WOOT!

A Festival, painted by a German visitor to Georgia

A Festival, painted by a German visitor to Georgia A German visitor to Georgia painted this watercolor of a Yuchi ceremony, which he titled A Festival. The guns hanging inside the shelter were probably acquired from English traders in South Carolina. (Royal Library Copenhagen)

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Unhealthy Chesapeake
Short
Malaria,

lives for early settlers

dysentery &

Fewer

women: 6-to-1 ratio in 1650 Few children reached adulthood with both parents
Population

typhoid born did not survive their 20th birthday few lived to 50

growth came from immigrants until end th of the 17 century

Few

grandparents

Tobacco trade card, Philadelphia, 1770

Tobacco trade card, Philadelphia, 1770 This trade card (advertisement) issued by a Philadelphia tobacco dealer in 1770 shows a convivial group of wealthy men at a tavern. The leisurely activity depicted here and the advertisement itself were signs of the new rituals of consumption. Merchants began to advertise only when their customers could choose among different ways of spending money. (Library Company of Philadelphia)
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The Tobacco Economy

Tobacco

but

grows well,

Exhausts soil Creates need for new land

Labor-intensive

crop Indian slaves/workers did not work out

The Tobacco Economy

Indentured

Servants

of immigrant population

Headright

System

100 acres of land to those who paid passage Virginia & Maryland

Tobacco plantation

Tobacco plantation While a planter smokes a pipe and confers with his overseer, slaves on this Chesapeake plantation perform all of the tasks related to planting, cultivating, harvesting, sorting, packaging, and delivering the profitable tobacco. Slaves also fashioned the tools for coopering and made barrels for transporting hogsheads of "the weed." Ships in the background navigate right up to the edge of the plantation lands. (Library of Congress)
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Early Virginia
Governor

William Berkeley (16421670)

Appointed by King

Growth

House

1650 - 16,000 1660 - 40,000

in population

Berkeley influenced (i.e. controlled) the vote Landowners only could vote Conflict with Tidewater Gentry (east) and Back-Country gentry (west)

of Burgesses

Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

Nathaniel

Under

Indian

representation in House of Burgesses

Gentry in the back-country

Bacon-

Resented White encroachment No help for settlers from government in Jamestown

Berkeley

uprising in west

had a lucrative fur trade with the Indians

Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

Bacon

attacked the Indians including a peaceful tribe Burned down Jamestown End of revolt

Bacon died suddenly 22 executed for rebellion

Bacons Rebellion, 1776

Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

Significance: Social class conflict Indians v. Whites Power potential of landless masses Landowners shifted to importing African slaves
Perpetual

slavery would not require westward expansion.

African slavery, inland trade

African slavery, inland trade Slavery was widespread in Africa long before Portuguese traders started landing along the continent's western coastline. For centuries African slaves were primarily debtors, criminals, or captives of wars, and slavery was often a temporary condition. Once Europeans came, slaves were permanently removed from Africa, and almost always for lifelong slavery. Europeans who landed at the Gold Coast, or what became known as the "Slave Coast," reached farther and farther into the interior to take larger numbers of Africans into bondage. (Paris, Bibliothque Nationale de France, photo B.n.F.)
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Slavery in America
Portuguese

dominated trade at first Heavy trade in Caribbean & the southern colonies
11

Middle
Horrific

million to N & S America & the Caribbean

Royal African Co. of England had a monopoly

ship life between Africa and New World

Passage

Middle Passage

Slave ship

Slave ship This plan graphically depicts the crowded, unsanitary conditions under which enslaved Africans were packed like cargo and transported across the Atlantic. (Library of Congress)

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Growth of Slavery
Numbers:
By

1700 = 25,000 in America By 1760 = 250,000

N.

Totals:

England=16,000 Middle colonies= 29,000 South had the rest

10 million blacks taken from Africa

400,000

taken to North America Most to South America or West Indies

Growth of Slavery
Change

At first--indentured servants Early 1700s--permanent status as slaves.

an inferior race.

in status:

Justification--considered

Slave

Numbers of slave increased = harsher treatment All descents of slaves were also property (or chattels) Illegal to teach a slave to read and write

Codes:

Developing African American Culture

Population:

Families

3/4 lived on plantations of 10 or more slaves. 1/2 lived in communities of 50 or more In more populated areas-developed strong & elaborate family structures. "Gullah= Own language; Mix English and African Most slaves were field hands, some learned trades and crafts. The southern plantation was a selfcontained unit.

& Culture:

Developing African American Culture

Resistance:

12

NY slave revolt, 1712:

South Carolina, 1739:

Stono

Whites killed;21 Blacks executed

Most resistance was passive: Running away, breaking tools, faking illnesses etc.

