About Mongolia.

Capital : Ulaanbaatar capital city of Mongolia is located in the Tuul river valley and surrounded by the Bogd Khan, Bayanzurkh Khairkhan, Songino Khairkhan and Chingeltei Khairkhan mountains and elevated at ,!" m above sea level# $ccording to official statistics in Mongolia, the population of the city %as counted of ,&'',''' people %hich accounts for almost "'( of the total population of Mongolia# Ulaanbaatar is the cultural, political and financial center of the country# The city has been changed its location )* times, moving along the Selenge, +rkhon, Tuul rivers# ,n --*, it %as settled as a permanently at a present location# Since then it has been called ,kh Khuree # ,n .)&, /eople0s 1epublic of Mongolia %as officially declared and then the city %as renamed as Ulaanbaatar# $ccording to the ne% Constitution of Mongolia in ..), ,t has been approved Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia and the capital has its official flag and symbol# Ulaanbaatar city is divided into . districts and subdivided into ") small units of administration# Ulaanbaatar city has numerous museums %ith %orld famous valuable e2hibits and Buddhist heritage sites# +ne of the most famous tourist attraction is the Chinggis Khaan s3uare and located at center of Ulaanbaatar# Ulaanbaatar has been developing into completely ne% modernized city and formed by numerous tall buildings in the last decades# Geographical location. Mongolia is located in /lateau of Central $sia bet%een 1ussia and China# Mongolia covers an area of #"44#"'' s3#km, %hich is roughly the size of 5estern 6urope in %hich has immeasurable huge grass of steppes, sand dunes, rocky and forest Mountain ranges# The country is mountainous %ith an average altitude of "*' meters above sea level, %hich makes Mongolia one of the highest countries in the %orld# The lo%est point is 7oh 8uur depression at "4' meters above sea level and the highest point is the Khuiten peak at &!-& m# The geography of the country is characterized by great diversity# 9rom the north to the south, it can be divided into & areas: mountain forest steppe, mountain steppe and, semi;desert and gobi desert ,n contrast to most visitors0 e2pectations, much of the country0s territory is mountainous# Climate

Mongolia has an e2treme continental climate %ith long, cold %inters and short summers# The country averages )4' clear sunny days a year, so in this reason Mongolia is called <land of blue sky=#The precipitation is highest in the north, %hich averages )' to !" centimeters per year, and lo%est in the south, %hich receives ' to )' centimeters # The e2treme south is the >obi, some regions of %hich receive no precipitation at all in most years#

$verage temperatures over most of the country are belo% freezing from 8ovember through March and are about freezing in $pril and +ctober# The average summer temperature is ?)'c @?4"9A# 5inter is B)'c @; !9A# The %ind is #";&#"mCs# The average rainfall is )'';))' mm# The mean temperature falls belo% freezing for seven to eight months of the year @See Table !# A# 9or t%o or three months in summer, the %eather is %arm and pleasant and relatively hot in the southern >obi region# 5inter usually lasts from mid;+ctober until $pril, %ith the coldest period being bet%een mid;December $ll rivers and fresh%ater lakes freeze over in the %inter, and smaller streams commonly freeze to the bottom# MongoliaEs %eather is characterized by e2treme variability and short;term unpredictability in the summer,$lthough %inters are generally cold and clear, Population and language. /opulation of Mongolia is ),.million people Cofficial statistic of govCorg in )' !C#+nly !'( of population is living as a nomadic %ay# The largest group in Mongolia is called khalkha,The only 4(of the population is Kazakh ethnic group %ho lives in far %est side#There are other )' ethnic groups included in the population# ,ts small population compared %ith Mongolia0s vast geographical size makes the country the least densely populated nation in the %orld#The average population density is #" per s3#km, in the southern >obi it is as fe% as '#! per#s3#km# The most population ."( speak Mongolian and the official language is Mongolian %hich is the most popular around Mongolia# Since the .&&, the 1ussian Cyrillic alphabet has been introduced to Mongolians and after .4! it is been officially %ritten in Mongolia ,ho%ever the traditional Mongolian alphabet is gradually being reintroduced# $ 1ussian %as commonly spoken %idely in the past,ho%ever after communist regime collapsed the language is not influenced anymore instead $n 6nglish is getting more popular among the population in recently#

Religion. 7istorically,Mongols had been practicing the shamanism and %orshipping the Blue sky#7o%ever,Tibetan Buddhism is gained more popularity since it has been introduced in 4th century#Tibetan Buddhism shares the common aspect of Buddhism and getting more popular among the population of Mongolia#Until the beginning of the )'th century,Mongolia had hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and about !'( of all men %ere monks#Suddenly,in the .!';s Mongolia had anti;religious compaign led by Communist rulers that nearly destroyed the e2tensive system of monasteries# Under the communist rule,the non religious idea %as promoted and monasteries %ere closed besides thousands of monks %ere killed as a victim of communist system# But after ..', democratic revolution %as changing %hole social life in Mongolia and allo%ed freedom of practicing religion in Mongolia# 7o%ever &'(of Mongolians are belonged to non;religious group and still half of the population follo%s Tibetan Buddhism %hilst some follo% Muslim and Christian community# History and Culture. Mongolian history begans &',''' years ago from nomads herding in the Central $sian steppe to the formation of the po%erful Mongol 6mpire and gradual emergence of the Mongolia,its history %as very popular and it %as conflicted all around Mongolia# $ncient Mongolian states# The first Mongolian State %as established in )'. BC by 7uns or 7unnu people#The 7un0s first king %as Modun Shan Fui,%hose father %as the leader of the 7uns most influential tribe# The 7uns territory stretched from Korea in 9ar 6ast to Tian Shan mountain in northern China and from the southern section of the >reat %all to lake Baikal in the southern Siberia# 9rom )'' B#C to .* $D till its collapse of the 7un state %as the most po%erful nomadic nation dominated in Central $sian steppe and territory# But after !'' years of domination,State of 7uns %ere collapsed into several other clans and these group of clans had continued to success on their o%n at Mongolian territory# These clans %ere called Sumbe state,Toba,8irun,Turkig tribes and then Uigar tribe then became the most po%erful in Central $sia,but still they %ere unable to dominate the %hole of Mongolia#,t %as the Kidans, %ho had peacefully living %ith several previous ruling tribes and took over Mongolia completely in .'-#Their dominance lasted until the )th century %hen a number of tribes had to attack them and divided into fe% different tribes #

