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Received: Dec 28, 2009 Received after modification and corrections: June 12, 2010 Accepted: Oct 7, 2010 Ref: Mahes ari, !"# $ %nanasundaram, " Ro&e of 'ip prints in (ersona& )dentification and crimina&i*ation+ Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology ,seria& on&ine-, 2011. /o&+ 12, "o+ 1 0Januar1 2 June 20113: ,a4out 21 p-+ Available from: http:55 +ani&a66ra a&+com5i75vo&80128no80015papers5paper009+htm&+ Publis hed : Januar1 1, 2011, 0Accessed: April 14, 2014) :mai& the correspondin6 author Dr+ !+"+ #ma Mahes ari 41 c⁣in6 here

!+"+ #ma Mahes ari 0<&ic; to en&ar6e3

Role of Lip prints in Personal Identification and criminalization

by !+"+ #ma Mahes ari1 $ "+ 2 %nanasundaram 1+ Assistant (rofessor, 2+ (rofessor $ =ead Department of Ora& Medicine and Radio&o61, >aveetha Denta& <o&&e6e and =ospita&s, <hennai, )ndia

Abstract
Li rints are the normal lines and fissures in the form of wrin!les and grooves

resent in the "one of transition of human li # between the inner labial mucosa and outer s!in$ %asuo Tsuchihashi &'()*+ resented a standardi"ed classification of his own# for different ty es of li rint$ ,e has classified li rints$ rints into five ty es# which

forms the basis of categori"ing li

-ee ing the above classification as a basis# the resent study was conducted to identify whether there are any other ty es of li rints a art from these five ty es or

to identify any subty es available within these five ty es$ Among the out atients and their accom anying ersons who attended the .e artment of /ral Medicine and 0adiology# 1aveetha .ental 2ollege# 2hennai# )34 &5*6 males and *47 females+ individuals were selected for the resent li rint analysis study$ rints be

From the resent study it can be concluded that there are no new ty es of li identified# but there are subty es resent in Ty e II and Ty e 8 li serve as an im ortant tool in forensic dentistry for criminal investigation$

rints which can

ersonal identification and

Keywords

Li

rints# Forensic /dontology# Personal Identification# 2heilosco y

Introduction

)n the ear&1 1990s 'e Mo1ne >n1der

a forensic e?pert from <a&ifornia introduced a

concept that uti&i*ed the rin;&es and 6rooves of the &ips as a method of identification+ Man1 researchers o4served these in 19@0s and 70s+ :?terna& surface of the &ip has man1 e&evations and depressions formin6 a characteristic pattern ca&&ed &ip prints, e?amination of hich is referred to as <hei&oscop1+ !his is uniAue for individua&s &i;e the fin6er prints+ !he 4io&o6ica& phenomenon of s1stems of furro s on the red part of the human &ips as first noted and descri4ed 41 anthropo&o6ist Bischer 2+ =o ever ithout

unti& 19C0, anthropo&o61 mere&1 mentioned the e?istence of furro s

su66estin6 a practica& use for the phenomena+ :dmond 'ocard C as one of the BranceDs 6reatest crimino&o6ists ho first recommended the use of &ip prints in

persona& identification and crimina&i*ation+ >u*u;i and !suchihashiE made some other important o4servations too+ !he1 e?amined 18 pairs of uni2ovu&ar t ins and found that there ere considera4&e simi&arities in

these t ins+ Fut one of the remar;a4&e curiosities of nature is that even uni2ovu&ar t ins have different fin6erprint patterns+ /ahan a&a and (are;h 9 have conducted a stud1 of &ip patterns of 90 ma&e and 90 fema&es su47ects in the a6e 6roup of 19221 1ears to promote the importance of chei&oscop1 in forensic science identification+ !he

aim and o47ectives of the stud1

ere to confirm the permanence of &ip pattern of the hether an1 pecu&iar pattern e?ist

same individua& over a period of time, to eva&uate

in re&ation to se? of an individua& and a&so to discover the most common patterns in the )ndian popu&ation+ !he &ip prints ere recorded usin6 &ipstic; and paper ith

