MAE 3272 - Lecture 3 Notes - Strain Gages and LabVIEW

M&AE 3272 - Lecture #3 Strain Gages + LabVIEW Intro
10 February 2014
Happy Valentines Day!
M&AE 3272 - Lecture 3
WSachse; 2/2014; 1
Tango!
Its not just a dance!
This Friday Feb 14th Valentines Day FREE - Basic Introduction to Tango 8-9pm, Big Red Barn 9-11pm, Dance
The Ithaca Tangueros - a Cornell RSO
Reduces stress and anxiety Helps in socializing around the world! Builds self-confidence Enhances balance, stability and flexibility Improves posture and muscle tone
http://orgsync.rso.cornell.edu/org/tango M&AE 3272 - Lecture 3 WSachse; 2/2014; 2
10 February 2014
M&AE 3272: Mechanical Property and Performance Laboratory

rd-7th Measurement 3 Weeks LoadSystem: Cell Fabrication and Data Aquisition Load
Force
Excitation Strain Gage
Load Cell
Signal Conditioning and Processing Elastic Member
Force
Display and Analysis via LabVIEW
WSachse; 2/2014; 3
Weeks 3-7 Module 2:
M&AE 3272: Mechanical Property and Performance Laboratory
Apply mechanics and strength of materials concepts to design a force-measuring transducer Learn how to mount and use strain gages and strain gage instrumentation to produce a force-measuring system Learn how to write and use data acquisition software (i.e. LabVIEW) Test, Verify and Calibrate your force sensor (Load cell)
WSachse; 2/2014; 4
10 February 2014
Measurement Systems:
Material or System under Test
Actuator
Actuator System
Control Stage
Sensing Element
Signal Conditioning/ Processing Stages
Transduction System
Stage 1
Stage n
Output Stage
WSachse; 2/2014; 5
Resistance Strain Gage Brief History:

1856 Lord Kelvins Experiments: Strain and electrical resistance of wires
The electrical resistance of a conducting wire increases with elongation and decreases with compression.
WSachse; 2/2014; 6
10 February 2014
Resistance Strain Gage Brief History 2:

1936-1938 Ruge (MIT) and Simmons (CalTech) plus 2 Students!
SR-4 (Simmons+Ruge+4 Others) joined with DeForest Ruge-DeForest Partnership; SR-4 Gages distributed SR-4 Strain Gages distributed by Baldwin
Hes a familiar figure around the CalTech campus, which he considers a suitable local amusement park. Simmons: Near Genius; Brilliant EE; Lab Rat; 64 V/ ! Failed to realize the significance of his invention.
Edward Simmons Invented, 1936 Patent, 1944
Ruge: Bonded wire gage; Stymied by low-level signals; Realized at once the significance of their invention.
WSachse; 2/2014; 7
Resistance Strain Gage Brief History 3:

1952 Development of foil gage by Saunders-Roe, UK 1960-70s Improved Control and understanding of gage materials, design, photolithography, chemical etching; vacuum deposition; manufacturing Today Used in most applications; Many, many configurations
Single-element foil gages

M&AE 3272 - Lecture 3 WSachse; 2/2014; 8
10 February 2014
Foil Strain Gages - Various:

(a)-(c) (d)-(e) (f) (g)-(h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m)
Single-element gages Two-element rosette Two-element, stacked rosette Three-element rosette Three-element, stacked rosette Torque gage Diaphragm gage Stress gage Gages for use on concrete
WSachse; 2/2014; 9
Semi-conductor Strain Gage Brief History:

1954 Piezoresistive properties of Si and Ge discovered 1957 Mason and Thurston (Bell Labs); Transducer development (theory and experiment) 1960 Commercial piezoresistive strain gages available 1990s - Development of MEMS strain gages with electronics Current (analog/digital); telemetry
Characteristics:
Usually have a larger Gage Factor (-50 to -200) than foil

gages (typically +2.0 to 2.5)
Highly non-linear resistance/strain behavior More expensive More sensitive to temperature changes More fragile than foil gauges.
(Calibration?)
WSachse; 2/2014; 10
10 February 2014
Hot, New Ideas with Strain Gages:

A Digital MEMS-Based Strain Gage for Structural Health Monitoring
B. J. MacLean, M. G. Mladejovsky, M. R. Whitaker, M. Oliver, S. C. Jacobsen
Mat Res Soc Symposium Procedings, 503, 309-320 (1998)
Silver Ink: Before/After Sintering 350^C, 60-min
Arthroscopically Implantable Force Probe: Forces

Fiber-Optic Strain Gage
WSachse; 2/2014; 11
Strain Gage Operation:

