Read the following article on Paper Recycling and answer the questions that follow. PAPER RECYCLING I.

PAPER is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 per cent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industrys use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

II.

There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

III.

Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down to its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various types of machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

IV.

Most paper product must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is downcycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice, but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

(554 words)

(Adapted from: Jakeman&MCDowell (1996).General Training Module, Cambridge Practice Tests for IELTS, UK: CUP.)

Section A (15 marks) [Time suggested: 20 minutes] Question 1-5 Read the article about Paper Recycling and answer the following questions. Each question in this section consists of four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and blacken the answer in the answer sheet provided. 1. What is the implication of newly developed recycling technologies on the paper recycling industry in coming years? A. B. C. D. enhances the usage of recycled fibres virgin fibre will be more popular utilization of used fibre will decrease recycled fibres will not be used

2. Which of the following are common sources of paper for recycling? I II III IV A. B. C. D. factories offices households computer output I and II I and III I, II and III I, II, III and IV

This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting.

3. Based on the excerpt above, the word stock refers to A. B. C. D. printed waste paper particular kind of recycled fibre machinery used to remove other materials mixture of water and individual fibres of material

4. Recycling paper is beneficial while producing virgin pulp because it saves resources below EXCEPT A. B. C. D. energy labour capital fossil fuel

5. The following is the procedure of paper recycling. Rearrange the statements according to the correct sequence. Sort the paper according to its type. Collect used papers from various soruces. Sorted paper need to be repulped. Refined or treated to make the paper bond together. A. B. C. D. I, II, III, IV II, I, IV, III II, I, III, IV III, I, IV, II I II III IV

Question 6-15are based on the following extract. Read the following extract and choose the best answer.

There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form (11) ____________ books and permanent records, photographic paper (12) ____________ paper which is badly contaminated. The (13) ____________ most common sources of paper for (14) ____________ are factories and retail stores which gather (15) ____________ amounts of packaging material in which goods (16) ____________ delivered, also offices which have (17) ____________ business documents and computer output, (18) ____________ converters and printers and lastly households which discard (19) ____________ and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays (20) ____________ price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost. 6. A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D by of in at and or for but two three four five reducing reusing renewing recycling small minute little large 11. A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C are is were was new unwanted important valuable money plastic paper water newspaper plastic glass polystyrene the an a

7.

12.

8.

13.

9.

14.

10.

15.

Section B (5 marks) [Time suggested: 10 minutes] Question 16-20 Based on the passage on Paper Recycling, read each statement carefully and decide if it is true or false. Circle T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.

No. 16

Statement Government promote waste paper collection and sorting schemes.

True/ False

T/F

17

There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. The sorted paper then must not be repulped or mixed with water and broken down to its individual fibres

T/F

18

T/F

19 T/F

20

The recycling process does not creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely

T/F

Section C (10 marks) [Time suggested: 15 minutes] Question 21-30

By using the information from the passage on Paper Recycling, complete the graphic organizer below.

Section D (15 marks) [Time suggested: 30 minutes] Question 31 Based on the passage on Paper Recycling, write a summary on the process of recycling paper advantages and disadvantages of paper recycling

Credit will be given for use of own words but care must be taken not to change the original meaning. Your summary must: be in continuous writing form ( not in note form) use information from line 22-44 not be longer than 130 words, including the 10 words given below

Begin your summary as follows: The collected papers for recycling are first to be sorted [15 marks] . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

KERTAS SOALAN TAMAT

8

END OF QUESTION PAPER

For examiners use Examiner code Section A B C D Total 15 5 10 15 45 Marks