2 3
(4 2) y x x = +
i)
2
1
2 4
y
x x
=
+
j)
3
1
6
y
x
=

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4. Find
dy
dx
for each of the following functions.
a)
3
( 1)( 2) y x x = + + b)
2 3
( 1) y x x = +
c)
2 2
( 1) ( 1) y x x = + d)
2 2 2
(1 ) ( 1) y x x = +
e)
2
1
1 y x
x
| |
=
|
\ .
f)
2 2
(3 1) y x x = +
g)
2
1 2 y x x = h)
6
2 (1 )
3
x
y x
| |
= +
|
\ .

i)
2
( 1)( 2 1) y x x x = + + + j)
2 2
(1 ) (1 ) y x x x = + +

5. Differentiate each of the following expressions with respect to x.
a)
1
x
y
x
=
+
b)
2
2
1
1
x
y
x
=
+

c)
4 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
d)
3
2 1
x
y
x
=
+

e)
1 2
x
y
x
=
+
f)
2
1
(2 )
x
y
x
+
=
+

g)
3 2
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
h)
2
2
1
1
x x
y
x x
+
=

i)
2
x
y
x
=
j)
3 1
2 1
x
y
x
=
+

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Gradient of the tangent to a curve at a point
If ( ) y f x = , gradient =
dy
dx
(substitute the x-coordinates of a given point)

Example 9
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve
a)
3 2
2 3 12 8 y x x x = + when 1 x = b)
2
3 4 2 y x x = + at point (2, 2)

Example 10
a) Given that the gradient of the tangent to
the curve
2
y ax bx = + at point (1, 0) is
1
2
, find the value of a and b.
b) Given that the gradient of the tangent to
the curve
2
q
y px
x
= + at point (1, 1) is 8,
find the value of p and q.

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Equation of the tangent to a curve at a point

The equation of the tangent to the curve ( ) y f x = at point
1 1
( , ) P x y can be determine by
i) Find the gradient of the tangent at point P, that is '( ) m f x =
ii)
1 1
( ) y y m x x =

Example 11
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
a)
2
2 4 3 y x x = + at point (2, 3)
b)
2
y x
x
= at point (2, 1)

Example 12
Find the equations of the tangents to the curve
2
2 6 y x x = + where the tangents and the
curve meet at 9 y =

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Equation of the normal to a curve at a point

The equation of the normal to the curve ( ) y f x = at point
1 1
( , ) P x y can be obtain by
i) gradient of the tangent at point P,
1
'( ) m f x =
ii) gradient of the normal at point P,
2
1
1
m
m
=
iii)
1 2 2
( ) y y m x x =

Example 13
a) Find the equation of the normal to the
curve
2
3 4 9 y x x = + at point (1, 2)
b) Point Q is a point on the curve
2
(2 5) y x = + . It is given that the gradient
of the normal at Q is
1
4
. Find the
coordinates of Q.

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Practice 9.2b
1. Find the gradient of the tangent to each of the following curves at the given point.
a)
2
4 5 3; (1, 2) y x x = +
b)
2
3 12 6; (2, 6) y x x = +
c)
2 2
(4 3 ) ; ( 1,1) y x =
d)
2
4
; ( 1, 3)
x
y
x
+
=

2. Given that the gradient of the tangent to the curve
2
kx h
y
x
+
= at point (2, 12) is 4, find
the values of k and h.

3. Find the equation of tangent to each of the following curves at the given point.
a)
2
( 4) ; (1, 9) y x x =
b)
( )
2
( 3)(2 ); 0, 6 y x x =
c) ( )
2
4
; 2, 0
x
y
x
=
d)
( )
2
; 3,1
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
2
2 3 y x x = + that is parallel to the straight
line 3 4 y x =
5. Find the equation of normal to each of the following curves at the given points.
a)
( )
3 2
5 4 ; 1, 2 y x x x = +
b)
( )
2 2
(3 2 ) ; 1,1 y x =
c)
2
5
2 ; 1 y x x
x
= =
d)
2
; 1
1
x
y x
x
= =
+

e)
2
1
2 ( 2);
2
y x x x = =
f)
2 2
(2 1)(3 ); 1 y x x x = =

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6. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
2
2 y x x = + that is parallel to the straight line
2 4 y x + = .
7. The curve
2
2 7 15 y x x = intersects the x-axis at two points, P and Q. Find
a) the coordinates of points P and Q,
b) the equation of the normal to the curve at point
i) P ii) Q
8. A(1, 2), B(4, 5) and C are three points on the curve
2
4 5 y x x = + . The tangent of the
curve at point C is parallel to the line AB. Find
a) the coordinates of point C,
b) the equation of the normal to the curve at point C.
9. a) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve
2
3 2
y
x
=
+
at point
1
2,
2
| |

|
\ .

