HOME

ECONOMY

NOTES

IAS/IPS/UPSC

FORUM

CONTACT

SUBSCRIBE

Flipkart.com Buy Books Online, Pay on Delivery!

Search b4 asking!
Search

Search
Last Date to Apply

HOME

ECONOMY

AUGUST 21ST, 2013

32 COMMENTS

Book 4 Economy?

[Food Processing] Nuisance of APMC Acts, Commission Agents; Marketing of agricultural produce: issues and constrains for GS Mains
Prologue APMC Acts: What and Why? Old APMC Acts: Problems? License raj=Lootera-raj Hoarding APMC Definition vs MSP Model APMC Act Model APMC Act: Salient Features Model APMC Act: Limitations/Problems Additional suggestions to reform APMC

UPSC IAS IPS Strategy

I P r I n B e n t o l t i r o o k 2 s I A S

Contract farming

Direct Sale / Cooperative markets 0 1 3 Rythu Bazar D o u b t s Virtual Markets B a c k u p ITC e-Choupal Upcoming Exms Single Food Regulator A C I O Problem with overlapping laws U P R e v i e FSSAI w Act 2006: O f Features f i c e r
M a i n s 2 R C C A A D S S

m e r

- Below M APMC-Mandi a i n smarket v i e w

Prologue
previous two articles on [Food Processing], we saw

In the P F
A

RBI
R R B B P I I r e

1. Intro to food processing industry: Awesomeness and Obstacles 2. s Truckload s i s oft Government a n t Schemes and bodies
O this f third f i article, c e wer see the APMC, FSSAI Act and few other topics. In l i m s

Although UPSC Syllabus nowhere mentions APMC Act but it needs to be prepared with respect to 1. GS3: Marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints (GS3) 2. GS3: Food processing Supply chain management (SCM): upstream issues (Because outdated APMC Acts permit commission agents=lengthen and fragment the supply chain=increase raw material cost.) 3. Even for food inflation, FDI in Multibrand retail= APMC angle needs to be discussed.

APMC Acts: What and Why?

In news columns, and TV Debates surrounding food inflation and FDI in multibrand retail, youve often heard experts talking about APMC acts. So, what are these APMC Acts and how did they led to proliferation/nuisance of

28 Oct Army Engineers(60) 1 Oct Hindi Translator(62) 30 Sept Supervisor,MP 30 Sept Rajasthan Lecturers (11000+) 30 Sept UP Gramin Bank (on Sep12 RRBscore) 29 Sept Asst.Pub. Prosecutor (17) 29 Sept Lecturers/Asst.Profs.(Med. ) 26 Sept CAT/IIM 23 Sept ISRO Apprentice (Mostly Engg.) 19 Sep Assam PSC 16 Sep Electric Engg. Bihar 16 Sep IES/ISS(UPSC) 16 Sept Jr. Surveyor Vishakhapatnam (13) 15 Sept Rajsthan Motor Vehi.Insp.(~150) 15 Sept Rajasthan Public Prosecutor (130) 15 Sep Rajsthan Clerks (7500+) 11 Sep Odisha Power MT (Engineers)(200+) 10 Sep Elect.Engg in EIL (38) 9 Sep Exec. in W.Bengal PSU (109) 9 Sep Electric Engg. Bengal (100+) 9 Sep BSF Civil Engg.(15) 9 Sep Sci./Engg @NIO Goa 9 Sep Civil Engg.UP (120+) 7 Sep IBPS Clerk 7 Sep AIIMs Odisha Nurse(200) 7 Sep NCR Railways Gr.D(2715) 6 Sep W.Bengal Power (IT Managers; Teachers etc.) 5 Sep Asst.Proff, JIPMER Puducherry (89) 4 Sep Sutlej Power trainee 136 (mostly engg.) 31 Aug Apprentice Himachal (Engg.) 31 Aug Chattisgarh Agro Univ.Non Teaching (50+) 30 Aug 135 BoBcard Officers (on

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

middlemen/intermediaries in food supply chain? In old Bollywood villages, there is always one Lala / Muneem type character. He lends money to farmers for seeds/cattle/marriage expenses, then arbitrarily purchases his wheat/rice @throwaway prices + compound interest rate + illiteracy =>farmers in perpetual debt. To fix above problem, State governments started enacting Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) acts since 50s. APMC acts run on two principles: SSC CGL
G M R e E n K a a s g t

