Ee101 Opamp 1

EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 1)
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Op Amps: introduction
* The Operational Amplier (Op Amp) is a versatile building block that can be used for realizing several electronic circuits.
* The Operational Amplier (Op Amp) is a versatile building block that can be used for realizing several electronic circuits. * The use of Op Amps frees the user from cumbersome details such as transistor biasing and coupling capacitors.
* The Operational Amplier (Op Amp) is a versatile building block that can be used for realizing several electronic circuits. * The use of Op Amps frees the user from cumbersome details such as transistor biasing and coupling capacitors. * The characteristics of an Op Amp are nearly ideal Op Amp circuits can be expected to perform as per theoretical design in most cases.
* The Operational Amplier (Op Amp) is a versatile building block that can be used for realizing several electronic circuits. * The use of Op Amps frees the user from cumbersome details such as transistor biasing and coupling capacitors. * The characteristics of an Op Amp are nearly ideal Op Amp circuits can be expected to perform as per theoretical design in most cases. * Ampliers built with Op Amps work with DC input voltages as well useful in sensor applications (e.g., temperature, pressure)
* The Operational Amplier (Op Amp) is a versatile building block that can be used for realizing several electronic circuits. * The use of Op Amps frees the user from cumbersome details such as transistor biasing and coupling capacitors. * The characteristics of an Op Amp are nearly ideal Op Amp circuits can be expected to perform as per theoretical design in most cases. * Ampliers built with Op Amps work with DC input voltages as well useful in sensor applications (e.g., temperature, pressure) * The user can generally carry out circuit design without a thorough knowledge of the intricate details (next slide) of an Op Amp. This makes the design process simple.
* The Operational Amplier (Op Amp) is a versatile building block that can be used for realizing several electronic circuits. * The use of Op Amps frees the user from cumbersome details such as transistor biasing and coupling capacitors. * The characteristics of an Op Amp are nearly ideal Op Amp circuits can be expected to perform as per theoretical design in most cases. * Ampliers built with Op Amps work with DC input voltages as well useful in sensor applications (e.g., temperature, pressure) * The user can generally carry out circuit design without a thorough knowledge of the intricate details (next slide) of an Op Amp. This makes the design process simple. * However, as Einstein has said, we should make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler. need to know where the ideal world ends, and the real one begins.
Op Amp 741
Actual circuit
VCC
Q8 Q12 Q9 Q15 R6 Q13 Q14
Symbol
+
R5
Q1
Q2
Q19 CC Q18 R10 Q21
R7
OUT
VCC
Q3
Q4
OUT
VEE
Q7 Q16 Q10 Q11 R4 R1 R3 R2 Q5 Q6 R9 R8 Q17 Q22 Q24 Q23 Q20
VEE
offset adjust
Op Amp: equivalent circuit
VCC Vi
OUT
Ro Vo Ri AV Vi Vi AV Vi Vo
VEE
VCC Vi
OUT
VEE
* The external resistances ( a few k) are generally much larger than Ro and much smaller than Ri we can assume Ri , Ro 0 without signicantly aecting the analysis.
VCC Vi
OUT
VEE
* The external resistances ( a few k) are generally much larger than Ro and much smaller than Ri we can assume Ri , Ro 0 without signicantly aecting the analysis. * VCC and VEE ( 5 V to 15 V ) must be supplied; an Op Amp will not work without them!
VCC Vi
OUT
VEE
* The external resistances ( a few k) are generally much larger than Ro and much smaller than Ri we can assume Ri , Ro 0 without signicantly aecting the analysis. * VCC and VEE ( 5 V to 15 V ) must be supplied; an Op Amp will not work without them! In Op Amp circuits, the supply voltages are often not shown explicitly.
VCC Vi
OUT
VEE
* The external resistances ( a few k) are generally much larger than Ro and much smaller than Ri we can assume Ri , Ro 0 without signicantly aecting the analysis. * VCC and VEE ( 5 V to 15 V ) must be supplied; an Op Amp will not work without them! In Op Amp circuits, the supply voltages are often not shown explicitly. * Parameter AV Ri Ro Ideal Op Amp 0 741 105 (100 dB) 2 M 75
VCC
OUT
Ro Vi Ri Vo AV Vi Vi Vo AV Vi
VEE
saturation 10 5
linear
saturation
Vsat
10 5 saturation
Vo (V)
0 5
Vo (V)
0 5 saturation
linear
slope = AV Vsat
0.1 0 0.1 0.2
10 0.2
10 5 0 5
Vi (mV)
Vi (V)
VCC
OUT
VEE
saturation 10 5
linear
saturation
Vsat
10 5 saturation
Vo (V)
0 5
Vo (V)
0 5 saturation
linear
slope = AV Vsat
0.1 0 0.1 0.2
10 0.2
10 5 0 5
Vi (mV)
Vi (V)
* The output voltage Vo is limited to Vsat , where Vsat 1.5 V less than VCC .
VCC
OUT
VEE
saturation 10 5
linear
saturation
Vsat
10 5 saturation
Vo (V)
0 5
Vo (V)
0 5 saturation
linear
slope = AV Vsat
0.1 0 0.1 0.2
10 0.2
10 5 0 5
Vi (mV)
Vi (V)
* The output voltage Vo is limited to Vsat , where Vsat 1.5 V less than VCC . * For Vsat < Vo < Vsat , Vi = V+ V = Vo /AV , which is very small V+ and V are virtually the same.
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
Ro Vo Ri AV Vi Vo (V)
5 0 5 10 5 0 saturation
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
- Op Amp operating in the linear region
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
- Op Amp operating in the linear region - Op Amp operating in the saturation region
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
* Whether an Op Amp in a given circuit will operate in linear or saturation region depends on
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
- input voltage magnitude
Op Amp circuits
10
Vsat
saturation
VCC Vi
OUT
linear
VEE
Vsat
5
Vi (V)
- input voltage magnitude - type of feedback (negative or positive)