b) Hence, find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve at that point.
10. The gradient function of a curve is given by
2
6x px + . The tangent to the curve at point
(1, 4) is parallel to the straight line 16 4 0 y x + = . Find the value of p.
11. Given that the straight line 6y x h + = is a normal to the curve
2
(3 2) 3 y x = at point P,
find
a) the coordinates of point P,
b) the value of h,
c) the equation of the tangent to the curve at point P.

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9.3 Maximum and Minimum Value

In the diagram above, the tangents to the curve ( ) y f x = at its turning points, P and Q, are
parallel to the x-axis. This means that 0
dy
dx
=

Example 14
Find the coordinates of the turning points of the curve
a)
3 2
4 3 2 y x x = +
b)
2
2
16
4 y x
x
=

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The maximum and the minimum points of a curve are the turning points of the curve
where 0
dy
dx
= . In the diagram above, A is a maximum point and B is a minimum point.
To determine whether a turning point is a maximum or a minimum point of a curve
( ) y f x = , we check the values of
dy
dx
to the left and the right of the turning point.
Example 15
Find the coordinates of the turning points of each of the curve bellow. Hence, determine
whether each of the turning points is a maximum or a minimum point.
a)
3 2
3 4 y x x = +
dy
dx
=
At turning point, 0
dy
dx
=

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

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b)
2 4
2 y x x =
dy
dx
=
At turning point, 0
dy
dx
=

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

c)
9
4 y x
x
= +
dy
dx
=

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

At point ( )
x
dy
dx

sketch
shape

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Example 16
The curve
3 2
( ) 2 5 3 f x px x x = + + has two turning points. One of the turning points is at
1 x = . Find
a) the value of p b) the coordinates of the turning points

Example 17
The curve
2
( ) 2 f x mx nx = + + has a turning point
1
,1
2
| |
|
\ .

a) Find the value of m and n b) Hence, determine whether the turning
point is a maximum or a minimum point

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Example 18
Zefri has a piece of wire of 60cm long. He intends to form a sector with a maximum area
using the piece of wire. Determine
a) the angle of the sector, u , in radians, such
that its area is a maximum
b) the radius of the sector when its area is a
maximum.

Example 19
A cuboid has a height of h cm and a square base with sides x cm each. The volume of the
cuboid is 343 cm
3
a) Show that the total surface area of the
cuboid, A cm
2
is given by
2
1372
2 A x
x
= + .
b) Determine the value of x that makes the
value of A a minimum.

c) Hence, find the minimum value of A

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Example 20

The above diagram shows the frame of the block PQRSTUVWXY with a uniform cross-
section PQRST that is formed from a wire. It is given that
5 PQ PT VW VU x cm = = = = , 2 QR TS UY WX x cm = = = = , 8 RS XY x cm = = and
SY RX TU QW PV y cm = = = = =
a) If the volume of the block is 985.6 cm
3
,
show that
2
35.2
y
x
=
b) If the length of wire needed to form the
block is L cm, shows that
2
176
44 L x
x
= +

c) Hence, find the minimum length of wire needed to form the block.

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Practice 9.3
1. Find the coordinates of the turning points of each of the curve bellow. Hence, determine
a)
2
4 y x x = b)
2
15 2 y x x = +
c)
2 3
3 y x x = d)
4 3
3 4 1 y x x = +
e)
2
9
x
y
x
=
+
f)
2
1 x
y
x
+
=
2. The curve
2
y ax bx c = + + has a maximum point at (2, 18) and point (0, 10) is on the
curve. Find the value of a, b and c.
3. Show that the curve
3
48 y x x = has two turning points. Hence, find the coordinates of the
turning point and determine whether each of them is a maximum or a minimum point.
4. The curve
2
( )
k
f x hx
x
= + has a turning point (2, 27).
a) Find the values of h and k
b) Hence, determine whether the turning point is a maximum or a minimum point.
5. The curve
2
y px qx r = + + passes through point (2, 6) and has a turning point
3 23
,
4 8
| |
|
\ .

