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ME 536
Air Movers and Fan
Technology
h l
Dr. Ahmed F
Dr F. Elsafty
Mechanical & Marine Engineering Dept.
Arab Academy for science, technology and
Maritime Transport
Fan Performance and Selection
• References
– Burmeister,, L.C.,, Elements of Thermal-Fluid
System Design, Prentice Hall, 1998.
– ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and
Equipment, 1992.
Contents:
• Fan principles,
• Fan drives
drives,
• Fan selection,
• Fan installation design,
• Fan controls
• Effect of variable resistance devices.
Prime movers for Air Conditioning
applications:
• Fans: move air.
• Pumps: move liquids
liquids.
• Compressors: move gases or vapour
refrigerants.
fi t
Overview
• Common fan types: centrifugal (“squirrel
( squirrel cage”)
cage ),
axial, special designs (including radial)
• Fan rotation direction (clockwise or counter-
counter
clockwise) is important because the blades and
housing are designed to direct flow only in one
direction
• Pressure
P d
drop ththrough
h th
the system
t mustt b
be kknown
to choose a fan.
• Fans are quietest when they operate near peak
efficiency; efficiencies are often provided on fan
curves.
Fan Principles:
Ventilation:
• Natural: [free] by free convection.
• Forced: [Mechanical] when free is not enough.
Using Fans.
• Fans: are machines which receive mechanical
energy that is transformed by a means of
impeller to guarantee a continuously air flow.
flow
• Uses of Fans:
– Ducts to supply air.
– Coils for forced convection.
Fans
• A FAN is an air pump that creates a pressure difference
andd causes airflow.
i fl
• The impeller does work on the air, imparting to it both
static and kinetic energy,
energ which
hich vary
ar in proportion,
proportion
depending on the fan type.
• All fans produce pressure by altering the velocity vector of
the flow.
• A fan produces pressure and/or flow because the rotating
blades of the impeller impart kinetic energy to the air by
changing its velocity.
• Velocity change is in the tangential and radial velocity
components for centrifugal fans, and in the axial and
tangential velocity components for axial flow fans.
Fan drive arrangements:
• Direct d
Di drive:
i
[Small fan- Coil units- Most Axial fans]
More compact assembly.
• Belt drive: [most applications]
Flexibility in fan speed (can be changed by altering
the drive ratio)
ratio).
Built guard are required for safety.
Normal torque motors are generally used for fan duty.
Fan Types:
Axial Fan
Increase of air static pressure is created by the
conversion of velocityy pressure
p to static p
pressure
Speed
p for given
g Low Medium High
g
pressure rise
Noise Fair Poor (very high Good
noise))
Application Average Average High
DP
Application Medium Low Wide range
Q m3/s
Velocity profiles:
Comparison between Various Types of Fans
Fan Selection Criteria:
Before proceeding with any fan selection the following
information is necessary:
• Air volume requirement [CFM, l/s, m3/hr..]
• System resistance –SP SP
• Air density. [Altitude and Temperature]
• Types of service: [Environment, Materials, vapours to be
exhausted,
h t d operating
ti ttemperature].
t ]
• Noise criteria.
• Drive type
type.
• Number of fans.
• Fan type.
• Expected fan life in years.
• Rotation.
• Discharge.
Di h
• Motor position.
Specification Criteria:
• Flow R
Fl Rate.
t
• Pressure.
• T pe
Type
• Noise<<, rpm<<.
• Temperature & Humidity.
Humidity
• Space limitation. [Axial<<<]
• Drive Type [Direct
[Direct-Belt].
Belt]
• Type of Flow.
• Materials [Galvanized
Materials. [Galvanized, anti corrosion]
• Efficiency>>>, Power<<<.
Fan Calculations:
• Air conditioning capacity: [ACC]
ACC = mo(air) * (hi – ho)
• Volume flow rate (fan capacity) Qo
Is represented by the volume of air which is generated
by the fan in a unit of time.
mo = ACC /(h( i –ho)
Qo = mo (kg/s) * v (m3/kg)
N.B:
ACC from calculations
((hi – ho) & v from chart
Fan Performance:
• Static Power: is the part of the total power
that is used to p
produce the change g in
static pressure.
Pressure:
• Total pressure: [Pt]
Pt = Pdynamic + Pstatic
• S i P
Static Pressure: [P
[Ps]]
Is the pressure exerted on the walls of the air duct and is parley dispelled on
overcoming the various resistances met on its way.
• Dynamic Pressure: [Pd]
Is the pressure required to set air motion and correspondents to the kinetic
energy.
• Pressure drop determination:
– Air intake louvers.
– Mixing box with air damper.
– Filters
– Spray humidifiers.
– Preheating coil
– After-cooling
te coo g co coil
– Ducts
• Then we calculate the required external pressure.
Resistance:
Simple
Si l Duct
D t System
S t with
ith Resistance
R i t
to Flow Represented by Three 90°
Elbows
Resistance Removed
from Duct System
AHU Sections
S ti
Find
Dynamic pressure
RPM
Brake horse power
Sound level
AHU Practical problems
Select fan:
1800 CFM @ 4”
4 w.g.
wg
= 3060 m3/Hr @ 1000 pa
impossible
Speed: 800 RPM
So:
Outlet Velocity: 10 m/s
AHU Practical problems
Static problems:
Too little air
Too much air
Overloading of motors
SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES
General Ventilation
• Locate intake and exhaust fans to make use of prevailing winds
• Locate fans and intake ventilators for maximum sweeping effect over the
working area
• If filters are used on gravity intake, size intake ventilator to keep intake losses
below 1/8" SP
• Avoid fans blowing opposite each other. When necessary, separate by at least
6 fan diameters
• Use
U Cl Class B iinsulated
l t d motors
t where
h ambient
bi t ttemperatures
t are expected
t d tto b
be
high for air-over motor conditions
• If air moving over motors contains hazardous chemicals or particles, use
explosion proof motors mounted in or out of the airstream,
explosion-proof airstream depending on job
requirements
• For hazardous atmosphere applications use fans of non-sparking construction
• Process Ventilation
• Collect fumes and heat as near the source of generation as possible
• Make all runs of ducts as short and direct as possible
• Keep duct velocity as low as practical considering capture for fume3
• or padicles being collected
• When turns are required in the duct system use long radius elbows
• to keep the resistance to a minimum (preferably 2 duct diameters)
• After calculating duct resistance, select the fan having reserve
• capacity beyond the static pressure determined
• Use same rationale regarding intake ventilators and motors as in
• Genera[ Ventilation guidelines above
• Install the exhaust fan at a location to eliminate any recirculation into
• other p parts of the p
plant
• When hoods are used, they should be sufficient to collect a!J
• contaminating fumes or particles created by the process
System Pressure Effects
Fan Curves
• Manufacturer will provide a fan curve for each
fan he or she produces.
• The fan curves predict the pressure-flow rate
performance of each fan.
• Choose a fan that gives you the volumetric flow
rate you need for your system pressure drop.
• Choose a fan that has its peak efficiency at or
near your operating point
point.
• Sometimes will provide data in a table rather
than in a graph
graph.
Fan Curves