(We will take a qualitative look at feedback later.)
Op Amp circuits (linear region)
10
iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

OUT 5
Vsat
saturation
Ro Vo Ri AV Vi
0 5 saturation
linear
VEE
10 5
Vsat
0 5
Vi (V)
10
iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

OUT 5
Vsat
saturation
Ro Vo Ri AV Vi
0 5 saturation
linear
VEE
10 5
Vsat
0 5
Vi (V)
In the linear region, * V+ V = Vo /AV , which is very small V+ V
10
iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

OUT 5
Vsat
saturation
Ro Vo Ri AV Vi
0 5 saturation
linear
VEE
10 5
Vsat
0 5
Vi (V)
In the linear region, * V+ V = Vo /AV , which is very small V+ V * Since Ri is typically much larger than other resistances in the circuit, we can assume Ri . iin 0
10
iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

OUT 5
Vsat
saturation
Ro Vo Ri AV Vi
0 5 saturation
linear
VEE
10 5
Vsat
0 5
Vi (V)
In the linear region, * V+ V = Vo /AV , which is very small V+ V * Since Ri is typically much larger than other resistances in the circuit, we can assume Ri . iin 0 These two golden rules enable us to understand several Op Amp circuits.
R2 Vi R1 ii Vo RL
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.)
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.) Since ii (current entering the Op Amp) is zero, i1 goes through R2 .
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.) Since ii (current entering the Op Amp) is zero, i1 goes through R2 .
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.) Since ii (current entering the Op Amp) is zero, i1 goes through R2 . Vi R2 Vo = V i1 R2 = 0 R2 = Vi . R1 R1
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.) Since ii (current entering the Op Amp) is zero, i1 goes through R2 . Vi R2 Vo = V i1 R2 = 0 R2 = Vi . R1 R1 The circuit is called an inverting amplier.
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.) Since ii (current entering the Op Amp) is zero, i1 goes through R2 . Vi R2 Vo = V i1 R2 = 0 R2 = Vi . R1 R1 The circuit is called an inverting amplier. Where does the current go?
i1 Vi R1 ii
R2 Vi Vo RL
i1 R1 ii
R2
Vo RL
Since V+ V , V 0 V i1 = (Vi 0)/R = Vi /R . (The non-inverting input is at real ground here, and the inverting input is at virtual ground.) Since ii (current entering the Op Amp) is zero, i1 goes through R2 . Vi R2 Vo = V i1 R2 = 0 R2 = Vi . R1 R1 The circuit is called an inverting amplier. Where does the current go?
Op Amp circuits: inverting amplier
Vm = 0.5 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
5 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
Vm = 0.5 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
5 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
* The gain of the inverting amplier is R2 /R1 . It is called the closed-loop gain (to distinguish it from the open-loop gain of the Op Amp which is 105 ).
Vm = 0.5 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
5 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
* The gain of the inverting amplier is R2 /R1 . It is called the closed-loop gain (to distinguish it from the open-loop gain of the Op Amp which is 105 ). * The gain can be adjusted simply by changing R1 or R2 !
Vm = 0.5 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
5 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
* The gain of the inverting amplier is R2 /R1 . It is called the closed-loop gain (to distinguish it from the open-loop gain of the Op Amp which is 105 ). * The gain can be adjusted simply by changing R1 or R2 ! * For the common-emitter amplier, on the other hand, the gain gm (RC depends on how the BJT is biased (since gm depends on IC ). RL )
Vm = 0.5 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
5 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