1. Ensure that intermediaries (and money lenders) do not compel farmers to sell their produce at the farm gate @throwaway / G A prices=farmer is not exploited 2. h All s food produce should first be brought to the market yard=> sell auction=farmers gets good money. o through n i n g
l i APMC s h Acts: Under

135 BoBcard Officers (on CWE RRB Sep12 score) 27 Aug Odisha fisheries(143) Odisha Jr.Lecturer(272) 26 Aug SEBI Officer(75) 26 Aug Bihar Power(Accounting branch) 26 Aug DVC Trainee 37 (GATE Score) 28 Aug KVS Librarian(110) KVS Teachers(~5000)

Subscribe (FREE!)

Enter your email address: Subscribe

SBI PO
G R A e ( / r a E D C L S S t S S e A I C a C P s n s T C S t I C k o g c o e n m

A State is geographically divided and Market (Mandis) are established t e places r / within M a at u different the states. t iFarmers n g have to sell their produce through the auction @mandi. i To n operate g ( Mandi, H i ag h has ) to get license. in trader retail traders (e.g. shopping mall owner) or food l iWholesale, s h r processing i p t company i v e etc ) cannot buy farm output directly from farmer. Theyve to get it through the Mandi. ( I I M ) A A O Old APMC Acts: Problems?
p R e P S C

Recent Comments

Abhishek nagar {
Will the SEBI exam be conducted on the same patter as in RBI Grade B...anyone having Sebi exam papers or any idea regarding its exam... } [Studyplan] RBI Grade B Officers (Preliminary) Objective Phase-I Exam : Booklist, Strategy, Previous question Paper Amani { Sir please help in filling the service preference. } UPSC Mains to have combined QuestionAnswer book, can't get extra space/supplementar y Answersheet, can't bring question paper home Meghna { Can you please guide me how to prepare for RBI Grade B phase 2 papers? And what is the expected cut off this year for... } [RBI Officer] English strategy, Mains Question papers of last five years, free study material, letter memo writing Amani { Sir Please help in filling the service preference as i was unable to get proper guidance on that issue. } [Result] UPSC Prelims 2013 result is out for Civil service and Forest

UPSC tips
I n 1 N A r E e t Q s R u s . d 5 0 w o i a L 0 s

State APMC Market Committees have 10-17 members ( F C I ) Either elected or nominated by Government in I P A accordance with provisions of the respective State APMC Act. But in several States, regular elections of APMCs = Membership Y e a r b not o held. o k e v e l s APMC board are administrated by bureaucrats. As a result D a y s p a p e r 1. ? APMC bodies have lost democratic nature. 2. f A p t i t bureaucrats u d e run ? the show= red tapes + bribery
t y T . I e s T i p

o a

Most Mandi traders do following:

s

Edu Tech
A u H i O A t n n r o d e c N Farmers o t e u M a e e d a

Cheated R e
N h o i t v

Even after receiving the fruit/veggies/grains, they delay payment to farmers for weeks and months. If payment is done on spot, then trader would arbitrarily k e r deduct some amount, on excuse that he has not received payments from the other parties. e r To avoid tax/cess, the traders dont give sale slips to farmers=>Later it is difficult for farmer to prove his income to get loans from banks. on an average basis the farmer is able to receive barely 1/4th to 1/3rd of the final retail prices Middlemen @Mandi charge commission on both seller (farmer) + buyer (the urban retailer / food processor) =double commission=final consumer has to pay even more!