a) Find the values of p, q and r.
b) Hence, determine whether the turning point is a maximum or a minimum point.
6. Given that 30 x y + = and A xy = , find the maximum value of A.
7. Joshua is given a task of forming a sector with a piece of wire such that the area of the
sector is 81 cm
2
and the perimeter of the sector is a minimum. Find
a) the angle of the sector in radians,
b) the minimum perimeter of the sector
8. The breadth, length and height of a cuboid are x cm, 3x cm and h cm respectively. The
cuboid has a total surface area of 72 cm
2
a) Show that
2
3 12
4
x
h
x
| |
=
|
\ .

b) Express the volume of the cuboid, V cm
3
, in terms of x.
c) Find the maximum volume of the cuboid.

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9.

A solid is to be constructed in the shape of a cylinder of radius x m and length y m, with two
hemispheres attached, one to each end of the cylinder, as shown in the above diagram.
a) If the total surface area of the solid is A m
2
, express A in terms of x and y.
b) If the volume of the whole solid is
6
t
m
3
, show that
3
2
1 8
6
x
y
x
=
c) Hence, show that
2
4
3 3
A x
x
t
t = +
d) Show that the minimum total surface area of the solid is t m
2

10.

The above diagram shows a solid that consists of a cylinder, of radius x cm, surmounted by a
cone, of slant height 3x cm.
a) If the volume of the cylinder is 108t cm
3
, show that the total surface area of the solid, A
cm
2
, is given by
2
216
4 A x
x
t
t = +
b) Hence, find the minimum values of the total surface area of the solid.

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11.

The above diagram shows a circle inscribed in a rectangle KLMN. The perimeter of KLMN
is 80cm.
a) Show that the area of the shaded region, A cm
2
, is given
2
4
40
4
A x x
t + | |
=
|
\ .

b) Find the value of x and y such that the area of the shaded region is a maximum. State your
answers in terms of t
12.

The above diagram shows a right prism ABCDPQRS with a rectangular base and a trapezium
shapes cross-section
a) Show that the volume of the prism, V cm
3,
is given
2
60 14 2 V x x = +
b) Find the maximum volume of the prism.

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9.4 Rate of Change
If ( ) y f x = ,then
dy
dx
represents the change in y with respect to the change in x. For
example:

i) 5
dy
dx
= means y increase by 5 units for each unit increase in x.
ii) 5
dy
dx
= means y decreases by 5 units for each units increase in x.

In case where three variable are involved, say ( ) y f x = and ( ) x f t = then
dy dy dx
dt dx dt
=

Example 21
a) Given that y =
2
(2 3) x where x and y are
two related variables, find the rate of
change of x when 3 x = if y decrease at a
rate of 2 unit s
-1

y =
2
(2 3) x
2(2 3)2
dy
x
dx
=
=

b) Vcm
3
, represent the volume of a leaked
container when the time, t is
2
500 3 V t t = . Find the rate of the
water leak from the container when
10 t =

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Example 22
a) Area of a circle increase in the rate of 4t
cm
2
s
-1
. Find the rate of change of the
radius when radius is 8cm
2
A r t =
2
dA
r
dr
t =

b) Area of a circle increase in the rate of 5
cm
2
s
-1
. Find the rate of change, in cm s
-1
,
of the radius increase when the
circumference is 40cm

c) The radius of a sphere increases at a rate of 0.8 cm s
-1
. At the instant when its radius is
5cm, find the rate of change of
i) the volume of the sphere,
ii) the total surface area of the sphere

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Example 23

A packet of sand is pour on the floor with the rate of 4cm
3
s
-1
, and this make a cone with the
height is
3
4
of its radius. Find the rate of change of the radius when the radius is 4cm.

Example 24
A cube is heated uniformly. If the length of each side of the cube, x, increase at a rate of
0.02cm s
-1
, find the rate of change of the volume of the cube when the total surface area of
the cube is 150cm
2

SCKung
31

Example 25

Water is leaking from a conical container at a
rate of 5 cm
3
s
-1
. If the container has a height
of 20cm and a base diameter of 25cm as
shown in the diagram above, find the rate of
change of the water level in the container at
the instant when the water level is 5cm.

