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Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR (302017) INDIA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled, Harmonics in HVDC LinksSources, Effects and its Reduction Techniques has been completed and submitted by the Miss. MANJU (2010UEE156) under my guidance. The report was prepared under my supervision and found to be satisfactory and approved for submission during the academic Session 2013-2014.
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR (302017) INDIA
CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled, Harmonics in HVDC LinksSources, Effects and its Reduction Techniques has been prepared by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Nitin Gupta during the academic session 2013-2014.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Dr. Nitin Gupta Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur for his valuable guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision at every level of preparation of this seminar report. I am thankful to my friends for their valuable support and inspiration that helped me to prepare this report in a better way.
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ABSTRACT
The main aim of this report is to explain the effects of Harmonics in the Power System and steps to reduce the effects of Harmonics. Non-linear loads generate harmonics in power system. Power electronic converters are known to be generators of harmonics on both of their AC and DC sides of HVDC system. These harmonics affects the performances of power system and degrades power quality. In power system design, control and operation harmonic elimination is a great concern of power engineers. Reduction of resonance, damping of harmonics and harmonic compensation are fundamental ways to reduce harmonics.
CONTENTS
Page No.
Candidates Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations CHAPTER 1 High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Advantages of HVDC over HVAC transmission system 1.3 Disadvantages of HVDC system
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1 1 2 2
4 5
CHAPTER 3 Main Sources of Harmonic Generation in HVDC System: 3.1 Transformers as a source of harmonic 3.2 Harmonics due to converters 3.3 Harmonics due to AC generators
6 6 6 7
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CHAPTER 4 Harmonics Effect on HVDC Power System 4.1 Effects on Series and Parallel resonance Circuits 4.1.1 Parallel Resonance 4.1.2 Series Resonance 4.2 Effects on rotating machines 4.3 Effects on transformers 4.4 Effects on converter stations 4.5 Effects on Protective relays 4.6 Effects on consumer equipments 4.7 Effects on power measurements 4.8 Effects on power factor 4.9 Effects on communication circuits 4.10 Effects on insulation 4.11 Effects on ripple control systems
8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13
CHAPTER 5 Harmonics Reduction Techniques 5.1 Shifting the Resonance 5.2 Damping of Harmonics 5.2.1 Harmonics from non-linear loads in the distribution network 5.2.2 Harmonics from outside the network 5.2.3 Location for harmonic damping
14 16 17
17 18 18
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5.3 Compensation of Harmonics 5.3.1 Passive Filters 5.3.2 Active Filters 5.3.3 Hybrid Active Filters
19 19 21 21
CHAPTER 6 Special Methods of Harmonic Reduction 6.1 Harmonic minimization in HVDC systems through multiple injection of supplementary control signals 6.2 Effects of control systems time delay on the performance of harmonics elimination 6.3 Elimination of harmonic transfer through converters in voltage source converter (VSC) based multi-terminal DC systems by AC/DC decoupling
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CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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List of FIGURES
Fig. No
2.1
TITLE
Distorted Waveform Composed of fundamental and 3rd harmonic
Page No.
4
2.2
4.1
Parallel Resonance
4.2
Series Resonance
5.1
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5.2
Simplified network model with a lumped large number of resistive and capacitive loads
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5.3
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5.4
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5.5
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List of TABLES
Table. No
1.1
TITLE
HVDC Transmission Lines in India
Page No.
3
5.1
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LIST of ABBREVIATIONS
1. 2.
HVDC HVAC
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Current Transformer Total Harmonic Distortion Hybrid Active Power Filter Active Power Filter Voltage Source Converter Direct Current Alternating Current
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Chapter-1
1.1 Introduction
A high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission system uses direct current for power transmission. HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC systems. For longdistance power transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and lower losses. For shortdistances HVDC system is expensive compared to HVAC system due to higher cost of conversion equipment. High-voltage AC transmission links have disadvantages, which may compel a change to DC technology: Inductive and capacitive elements of overhead lines/cables put limits to the transmission capacity and the transmission distance of AC transmission system. Direct connection between two different frequencies system is not possible. High corona and radio interference More losses due to skin effect and proximity effect
To overcome these problems we moved to HVDC transmission of power. In 1941, first contract for a commercial HVDC system was signed in Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied to the city of Berlin via an underground cable of 115 km length. The system with 200 kV and 150 A was ready for energizing in 1945. It was never put into operation. First mercury arc valves are used for HVDC system. Then they are replaced by thyristor valves.
Back- Connects Northern and Western regions with 2 lines. Transmission Power is 250 MW and the Operational Voltage is 70 KV Back- Connects southern and western regions with 2 lines. Transmission Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV
Back-To- Connects northern and eastern regions. Transmission Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV Back-To- Connects southern and eastern regions. Transmission Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV Maximum Transmission Power is 1500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 500 KV. It is a Bipolar Link of length 814 KM in Uttar Pradesh.