centra& portion da44ed first and then pressin6 it uniform&1 on 4oth the corners of the &ips and then studied ith ma6nif1in6 &ens+ Bour2month fo&&o up of the &ip print as

done to confirm the un2chan6ea4i&it1 of the &ip pattern+ !he inference of the stud1 is that &ip prints are uniAue and that G2shaped and end2to2end pattern is freAuent&1 seen in the first Auadrant+ !he stud1 has attempted to differentiate the &ip pattern 4et een the se?es 41 conc&udin6 that !1pe2) is dominant in fema&es in Crd and Eth Auadrants and that !1pe2)) is common in ma&es in 2nd Auadrant and not seen in upper &ip+ !he stud1 a&so revea&ed that 92H individua&s had at &east same pattern in t o Auadrants, eAua&&1 distri4uted in 4oth ma&es and fema&es+ )ndividua&s ith a&& Auadrants havin6

different patterns ere common in ma&es and, in fema&es same pattern in a&& Auadrants ere common&1 seen+ =irth et a&@ had conducted a stud1 in 900 persons, inc&udin6 7@ fami&ies chi&dren, 22 mono and 17 di*16ote t ins+ 'ip prints ith 1CC

ere recorded for the stud1 of

varia4i&it1 and 6enetica& 4asis of rid6e pattern in the re6ion of mucous mem4rane &ips+ )t as o4served that 4ranched pattern is more freAuent&1 present in the upper &ip and ere common&1 seen+ )t as a&so reported that C0H of the

simp&e pattern in &o er &ip

&ip prints sho ed

hir&in6 fi6ures at the upper &ip, name&1 simp&e and median and in ere o4served+ )nvesti6ations durin6 severa&

the &o er &ip dou4&e and para2median

months sho ed sta4i&it1 a6ainst environmenta& factors+ App&ications of chei&oscop1 to 6enetica& investi6ation are reported 4ased on the resu&ts of t ins and fami&ies+ !he present stud1 has 4een aimed to stud1 in depth of the &ip prints of different individua&s in different parts of the &ips to esta4&ish further facts and truth and thro more &i6hts on &ip print ith an o47ect of providin6 further information a4out &ip print

to po&ice, denta& sur6eon and investi6ator in the fie&d of forensic dentistr1, to he&p in &a and 7ustice+

Aim and objectives

Fi ures ! and "# $ifferent %ypes &f Lip Prints# '(lic) each picture to enlar e*

1+ !o find out here there is different t1pes of &ip prints in different parts of the &ip+ 2+ !o find out hich t1pe of &ip print is commonest in each compartment of upper and &o er &ip+ C+ !o find out hich t1pe of &ip print is commonest amon6 the ma&e or fema&e+ E+ !o esta4&ish that there is no simi&arit1 of &ip print 4et een the parents and their t ins or trip&ets+ 9+ !o identif1 the &ip prints in non24io&o6ica& materia&s+

Materials and Methods

!his stud1 consists of 790 random&1 se&ected su47ects from the outpatients and their accompan1in6 persons ho attended the Department of Ora& Medicine and hich CE8 ere ma&e ith

Radio&o61, >aveetha Denta& <o&&e6e, <hennai, )ndia ,in a6e ran6in6 from C to 70 1ears, the remainin6 E02

ere fema&es

ith a6e ran6in6

from C to @9 1ears +<arefu& e?amination as conducted durin6 se&ection of su47ects to e&iminate those individua&s conditions of &ip+ >u47ects individua&s ho had norma& structure and function of &ips a&one ere se&ected+ !hese hether the1 ho had deve&opmenta&, morpho&o6ica& and patho&o6ica&

ere su47ected to thorou6h medica& e?amination to confirm

are free from an1 s1stemic diseases+ !he su47ects ere divided into @ 6roups as 0210 1rs, 11220 1rs, 212C0 1rs, C12E0 1rs, ere further c&assified

E1290 1rs, 91 and a4ove+ )n each a6e 6roup, the individua&s into Ma&es and fema&es+

)n the present stud1, the c&assification formu&ated 41 Gasuo !suchihashi 0197E37 is ta;en as standard+ !he c&assification is as fo&&o s+ 0Bi6 21,23 !G(: ) : <&ear cut 6rooves runnin6 vertica&&1 across the &ip+ !G(: )D : !he 6rooves are strai6ht 4ut disappear ha&f entire 4readth of &ip+ a1 instead of coverin6 the