Rebellion 50 slaves tried to get to Spanish Florida

Stono Rebellion

Plantations & Southern Society

A Tobacco Plantation

Baltimore in 1752, from a sketch by John Moale, Esq.

Baltimore in 1752, from a sketch by John Moale, Esq. Baltimore was founded in 1629 and served as a shipping center for Maryland tobacco growers. By 1752, when this view was drawn, it had begun to show signs of developing into a prosperous port city. After the American Revolution, Baltimore expanded and by the 1790s boasted a population of over twenty thousand. (Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore)
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Southeast Prospect of the City of Philadelphia by Peter Cooper

Southeast Prospect of the City of Philadelphia by Peter Cooper Founded just four decades earlier, Philadelphia was already one of British America's largest and wealthiest cities. (Library Company of Philadelphia)

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New England Culture & Family

Population:

Lifespan increased 10 years by immigrating to New England

If

Population growth
Reproduction;

survived infancy, life expectancy was up to age 70.

married young 10 children common

New England Culture & Family

Family

Came in family units Structure was more stable Invented grandparents (lifespan) Puritans had high value on family religion & economics Divorce--rare

New England Culture & Family

Women

Submissive Married women yielded property to men

Could

Midwifery One job available for women

inherit property from husband Single women could manage own estates

New England Family

Life in New England Towns

Villages "covenant--

commitment of unity & harmony Town organizations:

Town meetings - members vote Inheritance - land divided among all sons (not primogeniture)

Houses and church around "common" farmlands given outside the village

Life in New England Towns

Education
Massachusetts

1647

School of law

New

England Primer: widely used schoolbook taught lessons of social and religious duty Harvard established in 1637 = train for the ministry

Every village over 50 households required to provide an elementary Education led to a 50% literacy rate

Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham, Massachusetts

Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham, Massachusetts The meetinghouse, or church, stood at the center of every Puritan community in colonial New England. Built in 1681, the Old Ship Meeting House of Hingham, Massachusetts, was designed to resemble the hull of an upside down ship. Although the Hingham church is simple and unadorned, the placement of the pews and their assignment to local families based on their wealth, background, and social standing, makes clear that the Puritans were not radical egalitarians like the Quakers. (Peter Vanderwarker )

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Halfway Covenant
Decline of Piety Rise of denominationalism Movement westward, Rise of towns & material goods Enlightenment

Halfway Covenant,1662 Many children of "saints" had not had the "conversion experience" Compromise: Right baptism to children Not allowed to vote in church affairs Jeremiad doomsayers Orthodox Puritans felt that religious piety in New England was declining:

Salem Witch Trials

Salem,
Witch Hunt 20 residents put to death Tensions between people

Massachusetts 1692
of

differing economic status

Accused

Showed

widening social stratification Ceased when the governors wife was accused

= wealthy (propertyholding women) Accusers = subsistence farming families

Salem Witch Trials

New England Way of Life

Frugal and hard working Little ethnic mixing
Climate: Culture
Rocky

soil and strict religion

Hot summers Cold winters

Native

Americans used the land but had no concept of ownership New Englanders cleared & divided the land.

conflict about land:

An East Prospect of the City of Philadelphia, 1756

An East Prospect of the City of Philadelphia, 1756 The converging streams flowing into the Delaware River in the map constitute the Dock. The engraving at the top illustrates Philadelphia's dynamism as a port city at the time of the Seven Years War. (Library of Congress)

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New England Way of Life

Livestock:

pigs, horses, sheep & cattle Shipbuilding: Timber & Commerce Fishing (Cod) Yankee ingenuity creative &hard workers

The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van Heemskerk

The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van Heemskerk This sketch of a Quaker meeting highlights one of the most radical of Quaker practices: allowing women to speak in church. Most Protestant denominations, because of their reading of Saint Paul, enforced the rule of silence on women. But Quakers struck a blow at seventeenth-century gender notions by granting women an active ministerial role, a voice in church policy, and decision-making responsibilities on issues relating to the church and the family. (The Quaker Collection, Haverford College Library)

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Early American Settlers Way of Life

Farming--main industry Women--highly regarded Lived in comparative

abundance

Most

white immigrants-yeoman farmers Class distinctions (like in Europe) were almost nonexistent Egalitarian attitude in middle and New England colonies

Compared to Europe Land was cheap

Leislers Rebellion
Uprising

in late 1600s in colonial New York, Militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. Occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution Reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troops sent by James' successor, William III.

Leislers Rebellion