9inally,TemuGin %hose father %as the leader of tribes and after his father poisoned by enemies ,he gradually established >reat Mongol State in *.# $fter long battle in his life he made to unite * different Mongolian tribes and established the >reat Mongolian 6mpire in )'4#$t this time Chinggis 6mpire stretched from $sia to 6urope and became population of '' milion# $fter he died in ))-,his descendants %ere taking over the state#During the !; & th centuries,Mongolia developed in terms of its economy,culture ,military base and politics#,t %as a huge empire ,%hich e2tended by many separate $sian and 6uropian nations# During this time the Mongolian 6mpire %as the most po%erful nation on earth and Chinggis khan %as the great leader of %hole Mongolia and respected as a national hero# The >reat Mongol 6mpire began to fall apart in !4*# Since then Mongols %ere invaded by a fe% rulers such as Manchurians con3uered Mongolia in 4. and then Manchurian colony had been lasted for ))'years# By the beginning of )' century Mongolians %ere raising up for national liberation and it %orked in . and spiritual ruler Bogd khan %as leading the country until .) %hen the socialist revolution ,kno%n as /eople0s revolution took over po%er from him#Since then Mongolia is maintained strong link %ith former Soviet Union and the socialist era continued until democratic revolution in Mongolia in ..'# $fter ..',Mongolian young democracy has been spreading around the Mongolia Mongolia is no% gradually been developing into free market economy# Culture&Heritage# 8omadism and Buddhism is the t%o most important influences in Mongolian culture#5hile most Mongolians are no% settled into to%n and cities ,large number of people are still living in gers Ctraditional round %ood and felt tents designed for the nomadic styleC# The most popular traditional sport is Mongolian %restling kno%n as bukh combined %ith horseracing and archery and the most popular celebration is 8aadam festival#

Nomadic li e. Mongols have been living as nomdic %ay for several hundred years no%#,ts ancestors inhabited a huge area of Central $sian territory and herdsmen moving from one place to another searching for better pastures for their animals# The longest period they stay in the same pasture is bet%een +ctober and $pril# 6very nomadic family has a %inter place %ith shelter made of stones and %ood # Usual daily activities of nomads are all to do %ith herding their livestock and converting their ra%

materials into processed food ,clothing such as ready to use or eat things like cashmere ,%ool,meat milk and producing various type of dairy products#+ne third of Mongolians are nomads and live far a%ay from each other#Most Mongolian nomads herd horses,camels,cattle,sheep and goats#The horse is the most important of the five animals# Mongolian Clothing# Mongolian traditional dress is called the deel#There are several different types of deel#Celebration costume is the most colourful and made of valuable silk and %orn usually %ear in the 8aadam festival, Mongolian ne% year and some of nomadic ceremonies during the %hole year Mongolian ood. Mongolian food is influenced by the country0s herding tradtion based on dairy products and meat#There are different types of food mostly they eat during the day# ,t %ill included on belo%: Hariety of dumpling meat CsteamedC, as %ell as meat pieCdeep fried C is made of beef and mutton mince meat %e call it booz and khuushuur 8oodle soup is made of meat and flour %e call it sheltie khool 5hole meat of all " animals is boiled into very tasteful taste 7and made noodle is made of meat and flour %e call it tsuivan

$lso popular traditional drinks include milk tea and airag Harious kind of vegetables are introduced recently such as potatoes ,carrot ,s%ede, cabbage and onions# 6conomy # 5e are traditionally based on livestock breeding, agriculture, and mining industrial# Mongolia has a rich source of ground deposits such as copper,coal,gold, molybdenum,uranium and other varios deposits and much of them are e2ported to neighbour China#The country has among one of the largest copper reserves in the %orld %ith the +yutolgoi reserve calculated to be %orld0s largest copper and gold reserves in the %orld# Moreover , Tavan Tolgoi the %orld0s largest untapped coal reserve is also maGor attraction among the business makers as %ell# Politics. $fter decades of communist rule have ended in ..',Mongolia is ruled by a mi2ed presedential and parliamentary system#The president acts as the head of state and chief of the armed forces,and direct to appoint the prime minister to the cabinet %ho led maGority party in the parliament#

The /rime minister appoints a cabinet that must be approved by the State >reat khural# The parliamentary election is held every & years# Iocal government# Mongolia is divided into ) regions,kno%n as aimag %ith capital city