* The gain of the inverting amplier is R2 /R1 . It is called the closed-loop gain (to distinguish it from the open-loop gain of the Op Amp which is 105 ). * The gain can be adjusted simply by changing R1 or R2 ! * For the common-emitter amplier, on the other hand, the gain gm (RC depends on how the BJT is biased (since gm depends on IC ).
(SEQUEL le: ee101 inv amp 1.sqproj)
RL )
Vm = 2 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
15
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
15 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
Vm = 2 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
15
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
15 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
* The output voltage is limited to Vsat .
Vm = 2 V f = 1 kHz
1k
10 k
15
Vi
R1 Vo RL
Vi , Vo (Volts)
R2
Vo
0
Vi
15 0 0.5 1 t (msec) 1.5 2
* The output voltage is limited to Vsat . * Vsat is 1.5 V less than the supply voltage VCC .
10
1k
Vi , Vo (Volts)
Vm = 1 V f = 25 kHz Vi R1
10 k
Vo (expected) Vo
0
R2
Vo RL
Vi
10
20
40
60
80
t (sec)
10
1k
Vi , Vo (Volts)
10 k
Vo (expected) Vo
0
R2
Vo RL
Vi
10
20
40
60
80
t (sec)
* If the signal frequency is too high, a practical Op Amp cannot keep up with the input due to its slew rate limitation.
10
1k
Vi , Vo (Volts)
10 k
Vo (expected) Vo
0
R2
Vo RL
Vi
10
20
40
60
80
t (sec)
* If the signal frequency is too high, a practical Op Amp cannot keep up with the input due to its slew rate limitation. * The slew rate of an Op Amp is the maximum rate at which the Op Amp output can rise (or fall).
10
1k
Vi , Vo (Volts)
10 k
Vo (expected) Vo
0
R2
Vo RL
Vi
10
20
40
60
80
t (sec)
* If the signal frequency is too high, a practical Op Amp cannot keep up with the input due to its slew rate limitation. * The slew rate of an Op Amp is the maximum rate at which the Op Amp output can rise (or fall). * For the 741, the slew rate is 0.5 V /sec.
10
1k
Vi , Vo (Volts)
10 k
Vo (expected) Vo
0
R2
Vo RL
Vi
10
20
40
60
80
t (sec)
* If the signal frequency is too high, a practical Op Amp cannot keep up with the input due to its slew rate limitation. * The slew rate of an Op Amp is the maximum rate at which the Op Amp output can rise (or fall). * For the 741, the slew rate is 0.5 V /sec.
(SEQUEL le: ee101 inv amp 2.sqproj)
R2 Vi R1 Vo RL Vi R1
R2
Vo RL
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
What if the + (non-inverting) and (inverting) inputs of the Op Amp are interchanged?
R2
Vo RL
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
What if the + (non-inverting) and (inverting) inputs of the Op Amp are interchanged? R2 Our previous analysis would once again give us Vo = Vi . R1
R2
Vo RL
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
What if the + (non-inverting) and (inverting) inputs of the Op Amp are interchanged? R2 Our previous analysis would once again give us Vo = Vi . R1 However, from Circuit 1 to Circuit 2, the nature of the feedback changes from negative to positive. Our assumption that the Op Amp is working in the linear region does not hold for R2 Circuit 2, and Vo = Vi does not apply any more. R1
R2
Vo RL
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
What if the + (non-inverting) and (inverting) inputs of the Op Amp are interchanged? R2 Our previous analysis would once again give us Vo = Vi . R1 However, from Circuit 1 to Circuit 2, the nature of the feedback changes from negative to positive. Our assumption that the Op Amp is working in the linear region does not hold for R2 Circuit 2, and Vo = Vi does not apply any more. R1 (Circuit 2 is also useful, and we will discuss it later.)
i1 R1 Vi
R2
Vo RL
* V+ V = Vi
i1 R1 Vi
R2
Vo RL
* V+ V = Vi i1 = (0 Vi )/R1 = Vi /R1 .
i1 R1 Vi
R2
Vo RL