Double Commission

Middlemen donot pass the benefit to either side 1. during peak season, when they buy from farmer

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

Hurting Both Sides

@low prices, they dont drastically reduce the prices to final consumer. 2. during lean season, when consumers prices are high, the farmers do not get higher returns on their produce. Middlemen have rent-seekers mentality. They resist anything thatll increase transparency or reduce transaction cost and time. Even when electronic auction centres were established like the Safal National Exchange in Bangalore, the existing markets did not allow the transition to a transparent system. Middlemen have no facilities to do grading/sorting, all they do is pass the produce from farmer to final consumer and charge truckload of commission in between. Thus, post-harvest losses continue to be in the range of 18 to 40 per cent for several commodities For cereal, pulses and oilseeds, government announces Minimum support prices (MSP). So farmers know in advance, what the price of their produce. But for most perishables fruits/veggies, government doesnt declare MSP. thus, farmers are completely dependent for price discovery and on intermediaries During peak production of seasonal crops, prices drop so drastically, the farmers cant even cover the cash expenses of transportation to markets, leave alone the cost of production. The licensee traders and commission agents have formed informal cartels @mandis. No auction takes place. Even if auction is held, collectively these traders keep low bidding so farmer never benefits. Cess= tax on tax In every Mandi, every transaction is subjected to market tax + market cess. This Cess money is to be used for further development of Mandi infrastructure- sorting grading storage facilities etc. But money is not used for that purpose (Raja/Kalmadi-type elements omnipresent.) As a result, fruits and veggies often get rotten due to lack of processing, storage facilities at the Mandi. Even the good produce gets contaminated due to flies and larvae=>gastrointestinal diseases.

Resistance To Reform

No Value Addition

Price Discovery

No auction

Cess

service and Forest Service saurav { hope there will be normalization... } [Studyplan] RBI Grade B Officers (Preliminary) Objective Phase-I Exam : Booklist, Strategy, Previous question Paper Frank { u must be topper ........... } [Result] SBI PO 2013 final result is out, 1513 candidates selected as probationary officers Vikas { friends, I gave exam on 24 afternoon session Gk was very tough... my attempt with 80 % accuracy gk- 53/80 Rs36/60 Qa- 14/30 Eng23/30... } [Studyplan] RBI Grade B Officers (Preliminary) Objective Phase-I Exam : Booklist, Strategy, Previous question Paper naveen { i am agree with @aku061986... GK was quite tough... } [Studyplan] RBI Grade B Officers (Preliminary) Objective Phase-I Exam : Booklist, Strategy, Previous question Paper aku061986 { Todays paper was ok but gs paper was very tough } [Studyplan] RBI Grade B Officers (Preliminary) Objective Phase-I Exam : Booklist, Strategy, Previous question Paper Ravitej chada { Masters in control systems & electronics !!!Teesside university Worked part time !! not a core job Came back to write civils :) Anyways thanks for... } UPSC Mains to have combined Question-Answer book, can't get extra space/supplementar

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

License raj=Lootera-raj To operate in an APMC Market (Mandi), you need to get a license. This license raj leads to following problems: 1. In most Mandis, the pre-condition to get license=> you must own a shop or warehouse in the Mandi. But Shops / warehouses are limited n number= extremely high prices. 2. If you cant find a shop/warehouse, then youll have to find an old man who has license but leaving business due to age/health problems and his sons not keen to join this profession. Then you buy his shop/license @extremely high price (because there will be other buyers too outbidding each other to buy his license!) 3. In any business where license is required=>Bribes have to be paid. Be it Telecom or mining or APMC mandi. So again, you must exploit the farmers to recover your (bribe) investment. Because 1+2+3=> Commission agent/middleman/trader has to make heavy investment to start his business in APMC. So, he decides to exploit the farmers to recover that big investment. In Mandi, even weighmen, Paddlers, Hamals have to get license => they also need to pay huge bribes=> they also overcharge the farmers to recover their (bribe) investment. Hoarding Over the years, Indias Agro-production has increased but number of intermediaries in APMC remained constant= their cartel controls the supply= hoarding, opportunistic profiteering. But how? Lets understand that with potato example: Potato: peak supply December to March Potato demand Throughout the year. Big traders, agents: they buy potatoes from farmers @throwaway prices in the Mandi. They rent large cold storage houses across different states for storing potatos only. (Majority of cold storage facilities in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal only devoted to Potato-storage) Thus these traders control the potato supply across India. And whoever can control the supply, can control the prices. Thanks to this hoarding and cartelism=> in peak and lean season of potato, youll find price difference up to 150 per cent or even more. Similar case for onions, tomatoes, daal and everything else.