!G(: )) : %rooves for; in their course+ !G(: ))) : %rooves intersect+ !G(: )/ : %rooves are reticu&ate+ !G(: / : %rooves do not fa&& into an1 !1pe of )2)/ and cannot 4e differentiated morpho&o6ica&&1+ )n the present stud1 on&1 minimum num4er of !1pe )D su47ects ere mer6ed ith !1pe )+ A pi&ot stud1 as conducted ith t ent1 I five individua&s to standardi*e the method ere found and the1

of co&&ection of &ip print from the su47ects usin6 tracin6 paper, simi&ar print studies ere conducted for recordin6 the &ip prints in drin;in6 6&ass and stain&ess stee& tum4&er to standardi*e the method of co&&ection of &ip prints from the su47ects+ Recordin6 of &ip print as made 4oth in the upper and &o er &ip+ )n the present stud1,

the 4oth upper and &o er &ip is divided in t o ha&ves, ri6ht and &eft+ !he ri6ht ha&f is divided into three compartments, name&1 as ri6ht centra&, midd&e and &atera& compartments+ 'eft ha&f is divided into three compartments name&1, &eft centra&, midd&e and &atera& compartments+ !he t1pe of &ip print as recorded in each

compartment of upper and &o er &ip for comparison and fina&i*ation+ Ji&&iams

0199138 studied the &ip prints

hich

ere recorded usin6 &ipstic; or &ip rou6e or

havin6 the su47ect compress their &ips+ )n our stud1, the &ips of each individua& so&ution and the &ips ere dried ere c&eaned ith 6au*e soa;ed ith sa&ine as

ith steri&e cotton+ Fro n co&ored &ipstic;

app&ied 6ent&1 in the entire area of upper and &o er &ips, coverin6 the entire *one of transition+ A c&ean hite co&ored tracin6 paper as prepared in a rectan6u&ar fashion ith the tracin6 paper, 6ent&e

measurin6 9 cm ? @ cm and the &ips pressure as app&ied and the &ip print

ere covered

as traced in norma& rest position of the &ips+ as removed+ After removin6 the paper,

!he paper is p&aced for a minute and then it di&uted 20H h1dro6en pero?ide

as app&ied over the &ips to remove the stains of &ip

and as c&eaned ith arm ater+ !he tracin6 paper ith &ip print as dried and then the tracin6 paper ith &ip print, as e?amined ith ma6nif1in6 6&ass for recordin6 the t1pe of &ip print in each compartment of &ip+ Kaspr*a; 0200039 in his stud1 of chei&oscop1 had conducted a microscopic e?amination of &ip prints co&&ected from 1900 individua&s+ =e had stated that &ip traces can on&1 4e revea&ed at the point of direct ph1sica& contact of the perpetrators &ip ith an o47ect at the scene of a crime &i;e on the surface of the indo s, paintin6s, doors,

p&astic 4a6s and ci6arettes ends+ 'ip prints from these surfaces can 4e found and recovered usin6 fin6er print po ders+

!o identif1 the &ip prints in non24io&o6ica& materia&s, in the present stud1, recordin6 the &ip print in drin;in6 6&asses ere made+ ! o individua&s ere 6iven aerated drin;

in 6&ass and stain&ess stee& tum4&ers for drin;in6 respective&1+ !he 6&ass and tum4&er ere ta;en and the fin6er print po der print as spra1ed over the &ip print area+ !he &ip ith the &ip print+

as visi4&e after the spra1 and contact of fin6er print po der

!he &ip prints in 6&ass and the stain&ess stee& tum4&ers photo6raphic print

ere photo6raphed and the as traced usin6 hich ere

as prepared for further ana&1ses+ !he &ip print

the tracin6 paper method for 4oth the individua&s+ Bina&&1 the &ip prints photo6raphed and the &ip prints ere compared+ !he &ip print 0Bi62C3 hich

ere co&&ected usin6 the tracin6 paper method

as ana&1*ed macroscopica&&1 usin6 ma6nif1in6 6&ass+

fi +, Lip Prints In $rin)in -lass %umblers. fi /, $ifferent 0arieties &f %ype 0 Lip Prints# '(lic) each picture to enlar e*

