STRUCTURE REPORT Site Location CBL is placed at the urban part of the centre of Tripoli, mainly with two

story high buildings, about 500 m away from the Mediterranean Sea. Climatic data Data is obtained from synoptic weather station at the Tripoli International Airport over the course of an average year. It is based on the historical records from 1974 to 2012. Earlier records are either unavailable or unreliable. Temperature Tripoli has a hot subtropical semi-arid climate with long, hot and dry summers with relatively wet and mild winters with a Mediterranean (drysummer) rainfall pattern. Summers are hot with temperatures that often exceed 38 C. Average temperatures in July are between 22 and 33. The record high temperature is recorded as 48C in August. In December, temperatures have reached as low as 0, but the average remains between 9 and 18C. In conclusion, the temperature range from 0 to +48C is assumed for design. Rainfall The average annual rainfall is less than 400 millimetres, and can be very erratic. Wind Speed and Direction According to the work Wind Load Characteristics in Libya (2010) by Prof. Milad M. Alshebani (the Department of Civil Engineering Alfateh University, Tripoli) and Mohammed B. Abohedma (postgraduate of Civil Engineering Department, Alfateh University, Tripoli), Libya is affected by atmospheric depressions during the winter time and north-eastern trade winds in the summer. Libya is also exposed to Ghibli " winds, a dry and hot wind that blows from the south several times per year, usually from late spring throughout summer season. Over the course of the year, typical wind speed varies from 0 m/s to 8 m/s (calm to fresh breeze), rarely exceeding 12 m/s (strong breeze). The highest average wind speed of 5m/s (gentle breeze) occurs around May 30. At that time, the average daily maximum wind speed is 8 m/s (fresh breeze). The lowest average wind speed of 3 m/s (light breeze) occurs around first week of December. At that time the average daily maximum wind speed is 6 m/s (moderate breeze). In Libya, measurement of the wind speed is based on 10-sec gusts wind speed. The most frequent wind speed is 15 m/s. After examining wind speeds and its frequent durations, it has been envisioned that Libya can be classified into four wind speed zones in ascending order of its annual maxima wind

speed. According to this classification, Tripoli is placed at Zone 4, with the design wind speed of 121 km/h (33.6 m/s), a return period of 50 years. In conclusion, a basic wind speed of 33.6 m/s is assumed for the design. Even though the dominant lateral load for this type of structures is seismic load, wind load can be the major load for secondary structural elements (parapets, local facade elements etc.) Geological constraints According to the article Settlement of a Building Founded on Difficult Soil written by Iqbal H. Khan, Associate Professor and Fathi M. Layas, Lecturer, Department of CMI Engineering, University of Garyounis, Benghazi, Libya, and Road Construction on Sabkha Soils, written by Mohamed Mehemmed Shahin Department of Civil Engineering, 7th October University, Misurata, Libya, the large areas in Libya have Sabkha soils, which is an Arabic expressio n for describing recent coastal sediments with a high salt content are characterized by very low bearing capacities and a relatively hard crusty surface which is strong when it is dry and loses its strength upon wetting. It forms heterogeneous and complex soil profiles with poor mechanical properties and appreciable organic. Sabkha is composed of sand deposits mixed with silt and clay. Two types of Sabkha are present in Libya, the first one is the coastal or muddy Sabkhas, which is found along the Mediterranean Sea, and the second type is inland or Sandy Sabkhas, which is located in the southern part of the country. Clearly, the muddy Sabkhas, which is potentially the soil under the actual structure, are the worst to construct structure on it. The main geotechnical hazards include settlement, corrosive action, heave due to salt crystallization / recrystallization and flooding due to the low infiltration rates. In conclusion, it is highly recommended that such investigation should be carried out by the Client in order to design stabile and proper foundations in detailed design stage. In case that geotechnical analyse of the soil examples taken from the site indicate that bearing capacity of the ground does not meet design requirements, proper measures should be carried out like improving bearing capacity of the subsoil by replacement of the weak soil belowground elements of structure with material grades. However, this will need to be reviewed once site-specific data is available. Seismic constraints Seismic History From work undertaken by A. Suleiman et al, of Al Fatah University, it is known that the Hun Graben area (western part of the Gulf of Sirt), with the prominent rift valley between Han and the city of Al Qaddahiya, has been identified as the location of many historic earthquakes. This includes the major quake, near Al Qaddahiya, in 1935 which was registered as a magnitude of 7.1 on the Richter scale, with two aftershocks of 6.4 and 6.0. A further quake hit the same area measuring 5.6, in 1941. Also, in Tripoli a major earthquake