y Answersheet, can't bring question paper home sghosh { water4cooling @ salem plant - thalavaipatti, selatthamapatti yeri, pattapatti lake } [Geography] Location Factors: Iron-Steel, Heavy Engineering, Automobiles for UPSC GS Mains Paper 1 & Detroit Bankruptcy Nitish Pathode { Please provide some recent insight...and also cadre preferences... } Job Profile of Various Posts & Services filled by UPSC Civil Service Exam { If having issues commuting towards Greater Noida centres , people can take metro till Botanical Garden (The Noida Route) and then they ll get Buses... } [Studyplan] RBI Grade B Officers (Preliminary) Objective Phase-I Exam : Booklist, Strategy, Previous question Paper Amani { I have not mentioned any reason as of now....thinking about that.... } [Result] SBI PO 2013 final result is out, 1513 candidates selected as probationary officers aditya { @dushyant Can you please tell us the reason you have given so we can get an idea of what kind of excuses we can make.. } [Result] SBI PO 2013 final result is out, 1513 candidates selected as probationary officers Older

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

APMC Definition vs MSP In APMC Acts, the definition of agriculture=very wide and vogue. Although main focus was on cereals, pulses and oil-seeds, even horticulture produce (fruits and veggies) also came within the broad definition of agriculture. And over the last five decades, the share of perishable produce in the APMC market is increasing For example, the Azadpur Mandi in Delhi principally caters to perishable crops rather than cereal or oilseeds. Ok so whats the problem? Problem= government declares minimum support prices (MSP) for many cereal, pulses and oilseeds crops=> middleman @APMC cannot exploit the farmers beyond a level (otherwise he can sell it to the FCI) but for fruits and veggies, government doesnt declare minimum support prices (MSP)=> gives plenty of opportunity for the middleman to exploit farmer (as well as end consumer).

Model APMC Act

So far we saw that original APMC Acts enacted by various states=bogus, inefficient, useless, ridiculous. After years of badass thuggary and inefficiency, suddenly Union agriculture ministry woke up, drafted a new Model APMC act, and 2003 asked the State governments to adopt it. (Why? Because Agriculture is a state subject. So it is upto the States to reform their laws..) 2006 Bihar repealed its state APMC act altogether. 2012 So far only 16 states have adopted the model APMC act. (as per the reply given by $harad Pawar in Loksabha) This new/reformed/model APMC Act of 2003 has following features Model APMC Act: Salient Features New Model Act Farmer doesnt need to bring his produce to APMC Mandi. He can directly sell it to whomever he wants. (Although, if he doesnt bring his produce to Mandi, then he cant run for election in that APMC marketing committee.) Farmers Processors, exporters, graders, packers, etc. can buy agricultural produce directly from farmers. Old Bogus Act farmers must bring all produce to the Mandi. Noone can purchase farm-produce from farmer outside Mandi. Only State managed APMC Mandi can to the trade. (monopoly) lolz

Permits Private market yards, Direct Purchase Centers, farmers market for doing trade in agriculture produce. (monopoly of Mandis=destroyed) Public Private Partnership in the management and development of agricultural markets in the country for post-harvest handling, cold storage, pre-cooling facilities, pack houses etc.

A separate Chapter to regulate and promote contract-farming arrangements in the country. lolz Dispute resolution mechanism for contract farming.
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

Prohibits commission agents in any transection. establish State Agricultural Produce Marketing Standards Bureau for Grading, Standardization and Quality Certification of agricultural produce (so they can fetch higher prices in desi-foreign markets) Increased the responsibilities of APMC committee. They have to: 1. ensure complete transparency in pricing system and transactions taking place in market area; 2. ensure payment for agricultural produce sold by farmers on the same day; 3. promote agricultural processing + value addition 4. Publish data on arrivals and rates of agricultural produce brought into the market area for sale. 5. Setup and promote public private partnership in Mandi Management.

commission agents permitted.