Chandrapur - Padghe
Maximum Transmission Power is 1500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 500 KV. It is a Bipolar Link of length 753 KM in Maharashtra.
Sileru-Barsoor
The Transmission length is about 196 KM and the Transmission Power is 400 MW and the Operational Voltage is 200 KV
Biswanath Chariyali It is a bipolar Transmission Line of length 1825 KM from Assam to Agra Uttar Pradesh. Maximum Transmission Power 6000 MW and the Transmission Voltage is 800 KV. Table 1.1 HVDC Transmission Lines in India
Chapter-2
HARMONICS
Harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is the integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. All harmonics are periodic at the fundamental harmonics. Voltage and current waveforms are perfectly sinusoidal. Deviation from a perfect sine wave can be represented by harmonics-sinusoidal components having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. Thus a perfect sine wave has no distortion and no harmonics and a non-sinusoidal wave has distortion and harmonics. Harmonics are unwanted frequency components, which arise from the use of semi-conductor controllers. To measure the distortion, the term total harmonic distortion (THD) is used. It is defined as a ratio of sum of the powers of all
harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency.[10]
Figure 2.1 Distorted Waveform Composed of fundamental and 3rd harmonic. (THD approximately 30%)
Harmonics is one of the most important issues of power quality. The main object of electrical authority is to deliver sinusoidal voltage at a constant magnitude and at a particular frequency. Due to presence of harmonics this objective becomes complicated. Harmonics are generally caused by non-linear loads and from modern power electronic controlled devices. Saturation of equipments (transformers) may also cause harmonics.
Chapter-3
converter transformer leakage impedances. Both rectifier and inverter generate harmonics in voltage and current waveform [2].
Chapter-4
Each equipment of power system must be examined for its sensitivity to harmonics as a basis for recommendations on the allowable levels. Main effects of harmonics within the power system are:
During resonance high voltages across capacitors and inductors causes high stress
circuit is seen by harmonic source. Thus at resonance frequency harmonic voltages is increased across a parallel circuit insulation [3].
currents flow in the circuit. The large currents due to harmonic resonance can flow into power factor correction capacitor banks and damage their dielectric materials [3].
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In transformers high frequency harmonics components are more important than lower frequency harmonic components in causing transformer heating due to losses increase with frequency. Voltage harmonics result in higher voltages, thus high insulation stress on insulation material and overheating of the neutral wire in a three phase four wire power distribution system.[7]
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electro static interference with communication circuits. The noise produced by the harmonics on the communication circuits degrades the transmission quality of the communication signal. Communication signal quality is lowered by the low noise levels and high noise levels can result in the loss of information. Many factors are responsible for interference between a power system and a communication system. They include power system harmonic level, coupling between the power system and the communication system and communication circuit operation. Noise voltages may be created in telephone networks by loop induction, longitudinal electromagnetic induction, longitudinal electrostatic induction and conduction. [9]
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Chapter-5
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The presence of harmonics and reactive currents affects the power system by lowering the power factor and deteriorating the voltage and current waveforms. It adversely affects power quality of the power system. These harmful effects are becoming more important due to following reasons: Power demand is growing rapidly, public concerns over environmental impacts of transmission lines and very high cost required for this making difficulties for utility companies to build new lines. If by improving the power factor we can increase the capacity of existing transmission system. Deregulation of power utility is putting extra pressure on the power companies to remain competitive by improving the voltage quality and by reducing the cost and losses of the system.
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Now a days consumers are using more power electronic equipments, which increase the level of harmonic currents in power system.
So we have to give more attention to reduce harmonic level in the power system to provide the quality supply to the consumers.
Figure 5.2 Simplified network model with a lumped large number of resistive and capacitive loads, in this situation parallel and series resonances can rise up.[1]
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Shifting the Resonance: In figure 1 the first method mentioned to reduce the harmonics is to avoid a possible resonance in the frequency area of concern. A high capacitive load to the network can rise up parallel and series resonance, as shown in fig. 2 In situations where distribution networks are not having high capacitive loads, the possible resonance will be in higher frequency than the harmonics area of concern. By reducing capacitance of the network, we can shift the resonance to higher frequency levels.
If the capacitance of the system is made less than frequency at which resonance take place, will be high. Due to damping effects of cables and transformers, harmonics will not propagate at such high frequency range. [4]
Damping of Resonance Peak The second measure to reduce the resonance is to add an extra loop to the inverter which gives a resistive behavior for the harmonic frequency range. This resistance will bring extra damping to resonances in the network.