occurred in 1183 AD, destroying the city. Likewise, mild tremors were felt here in 1803, 1811 and 1903. Therefore, it can be assumed that the site lies in an area that is historically at risk from severe seismic effects. The buildings and structures should be classified with regard to their importance and designed and detailed to resist the effects of earthquakes. Determination of design parameters According to EN 1998: Euro code 8, the following parameters should determinate detail calculation of structure forces: 1) Identification of ground type, which is the result of geotechnical investigation, 2) the value of the reference peak ground acceleration on type A ground, agR, chosen by the National Authorities for each seismic zone, corresponds to the reference return period TNCR of the seismic action for the no-collapse requirement (or equivalently the reference probability of geology in 50 years, PNCR) chosen by the National Authorities. 3) Determination of the Design spectrum for elastic analysis. To avoid explicit inelastic structural analysis in design, the capacity of the structure to dissipate energy, through mainly ductile behaviour of its elements and/or other mechanisms is taken into account by performing an elastic analysis based on a response spectrum reduced with respect to the elastic one, henceforth called a "design spectrum". The seismic motion may also be represented in terms of ground acceleration time-histories and related quantities (velocity and displacement). Depending on the nature of the application and on the available information, the description of the seismic motion may be made by artificial accelerograms and recorded or simulated accelerograms. The method which will be chosen depends on availability of data provided by the site investigation. Conclusion The seismic hazard of the site depend both on intensity of the ground motion and also, the frequency of occurrence of the earthquakes represented by seismic parameters which should be the result of the site geotechnical and investigation and national recommendations and regulations. Sub Structure According to Geological constrains, the bearing capacity of the soil can vary a lot, so after the Geotechnical investigation is carried out, it will be chosen the appropriate type of sub structure. Basically, raft foundation, which is considered in this stage of design, is adequate way to transfer loads safely to the possible weak soil. But if geotechnical investigation results show that the soil is too weak, an appropriate measures for strengthen the sub soil will be carried out. The best type of foundation will be chosen after the soil geotechnical analyse are available for the site.

Super Structure Building is six stories structure with two underground levels. The geometry of the base plane is circle with diameter of approximately 140 m. In this stage of design two type of reinforced concrete structure are considered: 1) Skeleton-frame structure - frame combination with columns, beams and two-way reinforced concrete slab. According to Eurocode-8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance is classified as frame structural system in which both the vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by spatial frames and 2) Wall structural system, in which both vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by vertical structural, shear walls, either coupled or uncoupled. The reinforced concrete slabs are supported directly by the columns without beams. Advantage of this type of structure is in flat bottom side of the slabs, clear for air-conditioning channels and other installations. Structural Materials Structural material is reinforced in-situ cast concrete. Concrete quality should have fc=30 MPa (C 25/30 according to EN 206) or better. Reinforcement steel should have yield strength fyk=360 MPa or better. Better quality of concrete and steel decreases used amount of materials and final cost. Structural Design Calculation of structure forces was carried out on 3D model in order to determine real behaviour of structure under the all possible combinations of applied loads, vertical and lateral as well. Deflections of the structure were calculated taking in the consideration creep and shrinkage of concrete during the time of structure exploitation. Vertical Loads on Structure Vertical loads are Self-weight of structure, Dead and Live (Implied) load. Self-weight is calculated by Programme, Dead load are weight of the floor and roof layers and faade and internal walls. Live load is variable load which intensity depends of use of areas (EN 1990-2001): 1. Business areas with offices - 3.0 KN/m2 2. Garage area - 3.0 KN/m2 3. Restaurant area - 3.0 KN/m2 4. Stairs, mezzanine, communications, service areas - 3.0 KN/m2 5. Roof top 0.6 KN/m2 Durability

To achieve durability the following inter-related factors were considered in the design: the intended or foreseeable use of the structure the required design criteria the expected environmental conditions the composition, properties and performance of the materials and products the properties of the soil the choice of the structural system the shape of members and the structural detailing the quality of workmanship, and the level of control

Preliminary Structure Analyse

Isometric View

Isometric View

Camera View

Camera View

Camera View

Results of Structural Analyses

Opt. 6: I+0.6xII+III

Load combination: Dead Load + 0.6xLive Load + Lateral seismic in x direction Deformed model

Opt. 7: I+0.6xII+IV

Load combination: Dead Load + 0.6xLive Load + Lateral seismic in y direction Deformed model

Opt. 5: I+II

Level: -5 -1L GARAGE [5.00 m] Deformed model

Opt. 5: I+II

Level: 4. FLOOR [30.00 m] Deformed model

Opt. 3: Aex

Frame: Central circular shear wall Deformed model under seizmic in x direction Opt. 4: Aey

Frame: Central circular shear wall Deformed model under seizmic in y direction