Results
)t as o4served that each &ip, either upper or &o er have different t1pes of &ip prints in different parts of the &ips+ !he !1pe ), )), ))), and )/ are c&ear&1 demarcated in the present stud1, hereas the !1pe /, hich as descri4ed as other than four !1pes 41

Gasuo !suchihashi 0197E37 6roup ere recorded

as studied in depth and different varieties in the fifth

)n the present stud1 !1pe / &ip prints ere ana&1*ed and it as found that !1pe / has the fo&&o in6 appearances 0 Bi62E3

1+ <ircu&ar shaped area ith minute dots+ 2+ Ova& shaped area ith hori*onta& &ines+ C+ >ma&& &eaf &i;e structure ith a centra& &ine from hich 4ranchin6 &ines are seen+ )n our o4servation !1pe )) descri4ed 41 Gasuo !suchihashi 7 the vertica& &ine ith for; ere seen, 4ut there are variations in our stud1+ Gasuo !suchihashi has descri4ed !1pe )) &ip print ith vertica& &ine, 4ifurcation to ards up ard in upper &ip and ith for;

to ards do n ard in &o er &ip+ )n our stud1, vertica& &ine in upper &ip up ard and do n ard, vertica& &ine in &o er &ip

ith for; up ard and do n ard,

hori*onta& and an6u&ar &ine ith for; ere a&so studied+ 0Bi629 3 )n the present stud1, amon6 ma&es it is recorded that the ma?imum num4er of individua&s have !1pe )) &ip prints 0C1+@1H3 and the minimum num4er of individua&s have !1pe )/ &ip print 00+97H3+ )t is recorded that amon6 fema&es ma?imum num4er of individua&s has !1pe )) &ip prints 0EC+79H3 and minimum of individua&s have !1pe )/ 00+99H3+ !suchihashi7 in her stud1 of &ip prints at re6u&ar month&1 interva&s for a period of C 1ears for C ma&es and E fema&es ,conc&uded that the &ip prints remains unchan6ed throu6hout &ife+

!he appearance of &ip prints

as o4served amon6 ten individua&s, si? ma&es and four as

fema&es in ever1 three months for a period of one 1ear+ )n our o4servation, it found that there

as no chan6e either in si*e or in shape of the &ip print in three

different periods+ !hus the present stud1 has esta4&ished the fact that a&terations of &ip print durin6 the &ife time does not occur and the &ip print present at the end of fu&&1 matured &ip, remains as it is throu6hout &ife+ 0Bi62@3 )n overa&& resu&ts and o4servations of this stud1, it can 4e recorded+ 1+ 'ip print is found uniAue for each individua&+ "o t o individua&s or 6roup of individua&s have simi&ar &ip print+ 2+ "o chan6es in &ip print in different periods+ C+ "o chan6es of &ip print in different a6e 6roup+ E+ "o fami&ia& or 6enetic simi&arities of &ip print 4et een parents and chi&dren+ 9+ "o simi&arit1 of &ip print 4et een parents and t ins or 4et een t ins+ @+ "o simi&arit1 of &ip prints 4et een parents and trip&ets and amon6 trip&ets+ 7+ "o pecu&iarit1 of &ip print as esta4&ished in ma&es and fema&es+ 8+ 'ip prints appear different in different compartments of &ips+

9+ 'ip prints traced from non24io&o6ica& materia&s matches individua&s ho used these non24io&o6ica& materia&s+

ith the &ip print of the

$iscussion
)n this stud1 it is o4served that the ma?imum num4er of ma&e su47ects have !1pe )) &ip prints 0C1+@1H3 and the minimum num4er of su47ects have !1pe )/ &ip prints 00+97H3+ )t is o4served that the ma?imum num4er of fema&e su47ects have !1pe )) &ip prints 0EC+79H3 and the minimum num4er of su47ects are havin6 !1pe )/ &ip prints 00+99H3 0Bi6273+ =o ever, this stud1 revea&s that !1pe ))) ma1 not 4e commonest in 4oth ma&es and fema&es as it as reported 41 !suchihashi+ 7 )t as a&so o4served that no t o persons had simi&ar &ip prints, either the same t1pe or different t1pes+ )t as further noticed that not even a sin6&e person had one particu&ar