lolz

maha-lolz

Ok this new Model APMC act sounds all well and good. But here are the problems Model APMC Act: Limitations/Problems 1. So far, Only 16 states adopted the Model APMC Act (as of 2012). Why? Because Middleman/trader lobby made truckload of cash from exploiting farmers and consumers. Part of that money given in election funding to ruling parties in States=>reforms stalled. 2. Model APMC act is not uniformly adopted, states have made their own modifications. For example Andhra Pradesh permitted private markets but theyve to pay a license fee of Rs 50,000 and project must be min.10 Andhra crores =discourages small farmer/trader associations from setting up their own private markets. Odisha Orissa has not permitted private markets for paddy/rice Haryana Only adopted Contract farming related provisions. Some Even the private markets are subjected to Mandi tax and states Mandi cess. commission Madhya Pradesh abolished commission agent system but some other states didnt adopt this provision of model agent APMC. Repealed its APMC act in 2006. Now, SDM is in-charge of the unregulated markets No market fee are charged from the farmers But other charges for loading/unloading/Hamal charges are vogue/uncontrolled. Yet to amend its APMC Act. Mamata opposing the concept of contract farming on the premise that it could jeopardise farmers interests. Additional suggestions to reform APMC (These were made by committees of planning commission, inter-ministerial groups etc.)
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

Bihar

WB

Remove horticulture

Horticulture should be specifically excluded from definitions of APMC. Because these Mandis are main culprits for inflation and wastage of fruits and veggies. All APMCs Mandis should introduce electronic auction platform Open membership of APMCs by encouraging wholesalers and retailers to enter into transactions with the growers. Anyone should be allowed to trade in APMC market. Licensing system should be abolished. The APMC Market Committee should only fix the transaction fee and keep a Bank Guarantee from traders to ensure that the farmers payment is not affected. all the taxes/cess levied in APMC Mandis should be abolished.

E-Auction

Membership

No License

No Cess/Tax

Contract farming
Contract farming is a forward agreement between farmers and buyers Agrees to buy produce from farmer @predetermined price. Usually provides inputs (Seeds, fertilizers, pesticides), technology and production practices so that final produce meets his desired quality. Agrees to grow and supply the produce to the buyer @ predetermined quality, quantity and prices.

buyer

farmer

Contract farming is prevalent only in those states, where the APMC acts are favorable for private player e.g. Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra who adopted the model APMC Act. State Farm produce Area under contract farming (acres) Potato, 6000 Tomato, Chilli Basmati, 400 Maize Soyabean 1200 Buyer company Pepsico (for their potato chips) Mahindra Shubhlabh ITC Himalaya Healthcare Hindustan Unilever

Punjab

Karnataka Ashwagandha 700 Madhya Pradesh Wheat 15,000

Contract Farming also done for export oriented cropping of Basmati, Chilli, Gherkins and soybean.

Below APMC-Mandi market

Below the Mandi markets, there are primary assembly markets such as village-bazaar, weekly haat in tribal areas etc.
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

There is wide variation in their governance. Some states run them under Panchayati Raj institutions, some states put them under supervision of district administration. Condition of cattle markets and fish markets are even worse. Most of them do not have even basic amenities like sheds, sanitation or drinking water. Immediate reforms/upgrades necessary in all these markets.

Direct Sale / Cooperative markets

Long before the circulation of Model Act (2003), several States had promoted Farmers Market. Example

Rythu Bazar
By Andhra government in 99 to eliminate middlemen to help farmers directly sell their produce to customers Every farmer in the Rythu bazaar sells his produce as a retailer. Current scenario: Rythu Bazar in Andhra >100 villages covered >2000 farmers covered >40000 similarl direct marketing iniatives in other states: Punjab and Haryana Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Apni Mandi Kisan Mandi Uzhavar Shanthigal Shetkari bazaar

Problem: Over the years, small traders have taken over the place of farmers in many of these markets= again problem of middlemen and commission agents. In South Korea, with direct marketing of agricultural products= middlemen were removed and as a result: consumer prices declined by upto 30% farmers income rose by upto 20%

Virtual Markets
Example of such virtual markets= Future exchange, Spot Exchange, Warehouse Receipt System and Web Marketing. In India, the Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) and the National Commodity Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) are the two biggest players in the agro-futures market. Setup an e-mandi (online wholesale market). Farmer will first deposit his produce to a NCDEX nominated warehouse, gets receipt. This receipt can be traded by the participant on the emandi across the country. Working on similar project like above, with help of Yes bank. MCX online portal for commodity trading also available in regional languages to help non-English speaking farmers.
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

NCDEX

MCX

an allied topic is negotiable warehouse receipts, but well see it in the next article under finance-taxation-FDI-exports.