5.2.2 Harmonics coming from outside the network Harmonics from non-linear loads outside network can be modeled as an added voltage source in series with fundamental voltages [5]. Impedance in this figure is the impedance of low voltage network plus the impedance of the next higher network where disturbing load is located. In this the latter impedance is lower in magnitude. In case of background voltage pollution on the fundamental, all loads in the low voltage network will draw current from this harmonic voltage source. This current then flow in total through network impedance, which can bring a number of unwanted effects in the distribution transformer and cables. Beside this, seen from medium voltage network, there is a possibility of series resonances. This series resonance can bring a low impedance path for harmonic currents from a disturbing load or generator in the medium voltage network, which can strongly increase the unwanted effects in the distribution and cables [5]. 5.2.3 Location for harmonic damping: Best location for harmonic damping is the end terminal of a power distribution line or cable, acting as a harmonic termination resistor, however when network situation is not known and loads can vary, a good choice for a location is somewhere between the middle and end of line & cable.
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Figure 5.4 Passive tuned filters (a) Single tuned, and (b) double tuned [1].
Figure 5.5 Passive high-pass filters (a) first-order, (b) second-order, and (c) third-order [1]. These are some disadvantage of passive filters: 1. Passive filters cannot modify their compensation characteristic following the dynamic changes of non-linear load. 2. Source impedances strongly affect filters characteristic. 3. Passive filters suffer from mistuning for load perturbations and may introduce resonance in power system. 4. Small design tolerance in the values of C and L. small change in these values modify filters resonant frequency.
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5.3.2 Active Filters Active filter can be connected in series or in parallel with the supply network. The series APF is used to harmonic compensation of a large capacity diode rectifier with a DC link capacitor and the APF is used to compensate the harmonics and asymmetries of the main currents caused by non-linear loads. Active series filters are connected in series with the network and compensate harmonic voltages by adding some voltages to the network. Active filters offer a flexible alternative through the use of series and shunt connected power converters. They generate voltage/current waveforms, which cancel the harmonic present in the network. Active filter is often placed at a central point to isolate two areas. Non-linear loads can be modeled as a linear loads with a parallel current source each harmonic, if there is no path provided for these currents than the current will propagate through series filters. For good control harmonics series active filters can be best combined with shunt active or passive filters. [4] Active filters are superior in filtering performance, smaller in size, more flexible in application. Now a days active harmonic filters are going to use in power transmission and distribution networks for harmonic absorbing. These filters inject harmonics current into the utility system with same magnitude and opposite sign to the harmonics current generated in the system. These filters are slightly inferior in cost and operating loss compared to the passive filters. Disadvantages of Active Filters 1. Active filters are difficult to construct a large rated current source with a rapid current response. 2. Initial costs and operating costs are high.
5.3.3 Hybrid Active Filters Hybrid active power filters (HAPF) combines active power filter (APF) and passive filter to reduce the rating of APF. HAPF have advantages of both type of filters. This filter provides improved performance and cost effectiveness solutions. Hybrid active power filter aimed to act as a harmonic isolator, and provide zero impedance to the external circuit at the fundamental frequency and provide high resistance to source or load harmonics. [1]
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Problems Non-linear network Non-linear loads network High impedance due to parallel resonances Low impedance due to series resonances loads inside the
Resistive harmonic damping Central series active harmonic filter and/or limited resistive harmonic damping
Table 5.1 Cause of harmonic problems in distribution network and a possible measure [4].
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Chapter-6
6.1 Harmonic minimization in HVDC systems through multiple injection of supplementary control signals
The harmonic present in HVDC system is a combination of the harmonics caused by Converter itself The AC source Other loads connected to the converter bus bar.
There are four ways to reduce these harmonics By stopping their passage Diverting the harmonic current Minimizing their generation source.
These ways are generally related to the increase in converter pulse number, by using passive harmonic filters and by injecting supplementary signals [1]. With respect to the injection of signals in HVDC system to minimize harmonics, the literature presents many methods that can be classified in three groups: 1. Injecting harmonic in the ac-side; 2. Injecting harmonic in the dc-side; 3. Injecting of supplementary signals to the control.
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This method does not use expensive reactors and electrostatic circuits. multiple injection of supplementary signals of lower harmonic orders to minimize either voltage or current harmonics of lower larger amplitudes in HVDC converters and by doing this we can reduce the dimensions of the filtering equipments. This method is more effective with harmonics closer to the fundamental frequency. The addition of multiple supplementary signals in HVDC system brings a simultaneous reduction of harmonic of the voltage indeed around 39%. [13]
6.2 Effects of control systems time delay on the performance of harmonics elimination
Active filters are power electronic systems that absorb the harmonic currents in a network, produced by nonlinear load. Active filters can be regarded as a controlled voltage or current source. There are two common methods to control active filter: 1. Direct harmonic elimination 2. Indirect control Here we are describing only direct harmonic elimination method. In this method active filter is used to cancel all the harmonic components in the load side current. Active filter controller measures harmonics currents and generates reference current for the PWM inverter.