Practice 9.4
1. Given that
2
5
3 y x
x
= where x and y are two related variables, find the rate of change of x
when x = 4 if y increase at a rate of 0.5 unit s
-1

2. Surface area of a sphere is
2
4 r t where r is radius of sphere. Find the rate of change of
surface area in cm
2
s
-1
when r = 2 and given radius increase in the rate of 1 cm s
-1
3. If
2 3
( 3 ) y x x = , find
dy
dt
when x = 2 and 2
dx
dt
=
4. If
2
1
( ) y x
x
= , find
dx
dt
when x = 2 and given 1
dy
dt
=
5. A metal cube is heated uniformly and expands. When the side is 2 cm, the volume of the
cube is increase at the rate 0.012 cm
3
s
-1
. Find the rate of the side increase at that time?
6. A gas will change its volume under different pressure by following this theorem, 240 pv = ,
where p is the unit of pressure and v is volume. When p = 60, p is increasing with the rate
5 unit per second. Find the rate of decreasing in volume at that time.
SCKung
32

7. The radius of a sphere increases at a rate of 0.5cm s
-1
. At the instant when its radius is 6cm,
find the rate of change of
a) the volume of the sphere,
b) the total surface area of the sphere
8.

The diagram above shows a curve
2
y x = and point D(1, 0). P(p, 0) is a point on the x-axis
and PQ parallel with y-axis. Form a equation of area ,A, for triangle DPQ in terms of p. If p
increases at a rate 5 unit s
-1
, find the rate of increasing of A when p = 4 unit.
9. Area of a circle increases at the rate of 4t cm
2
s
-1
. Find the rate of increase of radius when
radius is 8cm.
10. Radius of a compact disc (CD) increase at the rate of 0.003 cm s
-1
. Find the rate of
increasing in its area when radius is 20cm.
11. Two variables, x and y form a equation,
2
2 5 2 y x x = + + . Given that x increase at the rate
of 3 unit s
-1
. Find the rate of change of y when x = 2.
12.

Sand is falling form a pipe at a rate of 10cm
3
s
-1
, forming a cone with base radius r and
height h as shown in the diagram above. Given that 2 r h =
a) find the volume of the heap of sand in terms of r
b) determine the rate of change of r when h =2 cm

SCKung
33

13.

The diagram above shows a spherical bowl with radius 20cm being filled with water such
that the water level, h cm, in the bowl increase at a rate of 0.4cm s
-1
a) Show that the area of the horizontal surface of the water, A cm
2
, in the bowl is given by
2
(40 ) A h h t =
b) Find the rate of change of A at the instant when 8 h =

SCKung
34

9.5 Small changes and Approximations
If ( ) y f x = , x o =small change in x and y o = corresponding small change in y, then
y dy
x dx
dy
y x
dx
o
o
o o
~
~

y o is positive means a small increase in y whereas y o is negative means a small
decrease in y.

Example 26
a) Given that
3 2
4 3 2 y x x = + , find the
small change in y when x increase from 2 to
2.01
b) Given 6 4
dy
x
dx
= , find the small
change in y when x increase from 2 to
1.97

c) Given that
3 2
4 7 y x x = , find the value of
dy
dx
at the point (2, 4). Hence, find the small
change of x when y change from 4 to 4.05
d) Given
3 2
2 7 15 y x x = + . Form an
equation of y o in terms of x and x o .
Hence, find the small change of y when x
change from 2 to 2.03

SCKung
35

Approximation values
The approximation value of y is given by
new initial
y y y o = + where
dy
y x
dx
o o ~
Example 27
a) Given that
5
4
y
x
= , calculate the value of
dy
dx
if x = 2. Hence, estimate the values
of
5
4
2.03

b) Given that
5
243
y
x
= , calculate the value
of
dy
dx
if x = 3. Hence, estimate the values
of
5
243
2.98

Practice 9.5
1. Given that
2
3 4 y x x = , find the small change in y when x increases from 3 to 3.02
2. Given that
3 2
6 2 y x x = + , find the small change in y when x decreases from 2 to 1.97
3. Given that
2
2 y u = and 3 1 u x = + , find
a)
dy
dx
in terms of x
b) the small change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.01
4. Given that
2
3
y
v
= and
2
1 v x = + , find
a)
dy
dx
in terms of x
b) the small change in y when x decreases from 1 to 0.96
SCKung
36