* V+ V = Vi i1 = (0 Vi )/R1 = Vi /R1 . Vi R2 * Vo = V+ i1 R2 = Vi R2 = Vi 1 + . R1 R1
i1 R1 Vi
R2
Vo RL
* V+ V = Vi i1 = (0 Vi )/R1 = Vi /R1 . Vi R2 * Vo = V+ i1 R2 = Vi R2 = Vi 1 + . R1 R1 * This circuit is known as the non-inverting amplier.
i1 R1 Vi
R2
Vo RL
* V+ V = Vi i1 = (0 Vi )/R1 = Vi /R1 . Vi R2 * Vo = V+ i1 R2 = Vi R2 = Vi 1 + . R1 R1 * This circuit is known as the non-inverting amplier. * Again, interchanging + and changes the nature of the feedback from negative to positive, and the circuit operation becomes completely dierent.
Inverting or non-inverting?
R2 Vs R1
i1 Vs R1 R Vo = 2 Vs R1 RL Vi Ri
R2 Ro Vo AV Vi RL
Inverting amplifier
R2 R2 R1 R1 Vs R Vo = 1 + 2 R1 RL Vs Vs Vi Ri AV Vi Ro Vo RL
Noninverting amplifier
* If the sign of the output voltage is not a concern, which conguration should be preferred?
R2 Vs R1
R2 Ro Vo AV Vi RL
Inverting amplifier
* If the sign of the output voltage is not a concern, which conguration should be preferred? * For the inverting amplier, since V 0 V , i1 = Vs /R1 Rin = Vs /i1 = R1 .
R2 Vs R1
R2 Ro Vo AV Vi RL
Inverting amplifier
* If the sign of the output voltage is not a concern, which conguration should be preferred? * For the inverting amplier, since V 0 V , i1 = Vs /R1 Rin = Vs /i1 = R1 . * For the non-inverting amplier, Rin Ri of the Op Amp, which is a few M. Non-inverting amplier is better if a large Rin is required.
Non-inverting amplier
R2 R1 Vi RL Vo Vi RL
Vo
Consider R1 , R2 0 .
Vo
Consider R1 , R2 0 . Vo R2 1+ 1 , i.e., Vo = Vi . Vi R1
Vo
Consider R1 , R2 0 . Vo R2 1+ 1 , i.e., Vo = Vi . Vi R1 This circuit is known as unity-gain amplier/voltage follower/buer.
Vo
Consider R1 , R2 0 . Vo R2 1+ 1 , i.e., Vo = Vi . Vi R1 This circuit is known as unity-gain amplier/voltage follower/buer. What has been achieved?
Loading eects
Rs Vs Vi Ri
Ro Vo AV Vi RL
Consider an amplier of gain AV . We would like to have Vo = AV Vs .
Loading eects
Rs Vs Vi Ri
Ro Vo AV Vi RL
Consider an amplier of gain AV . We would like to have Vo = AV Vs . However, the actual output voltage is, Vo = RL RL Ri AV Vi = AV Vs . Ro + RL Ro + RL Ri + Rs
Loading eects
Rs Vs Vi Ri
Ro Vo AV Vi RL
To obtain the desired Vo , we need Ri and Ro 0 .
Loading eects
Rs Vs Vi Ri
Ro Vo AV Vi RL
To obtain the desired Vo , we need Ri and Ro 0 . The buer (voltage follower) provides this feature (next slide).
Op Amp buer
Ro Vs Vo RL Vs Vi Ri
B Op Amp
RL Vo
AV Vi
* The current drawn from the source (Vs ) is small (since Ri of the Op Amp is large) the buer has a large input resistance.
Op Amp buer
B Op Amp
RL Vo
AV Vi
* The current drawn from the source (Vs ) is small (since Ri of the Op Amp is large) the buer has a large input resistance. * As we have seen earlier, AV is large Vi 0 V VA = VB = Vs .
Op Amp buer
B Op Amp
RL Vo
AV Vi
* The current drawn from the source (Vs ) is small (since Ri of the Op Amp is large) the buer has a large input resistance. * As we have seen earlier, AV is large Vi 0 V VA = VB = Vs . * The resistance seen by RL is R Ro , which is small the buer has a small output resistance. (To nd R , deactivate the input voltage source (Vs ) AV Vi = 0 V .)
Op Amp buer
Vo1 Rs
buffer
Ro Vi Ri AV Vi
Vo2 i2
Vo
buffer
RL
load
i1 Vs
source
amplifier
Op Amp buer
Vo1 Rs
buffer
Ro Vi Ri AV Vi
Vo2 i2
Vo
buffer
RL
load
i1 Vs
source
amplifier
Since the buer has a large input resistance, i1 0 A, and V+ (on the source side) = Vs Vo 1 = Vs .
Op Amp buer
Vo1 Rs
buffer
Ro Vi Ri AV Vi
Vo2 i2
Vo
buffer
RL
load
i1 Vs
source
amplifier
Since the buer has a large input resistance, i1 0 A, and V+ (on the source side) = Vs Vo 1 = Vs . Similarly, i2 0 A, and Vo 2 = AV Vs .
Op Amp buer
Vo1 Rs
buffer
Ro Vi Ri AV Vi
Vo2 i2
Vo
buffer
RL
load
i1 Vs
source
amplifier