ITC e-Choupal
In 2001, ITC (India Tobacco Company Limited) started small internet kiosks at the village level. Provides following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. direct procurement framework Real time market information related to prices Availability of inputs: seeds / fertilizers, their prices scientific farm practices weather, monsoon data Dispute resolution between the company and the farmers. more than 4 million 40,000 6000

Coverage farmers villages kiosks

Thanks to ITCs e-Choupal, farmers income increased by 10-15% (compared to earlier when they relied on middlemen @mandi) Anyways well see more about these intermediate market, supply chains in individual articles for fruit-veggies etc. Now moving to the next law topic

Single Food Regulator

USA UK Single regulator: Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Food standard agency (FSA) is the single authority for formulating all food laws. Australia and New Zealand have a common single regulator known as Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) Totally awesome: just check the list of overlapping and outdated laws 1. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 (PFA) 2. Essential Commodities Act 1955 (ECA) 3. Vegetable oils, De-oiled meal and edible flour control order, 1967 ( VPO) 4. Fruit Product Order, 1955 (FPO) 5. Meat Food Products Order, 1973 (MFPO), 6. Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992 (MMPO) 7. Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act 1937 8. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1986 9. Standards and Weights Measure Act, 1976 10. Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963

Aus+NZ

India

In 2006, After sleeping for decades, Government enacted Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Act to provide for a single food law regulator, and repealed those outdated acts. But until then, for so many years, those old laws did not allow Indian food processing industry to grow. How?

Problem with overlapping laws

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

1. Many ministries deal with food laws = multiple bodies which set food standards = ambiguity, confusion for consumers, traders and manufacturers. 2. Very few standards developed for raw agricultural produce. 3. They dealt only with physical parameters of size, colour and farm impurities. But not on microbiological and toxicological characteristics (which are necessary for export to US/EU). 4. Food laws are often inconsistent and contradicting each other. e.g. Emulsifiers and Stabilisers are permitted for use in Jams, Marmalade & Fruit Chutney under PFA but not under FPO. 5. In many cases, where one standard is more stringent than the other. Then food-entrepreneur would adopt the more stringent standard in order to prevent potential penalization and bribe harassment by food inspectors. For example, FPO allows use of artificial sweeteners in certain fruit products whereas PFA does not. Hence, the industry avoids using artificial sweeteners altogether.

FSSAI Act 2006: Features

Established a statutory body The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) @Delhi Under the Administrative control of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Repealed various outdated central Acts viz. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) Various Orders by Central Ministries e.g. Fruit Product Order (FPO), Meat Food Products Order. Milk and Milk Products Order, Vegetable oil, Edible flour Order etc. FASSAI made responsible for: Scientific Food standards: frame them, enforce them Regulate the manufacture, import, processing, distribution, and sale of food. Make Guidelines for accreditation of food laboratories, food safety management bodies. International technical standards for food, sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards (SPS) Scientific advice and technical support to Central Government and State Governments food safety and nutrition related policies and rules. Collect Data on food consumption, food contamination, biological risk etc. Create information network across the country to connect public, consumers, Panchayats etc. Provide them rapid, reliable and objective information about food safety Rapid alert system for food contamination and biological risk Promote general awareness about food safety and food standards. Training to people involved in food business

Guidelines

Advisory

Survey

Networking

HRD

In the next article, we see the finance-taxation-FDI-export matters related to food processing industry. Then well dig into Supply chain management, upstream-downstream requirements for individual sectors: dairy, confectionary, fruit-veggies meat-fish, etc. Previous Posts
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

ITT Tech - Official Site

www.ITT-Tech.edu Tech-Oriented Degree Programs. Education for the Future.