5. Find the approximate change in the volume of a sphere when its radius increases from 5cm
to 5.02cm
6. A cylinder which is open at one end and closed at the other end has a height of 15cm and a
base radius of r cm. The total surface area of the cylinder, S cm
2
, is 5cm
2

a) Prove that 2 (15 )
dS
r
dr
t = +
b) Hence, find the approximate change in the total surface area of the cylinder if its bases
radius increases from 4cm to 4.04cm
7. Given that
3
64
y
x
= , find the value of
dy
dx
when x = 4. Hence, estimate the value of
3
64
4.04

8. Given that
4
5
y
x
= , find
dy
dx
. Hence, find the approximate value of
4
5
3.98

9. A cuboid has a fixed height of 5cm and a square base with sides 2cm each. If the length of
each side of the bases increases by 0.05cm, find
a) the approximate change in the volume of the cuboid,
b) the approximate volume of the cuboid when the length of each side of the base is 2.05cm

9.6 Second Derivative
If ( ) y f x = , then '( )
dy
f x
dx
=

2
2
''( )
d dy d y
f x
dx dx dx
| |
= =
|
\ .

SCKung
37

Example 28
Find the coordinates of the turning points of each of the curve bellow. Hence, determine
a)
12
3 y x
x
= +

b)
3 2
3 9 7 y x x x = +

c)
2
1 x
y
x
+
=

SCKung
38

Practice 9.6
1. Find ''( ) f x for each of the following functions.
a)
3 2
( ) 6 2 f x x x = b)
2
2 1
( ) f x
x x
=
c) ( )
1
x
f x
x
=
+
d)
2
( ) ( 3) f x x x =
2. Find the values of (1) f , '(1) f and ''(1) f for each of the following functions.
a)
3 2
( ) 4 1 f x x x = + b)
1
( )
2 1
f x
x
=
+

3. Find the coordinates of the turning points of the following curves. Hence, determine
a)
3 2
( ) 3 2 f x x x = + b)
2
2
( ) f x x
x
= +
c)
3 2
( ) 4 3 f x x x = ` d)
1
( )
( 1)
f x
x x
=
+

4. Variables x and y form an equation
2
(2 3) y x = . The third variable,
y
z
x
= . Find the
turning points for z and determine whether maximum or minimum the point is.
5. Given the curve
3
2
4 x
y
x
+
=
a) find gradient of the curve when x = 2
b) show that the curve only have one turning point and consider whether the point is
maximum or minimum point
c) find the coordinates of the turning point
6. Two variables x and y, both are positive and can form an equation
2
2 8 x
y
x
+
= . Find
dy
dx

and maximum or minimum for y. Hence, determine whether value y is maximum or
minimum.
7. The curve
3 2
y x px qx = + has a turning point at (1, 4). Find the value of p and q. Hence,
find another turning point for the same curve.

SCKung
39

Answer:
Practice 9.1
1a) 4 b) 0 c)
1
6

d)
1
5
e) 28 f) 0
g) 2 h) 10 i) 4
j) -2

2a) 10 b) 10x c) 6x
d) 6 2 x e)
2
3
x
f)
3
10
x

Practice 9.2A
1a) 4 2x b)
2
21 2 x
c)
4 2
20 15 x x d)
2
3 6 1 x x +
e) 8 4 x f)
1
2
x

g) 4 1 x + h)
2
3 12 9 x x + +
i)
2
3
2
2
x + j)
3
1 4x
+
k) 4 l)
3
2 2x
+
m)
2 3
4 3 2 x x x

+ n)
1
3
2x

o)
1 3
2 2
1
2
x x

p)
1 3
2 2
1 1
2 2
x x

+

2a) 24 b) 16
c) -4 d) 1
e) 12 f)
5
8

3a)
4
5(1 ) x + b)
3
8(2 1) x +
c)
9
2(1 ) x + d)
2 4
18 (2 3 ) x x

e)
2
5(1 5 ) x

+ f)
2
3
2 3
x
x

g)
2 3
2
(3 2 )
x
x
+

h)
3 4 2 2
(48 6 )(4 2) x x x x +
i)
2 3
1
( 2 4)
x
x x

+
j)
2
3 2
3
( 6)
x
x

4a)
( ) ( )
2
2 4 5 x x + +
b) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 5 2 x x x + +
c)
( )( )
2
2 1 2 1 x x x + +
d)
( )( )
2 2
2 1 3 1 x x x +
e)
3
2
2
x x
f)
2 2
3 1 27 1
2
x x
x
| | + +
|
\ .