Since the buer has a large input resistance, i1 0 A, and V+ (on the source side) = Vs Vo 1 = Vs . Similarly, i2 0 A, and Vo 2 = AV Vs . Finally, Vo = Vo 2 = AV Vs , as desired, irresepective of RS and RL .
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
R 3 i3 R 2 i2 R 1 i1 i ii Rf if
Vo
RL
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
Vo
RL
V V+ = 0 V i1 = Vi 1 /R1 , i1 = Vi 2 /R2 , i1 = Vi 3 /R3 .
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
Vo
RL
V V+ = 0 V i1 = Vi 1 /R1 , i1 = Vi 2 /R2 , i1 = Vi 3 /R3 . Vi 1 Vi 2 Vi 3 i = i1 + i2 + i3 = + + . R1 R2 R3
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
Vo
RL
V V+ = 0 V i1 = Vi 1 /R1 , i1 = Vi 2 /R2 , i1 = Vi 3 /R3 . Vi 1 Vi 2 Vi 3 i = i1 + i2 + i3 = + + . R1 R2 R3 Because of the large input resistance of the Op Amp, ii 0 if = i , which gives,
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
Vo
RL
V V+ = 0 V i1 = Vi 1 /R1 , i1 = Vi 2 /R2 , i1 = Vi 3 /R3 . Vi 1 Vi 2 Vi 3 i = i1 + i2 + i3 = + + . R1 R2 R3 Because of the large input resistance of the Op Amp, ii 0 if = i , which gives, Vi 1 Vi 2 Vi 3 Rf Rf Rf Vo = V if Rf = 0 + + Rf = Vi 1 + Vi 2 + Vi 3 , R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 i.e., Vo is a weighted sum of Vi 1 , Vi 2 , Vi 3 .
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
Vo
RL
V V+ = 0 V i1 = Vi 1 /R1 , i1 = Vi 2 /R2 , i1 = Vi 3 /R3 . Vi 1 Vi 2 Vi 3 i = i1 + i2 + i3 = + + . R1 R2 R3 Because of the large input resistance of the Op Amp, ii 0 if = i , which gives, Vi 1 Vi 2 Vi 3 Rf Rf Rf Vo = V if Rf = 0 + + Rf = Vi 1 + Vi 2 + Vi 3 , R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 i.e., Vo is a weighted sum of Vi 1 , Vi 2 , Vi 3 . If R1 = R2 = R3 = R , the circuit acts as a summer, giving Vo = K (Vi 1 + Vi 2 + Vi 3 ) with K = Rf /R .
Summer example
1.2
Vi1
0.6
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
Vi3 R 3 i3 R 2 i2 R 1 i1 i ii Rf if
0
Vi2 Vo
0.6
RL
Vo
R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 k Rf = 2 k Vo = 2 (Vi1 + Vi2 + Vi3 )
3 0 1 2 t (msec) 3 4
Summer example
1.2
Vi1
0.6
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
0
Vi2 Vo
0.6
RL
Vo
3 0 1 2 t (msec) 3 4
* Note that the summer also works with DC inputs. This is true about the inverting and non-inverting ampliers as well.
Summer example
1.2
Vi1
0.6
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
0
Vi2 Vo
0.6
RL
Vo
3 0 1 2 t (msec) 3 4
* Note that the summer also works with DC inputs. This is true about the inverting and non-inverting ampliers as well. * Op Amps make life simpler! Think of adding voltages in any other way.
Summer example
1.2
Vi1
0.6
Vi3 Vi2 Vi1
0
Vi2 Vo
0.6
RL
Vo
3 0 1 2 t (msec) 3 4
* Note that the summer also works with DC inputs. This is true about the inverting and non-inverting ampliers as well. * Op Amps make life simpler! Think of adding voltages in any other way.
(SEQUEL le: ee101 summer.sqproj)

Ee101 Opamp 1

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EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 1)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Q19 CC Q18 R10 Q21

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp: equivalent circuit

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:

- Op Amp operating in the linear region

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:

- input voltage magnitude

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* Broadly, Op Amp circuits can be divided into two categories:

- input voltage magnitude - type of feedback (negative or positive)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

In the linear region, * V+ V = Vo /AV , which is very small V+ V

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

iin Vo (V) VCC Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)

Op Amp circuits (linear region)