[Agro/Food Processing] Export, Dumping, FDI, Finance, Taxation, Budget Provisions, CODEX, NWR, BRGF, RKVY [Food Processing] Mega Food parks, Agri-Export Zones(AEZ), Cold Chains and truckload of government schemes [Food Processing] Introduction, Scope, Significance, Awesomeness (hardly), Obstacles (truckload of)

for GS Mains [Economic Survey Ch13] Human Development (Part 4 of 4): Physically Disabled, Elderly, Nomadic, Denotified Tribes, Drug junkies and Beggars [Economic Survey Ch13] Human Development (Part 3 of 4): Women and Child Development, Saksham, Priyadarshini, Dhanlaxmi & yes ofcourse SABLA [Economic Survey Ch13] Human Development (Part 2 of 4): SC, ST, OBC, Minorities: welfare schemes, 12th FYP targets [Economic Survey Ch13] Human Development (Part 1 of 4): HDI-2012, HDR2013, Poverty lines, Aajeevika, Tendulkar, Sreesanth, Saxena, Sengupta [Economic Survey Ch12] Sustainable Development, Climate Change (Part 3 of 3): PAT, RPO, REC, Cap-n-trade [Economic Survey Ch12] Sustainable Development, Climate Change (Part 2 of 3): SVA-GRIHA, Bachat Lamp Yojana, SEEP [Economic Survey Ch12] Sustainable Development, Climate Change (Part 1 of 3)
Subscribe Print || PDF 32 comments to [Food Processing] (free!) (Need Chrome)! Nuisance of APMC Acts, Commission Agents; Marketing of agricultural produce: issues and constrains for GS Mains

preeti rai
Reply to this comment cool sirthanxxxxxx a ton

sameer
Reply to this comment thank you sir this was perhaps the most needed issue for us aspirants. thanks a lot

Bittu
Reply to this comment Mrunal can you please enlist the topics you are planning to post before mains 2013.

raka
Reply to this comment +1

ashish
Reply to this comment +1

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

himanshu singh
Reply to this comment +1

Anand
Reply to this comment +1

Aditya
Reply to this comment +1

Pirai
Reply to this comment +1

divyasri
Reply to this comment thank u sir

Srinu
Reply to this comment Very Good analysis.. Thanks

Uday Kumar Jha

Reply to this comment Thanks a lot!

urken
Reply to this comment thanks you vry much,this very article you post so helpful to us thanks you sir once again am great fan of you, i my life one want meet to, even todays world people like also present who willing to help the needy one.

Sheelbhadra
Reply to this comment Photo of Jeevan is absolutely hilarious. Icing on the top of this already wonderful write up.

haseeb
Reply to this comment Thanks a lot Mrunal for wonderful notes. Please continue your god work..

Girish
Reply to this comment Brilliant man. Keep it up.

himanshu singh
Reply to this comment back with a bang MRUNAL you beauty..
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

shiva
Reply to this comment plz post geography remaining parts (factors favouring location of industries)

sushma
Reply to this comment thank you mrunal ji.. we r expecting more articles 4m u sir..

subhash
Reply to this comment thank u

Anand
Reply to this comment Thank you sir.

ASHISH KUMAR SINGH

Reply to this comment IT IS THE BIGGEST HELP ANYONE CAN DO FOR WHO TRYING THEIR BEST. THANK YOU..

vishal kumar
Reply to this comment thanks sir:)

VK
Reply to this comment thanx sir.the content of the article itself shows that why u took lot of time to write up..great

Rahul Singh
Reply to this comment Can any1 let me know abt how t reach Faridabad sector 16 at JLJ Academy for the RBI Grade B Officer exam ???? My exam is on 24 August.. Plz help

dileep
Reply to this comment mrunal ji thanks aa lottruely this is great efforts

krishnam naidu
Reply to this comment awesome man keep it up

fan
Reply to this comment cannot thank you enough Mrunal ..brilliant article lolz in the comparison between the acts kept me laughing !

VIKAS GARG
Reply to this comment pls upload the question papers of INSURANCE EXAM to be held on 8 sept. 2013
converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

shabeer
Reply to this comment awesome article mrunalji keep it up. plz post an article regarding agricultural subsidies WTO Box supports, NBS schemes etc. it will be a great help.

aditya
Reply to this comment thanx a lot sir

sameer
Reply to this comment plz, can anyone tell that all the attachments of xerox like LC, marksheets and caste certificate etc.. with mains form to be posted to UPSC should have attestation from a class 1 gazzeted officer or any other local officer will do.

Leave a Reply
Name (required) Email (will not be published) (required)

Post Comment Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email.

converted by Web2PDFConvert.com