t1pe of &ip print in the upper &ip or &o er or in 4oth+ !hus the statement of !suchihashi7 is true and can 4e 7ustified in statin6 that each of the 790 su47ects has his o n or her o n &ip print+ )n the present stud1, ana&1sis of &ip print 4et een t ins and their parents and 4et een the t ins themse&ves t ins ere studied, the o4servation is that neither the t ins, nor the

ith their parents have simi&arit1 of &ip print+ !his o4servation of the present

stud1 is in contradiction to the stud1 made 41 !suchihashi E+ )n her stud1, t ins freAuent&1 sho ed patterns e?treme&1 simi&ar to those of their parents+ At the same

Fi 1, $ifferent 0arieties &f %ype II Lip Prints. Fi 2, Lip Prints at $ifferent Periods# '(lic) each picture to enlar e*

time the present stud1 a6rees

ith the stud1 of MacDone&& C ho descri4ed t o

identica& t ins ho seemed to 4e indistin6uisha4&e 41 ever1 other means 4ut &ip prints in these t ins differed+ !he present stud1 for the first time made a stud1 ith the fami&1 ith trip&ets, such

studies are not so far not found in the &iterature surve1+ )t is proved that there is no simi&arit1 of &ip print amon6 the trip&ets and ith that of their parents a&so+ =ence the

&ip print cannot 4e used for the identification in comparin6 the fami&ia& identification+

)t sho s that &ip print cannot 4e used as a 6enetic mar;er to compare in persona& identification in forensic dentistr1+

ith the parents

!he stud1 proved that the structure of the &ip print area does not under6o an1 chan6es as a6e advances, thou6h the1 have ph1sio&o6ica& function of ce&& e?fo&iation+ As to the permanence of the &ip print the present stud1 a6rees ith that of the stud1 carried out

41 !suchihashi10 and his statement Lin a crimina& search, here the unchan6ed pattern even for a @ months period ou&d 4e he&pfu&M is 7ustified+ Fa&& 11 had reported the

histor1 of &ip prints and importance of its evidence in the courts and the status of &ip prints as a source of Borensic evidence+ >he had a&so stated that &atent &ip prints ou&d 4e avai&a4&e at a&& crime scenes as the vermi&ion 4orders of &ips have minor sa&ivar1 6&ands and se4aceous 6&ands ith the &atter 4ein6 principa&&1 present around the ed6es of the &ip associated ith hair fo&&ic&es, s eat 6&ands in 4et een and secretin6 oi&s+ )t

is these secretions and continua& moisturi*in6 41 the ton6ue due to occasiona& se4aceous 6&ands present on the &ip to a&veo&ar mucosa, crossin6 the transitiona& *one, there are chances for the presence of the &atent &ip prints on items such as 6&asses+ !hrou6h the research carried out 41 (etersen 12 it as evident that &ip prints at crime

scenes are rare&1 mentioned simp&1 due to the fact most investi6ators or crime scene e?aminers do not &oo; for them+ On the numerous occasions hen a smear or a

smud6e is discovered, most crime scene personne& disre6ard it as 4ein6 a fin6erprint that is unidentifia4&e+ )t is important to note thou6h, &ip prints &eft at scenes of a crime

are more preva&ent than one thin;s+ Artic&es such as drin;in6 6&asses, &etters, ci6arette 4utts, c&othin6, nap;ins and even s;in ma1 possess &ip prints that cou&d eventua&&1 &ead to the identit1 of a suspect, victim or a itness of a crime+ )n the present stud1 the recordin6 of &ip prints in nonI4io&o6ica& materia&s name&1 in drin;in6 6&asses ere

carried out and the comparison of photo6raphs of the &ip prints ta;en from the 6&asses and the &ip prints co&&ected usin6 the tracin6 method are found to 4e the same for the same persons under stud1+ )t revea&s that the methodo&o61 of tracin6 &ip print in 6&ass and stain&ess stee& tum4&ers usin6 fin6er print po der is 7ustified+