6.3 Elimination of harmonic transfer through converters in voltage source converter (VSC) based multi-terminal DC systems by AC/DC decoupling
Harmonic transfer through converters has caused distortion in voltage and current waveforms in multi terminal dc systems based on a VSC. These harmonics can be eliminated by a combination of DC voltage decoupling and AC current tracking applied to every VSC. The ac current
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tracking control is added to improve the cross converter decoupling. AC current tracking is a desirable feature because it limits the current magnitudes during AC faults. AC current tracking has added advantage of fast time response. There are some other benefits of decoupling are : disturbances in the AC side of one VSC do not propagate to the AC sides of other voltage source converters.[1]
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CONCLUSION
Device used in power systems produce harmonics which degrade the performance of the network. In general harmonic currents and voltages are one of the major problems affecting power quality of system. Power system harmonic analysis is essential in power system planning, control and operation. In HVDC transmission system, problems arise from harmonics fed into the AC network from converter operation. Converters used in HVDC system can be considered as harmonic current sources on the AC side, while harmonic voltage sources on the DC side. Flow of harmonics deteriorate voltage quality and lower power factor. Also they cause several problems like dielectric stresses, load increase, increased losses and heating in customer and power system equipments, waveform distortions etc. In this paper we have seen harmonics effects on power system equipments like resonance circuits, rotating machines, transformers, capacitor banks, converter stations, ripple control systems, insulation, relays and
communications. Harmonic reduction techniques resonance reduction, harmonics damping and compensation are outlined. Resistive harmonic damping covers harmonics coming from non-linear loads inside distribution networks and central series active harmonic filters are used to minimize harmonic coming from outside non-linear loads. Active, passive and hybrid power filters are used for harmonic compensation.
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REFERENCES
[1] Mohamed H. Okba, Mohamed H. Saied, M. Z. Mostafa and T. M. Abdel-Moneim, Harmonics in HVDC Links, part 2- Effects and Reduction Techniques. IEEE, 2012. [2] Mohamed H. Okba, Mohamed H. Saied, M. Z. Mostafa and T. M. Abdel-Moneim, Harmonics in HVDC Links, part 1-Sources. IEEE, 2012. [3] K. W. Louie, P. Wilson, R. W. Wachal, A. Wang and P. Buchanan, HVDC Power System Harmonic Analysis in the Time and Frequency Domains. International Conference on Power System Technology (IEEE 2006). [4] P. J. M. Heskes, J. M. A. Myrzik and W. L. Kling, Survey of Harmonic Reduction Techniques Applicable as Ancillary Service of Dispersed Generators (DG). Young Researchers Symposium, February 7-8, 2008, Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands. [5] K. Wada, H. Fujita, and Akagi, Considerations of a Shunt Active Filter Based on Voltage Detection for Installation on a Long Distribution Feeder, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 38, No. 4, July/August 2002. [6] Surajit Chattopadhyay, Madhuchhanda Mitra, Samarjit Sengupta, Electric Power Quality. [7] Shamsodin Taheri, Hamed Taheri, Issouf Fofana, Hossein Hemmatjou and Ahmad Gholami, Effect of Power System Harmonics on Transformer Loading Capability and Hot Spot Temperature, 25th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering(CCECE) 2012. [8] Arun G. Phadke and James H. Harlow, Generation of Abnormal Harmonics in High -Voltage AC-DC Power Systems IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. Pas-87, No. 3, March1968. [9] C. C. Okoro and Dr. O. D. Osunde, Impact of Harmonics on Communications Systems and Circuits. [10] Lorenzo Cividino, Power Factor, Harmonic Distortion; Causes, Effects and Considerations, Northern Telecom 150 Montreal-Toronto Blvd. Lachine Quebec, Canada, H8S-1B6. [11] M. Saito, T. Takeshita, and N. Matsui, Modelling and Harmonics Suppression for Power 27
Distribution Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 50, No.6, Dec.2003. [12] W. A. Elmore, Cheyrl A. Kramer and Stanley E. Zocholl, Effect of Waveform Distortion on Protective Relays, IEEE Transactions on industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 2, March/April 1993. [13] Jonas Gomes, Felix Farret and Marlon Pieniz, Harmonic Minimization in HVDC Systems Through Multiple Injection of Supplementary Control Signals, IEEE 2002. [14] Cos Phi Inc., The Energy Management Series, Goderich, Ontario, [online]: Available at http://www.cosphi.com.
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