g)
2
2 5
1 2
x x
x
h)
( ) ( )
5 1
1 35 7
3
x x +
i)
( )
2
3 2 1 x x + + j)
( )( )
2
1 4 1 x x x + +

5a)
( )
2
1
1 x +
b)
( )
2
2
4
1
x
x
+

c)
( )
2
5
1 x
d)
( )
( )
2
2
4 3
2 1
x x
x
+
+

e)
( )
2
1
2
1 2
x
x
x
+
f)
( )
3
2
x
x
+

g)
( )
3
2
3
2
2
1
x
x
+
+
h)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 1
1
x
x x
+

i)
( )
3
2
4
2 2
x
x
j)
( )
3
2
3 4
2 1
x
x
+
+

SCKung
40

Practice 9.2B
1. a) 3 b)0
c) 12 d) 7
2.k = 5, h = 4
3a) 3 6 0 x y + = b) 3 6 0 x y =
c) 2 4 0 x y = d) 5 8 0 x y + =
4. 3 1 0 x y + =
5a) 9 19 0 x y + = b) 8 7 0 x y + =
c) 12 35 0 x y + + = d) 4 13 0 x y + + =
e) 8 20 19 0 x y = f) 6 13 0 x y + =
6. 32 16 43 0 x y + + =
7. a) ( )
2
, , 5, 0
3
P o Q
| |
|
\ .

b)i) 2 26 3 0 x y + = ii) 13 5 0 x y + =
8.a)
5 5
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .
b) 4 4 15 0 x y + =
9.a)
3
8

b) 3 8 2 0;16 6 35 0 x y x y + = + + =
10.10
11a) (1, 2) b) 11
c) 6 8 0 x y =

SCKung
41

Practice 9.3
1a) (2, 4)min b) (1, 16)max
c) (0, 0)min; (2, 4)max d) (0, 1) (1, 0)min
e)
1
3,
6
| |

|
\ .
min;
1
3,
6
| |
|
\ .
max
f) (1, 2) ;(1, 2)

2. a = 2, b =8, c = 10
3. (4, 128) max; (4, 128)min
4. a) h = 9, k = 36
b) min
5. a) p = 2, q = 3, r = 4
6. 225
7. a) 2 rad b) 36 cm
8. b)
2
9
(12 )
4
V x x =
c) 36 cm
3

9. a)
2
4 2 A x xy t t = +

10. b) 108cm
2
11. b)
80 80 40
,
4 4
x y
t
t t
+
= =
+ +

12.b) 84.5 cm
3

Practice 9.4
1. 0.02057 unit s
-1

2. 16 cm
2
s
-1

3. 24
4.
4
15

5. 0.001 cm s
-1

6.
1
3
unit s
-1

7. a)72 cm
3
s
-1
b) 24 cm
2
s
-1

8.
2
1
( 1) ;
2
p p + 140 unit
2
s
-1

9.
1
4
cm s
-1

10. 0.12 cm
2
s
-1

11. 39 unit s
-1

12. a)
3
6
r
t
b)
5
4t
cm s
-1
13. b) 9.6 cm
2
s
-1

Practice 9.5
1. 0.28
2.2.28
3.a) 12(3x+1) b) 0.84
4.a)
2 3
12
(1 )
x
x +
b) 0.06
5. 2t
6.b) 1.52 cm
2
7.
3
; 0.97
4

8.
5
20
; 0.01992
x

9. a) 1cm
3
b) 21cm
3

Practice 9.6
1. a) 6 12 x b)
3 4
4 6
x x

c)
3
2
(1 ) x
+
d) 6 12 x
2.a) 4; 11; 14 b)
1 2 8
; ;
3 9 27

3.a) (0, 2) max; (2, 2)min
b) (1, 3) min
c)
1 1
,
2 4
| |
|
\ .
min; (0, 0) max
d)
1
, 4
2
| |

|
\ .
max
4. z = 0, min; z = 24, max
5. a) 2 b) min c) (2, 3)
6.
2
8
2
dy
dx x
= ; y = 8; min
7.p = 6, q = 9;(3, 0)

SCKung
42

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M.Sc (Teaching Maths)

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