Essential Assumption: The deformation of the gage accurately mimics the deformation of the material to which it is attached.
Minimal loading effect of the

gage on the test specimen
Strain sign tensile/compressive) Strain magnitude Secondary effects negligible or

accounted for
http://www.rdpe.com/ex/hiw-sglc.htm
10 February 2014
Strain Gage Applications:

Material property sensor Monitor and control loads/deformations in mechanical systems; e.g. Scales, Tools, Thermal sensor, Flow, Motion, etc.; Multi-B$ industry.
Real-time Computer Graphics for Character Animation. we use strain gages as the input device. By using this, we can get the relative moving data between two human surfaces with no pains.
17(55) pp.31-36 19930930
Alinghi; Americas Cup

New Minneapolis I-35W Bridge Green: Strain Gage Monitoring System
(IEEE Trans Neural Sys Rehab Eng, 2009)
WSachse; 2/2014; 13
Strain Gages Desired Characteristics:

Low mass: Minimal loading eect in dynamic measurements Low stiness: Minimal loading eect on deformation Gage calibration stable wrt temperature and time Wide operating temperature range High Gage resolution: 1 m/m Large Dynamic range: 5% strain (50, 000 m/m) (High -sensitivity) Gage length small point-like measurement Linear response: Simplied data process Good fatigue life - in dynamic measurements
10 February 2014
Strain Gage Sensitivity:

Factional Change of Gage Resistance with Strain: R = (1 + 2 ) axial + R Dimensional
piezoresistive
The fractional change of gage resistance per unit strain Strain gage Sensitivity : R R Sgage Sgage 1
axial
Gage Factor Sgage = (1 + 2 ) +
1
axial
When 0.3 : the Gage Factor is given by 1 + 0.6 + (0.4 to 2.0) Metallic conductors 1 + 0.6 + (125 to 175) Semiconductors P type (e. g. Boron) Sgage > 0 N type (e. g. Arsenic) Sgage < 0 > 0 Rg + > 0 [T] Sgage < 0 Rg < 0 [C]
Sgage
Numerical Example : Metal foil gage, 120 ; Sgage 2.0 , then for axial = 1 (i. e. 1 106 in/in) : Rg = Sg Rg
axial
2120106
2.4104 [] = 240 []
WSachse; 2/2014; 15
Strain Gage: Performance Factors Considered:

Installation - A properly selected gage has been correctly bonded to the specimen under test. Transverse Sensitivity of a gage to transverse strains Sensitivity - (non-uniaxial) has been considered. Cyclic Straining Loading and unloading will be monitored for hysteretic effects.
Temperature Bridge circuits with thermal compensating Sensitivity - features will be used. Power Power dissipated in the gage will be Dissipation - considered when powering the circuit. Gage Loading The effective modulus of the gage and its Effects mounting will be compared with the modulus of the specimen.
10 February 2014
Strain Gage: Measurement Systems; Applications
Amplification, compensation and A/D

conversion of strain-gage bridge signals
Application of strain gages to make dynamic

measurements
Application of strain gages as the sensing

elements of other sensors:

Dynamic pressure sensor Large (plastic; inelastic) strain extensometer
Supplementary Notes on Strain Gages on Blackboard

Back to us and M&AE 3272:
Were going to learn how to mount strain gages onto an elastic member in order to fabricate a Load cell, or Force transducer.
WSachse; 2/2014; 18
10 February 2014
Introduction to LabVIEW:
A graphical programming environment which is

used by many in industry and academia to run experiments, collect and process data.
The computer with ancillary input and output

hardware becomes a virtual instrument or vi.
We will use it in Module 2 to collect voltage data,

corresponding to small changes in electrical resistance of strain gages attached to elastic members (load cell), while the load cell is being calibrated and or while it is in use.
We will use it in Module 3 to collect data from

multiple sensors on a dynamical system (bicycle).
LabVIEW Environment Execution Structures Graphical Programming
http://www.ni.com/academic/students/learnlabview/
10
10 February 2014
Running LabVIEW:
WSachse; 2/2014; 21
Tasks to do this Week, February 10th-14th:
Become familiar with strain gages; characteristics; mounting

procedures, etc.
Take a look at the Supplementary Materials on Blackboard

related to strain gages.
Start learning LabVIEW. Complete LabVIEW Assignment. Sections #401, #402, #403, #404, #409, and #413 meet in
B30 Upson to learn how to mount strain gages.
Sections #405, #406, #407, #408, #410, #414, and #412 go to

one of the LabVIEW facilities at your leisure and learn how to use the software. Its available in Phillips 318; Upson B-7 and the Carpenter Hall ACCEL Facility. Complete Assignment.
Start thinking about designing your Load Cell

Force and Moment Diagrams and where the maximum strains will be.
WSachse; 2/2014; 22
11

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M&AE 3272 - Lecture #3 Strain Gages + LabVIEW Intro

Happy Valentines Day!