(onclusion
Recordin6 of teeth and restorations as anti mortem records ma1 &ead to difficu&t1 in comparin6 the anti mortem records and post mortem records in cases of &oss of teeth and destruction of restorations+ Apart from the teeth and restorations, soft tissues of ora& cavit1 ma1 he&p for persona& identification+ Anatomica& structures &i;e (a&atine Ru6ae and &ip prints, remain constant&1 and this can 4e inc&uded in the anti mortem records and can 4e recorded and used as evidence in persona& identification and crimina&i*ation+

References
1+ >1nder 'M+ !e?t4oo; of =omicide investi6ation+ )dentification of dead 4odies+ >prin6fie&d : <har&es < !homas. 1990. @9+

2+ Kaspra*a; J+ (ossi4i&ities of chei&oscop1+ Borensic >ci )nt+ 1990. E@: 1E92191+ C+ A66ra a& A+ !he importance of &ip prints +Je4 M1ster1 Ma6a*ine+ 200E. 11023: http:55&ife&oom+com55))2A66ra a&+htm+ /isited 920122009+ E+ >u*u;i K and !suchihashi G+ (ersona& identification 41 means of &ip print+ J Borensic Med+ 1970. 17023: 92297+ 9+ /ahan aha& >( and (are;h DK+ >tud1 of &ip prints as an aid to forensic methodo&o61+ J )nd Dent Assoc+ 2000. 71: 2@92271+ @+ =irth ', %ottsche =, %oedde =J+ 'ip prints 2 varia4i&it1 and 6enetics+ =uman %eneti;+ 1979 Oct 20.C0013:E72@2 7+ !suchihashi G+ >tudies on persona& identification 41 means of &ip print+ Borensic >ci )nt+ 197E. C: 2CC22E8+ 8+ Ji&&iams !R+ 'ip prints 2 Another means of identification+ J Borensic )ndent+ 1991. E10C3: 190219E+ 9+ Kaspra*a; J+ <hei&oscop1+ :nc1&opedia of Borensic >cience+ #K : :&seiver. 2000. C982C@1+ 10+ >u*u;i K+ and !suchihashi G+ ! o crimina& cases of &ip print+ A<!A <rimino&+ Japan+ 1979. E1: @12@E+

11+ Fa&& J+ !he current status of &ip prints and their use for identification+ J Borensic Odontostomato&+ 2002. 20023: EC2E@+ 12+ (etersen '<+ 'ip prints+ Ani& A66ra a&Ds )nternet J Borensic Med and !o?ico&+ 2009. 10013: http:55 0122010+ N<orrespondin6 author and reAuests for c&arifications and further detai&s: !+"+#ma Mahes ari, 9a517 >u4ra1an >treet Avvai "a6ar <hoo&aimedu <hennai2@0009E Mo4i&e: 98E0998CC9 GouOve 4een on Dr+ !+"+ #ma Mahes ari $ "+ %nanasundaramOs paper for
00:00:00

+6eradts+com5ani&5i75vo&80108no80015main+htm&+ /isited 072

seconds+

9$:$ It is essential to read this ;ournal < and es ecially this a er as it contains several tables and high resolution gra hics < under a screen resolution of '=44 x '744 d i or more# and referably on a ')> or bigger monitor$ If the resolution is less than this# you may see bro!en or overla ing tables?gra hics# gra hics overlying text or other anomalies$ It is strongly advised to switch over to this resolution to read this ;ournal < and es ecially this a er$ These ages are viewed best in 9etsca e 9avigator *$) and above$ <Anil Aggrawal <&ic; here to contact us+ !his pa6e has 4een constructed and maintained 41 Dr+ Ani& A66ra a&, (rofessor of Borensic Medicine, at the Mau&ana A*ad Medica& <o&&e6e, "e De&hi2110002+ Gou ma1 ant to 6ive me the feed4ac; to ma;e this pa6es 4etter+ (&ease 4e ;ind enou6h to rite 1our comments in the 6uest4oo; maintained a4ove+ !hese comments ou&d he&p me ma;e these pa6es 4etter+

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