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A Seminar Report on

Harmonics in HVDC Links- Sources, Effects and its Reduction Techniques

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

Guided By: Dr. Nitin Gupta Assistant Professor

Submitted By: Manju 2010UEE156 B. Tech. (VIIISem)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR 2014

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR (302017) INDIA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled, Harmonics in HVDC LinksSources, Effects and its Reduction Techniques has been completed and submitted by the Miss. MANJU (2010UEE156) under my guidance. The report was prepared under my supervision and found to be satisfactory and approved for submission during the academic Session 2013-2014.

Dr. NITIN GUPTA Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engineering

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR (302017) INDIA

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled, Harmonics in HVDC LinksSources, Effects and its Reduction Techniques has been prepared by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Nitin Gupta during the academic session 2013-2014.

MANJU ID: 2010UEE156 Final Year B. Tech (Electrical Engg.)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Dr. Nitin Gupta Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur for his valuable guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision at every level of preparation of this seminar report. I am thankful to my friends for their valuable support and inspiration that helped me to prepare this report in a better way.

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ABSTRACT
The main aim of this report is to explain the effects of Harmonics in the Power System and steps to reduce the effects of Harmonics. Non-linear loads generate harmonics in power system. Power electronic converters are known to be generators of harmonics on both of their AC and DC sides of HVDC system. These harmonics affects the performances of power system and degrades power quality. In power system design, control and operation harmonic elimination is a great concern of power engineers. Reduction of resonance, damping of harmonics and harmonic compensation are fundamental ways to reduce harmonics.

CONTENTS
Page No.
Candidates Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations CHAPTER 1 High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Advantages of HVDC over HVAC transmission system 1.3 Disadvantages of HVDC system
ii iii iv v ix x xi

1 1 2 2

CHAPTER 2 HARMONICES 2.1 Why we consider Harmonics as a problem

4 5

CHAPTER 3 Main Sources of Harmonic Generation in HVDC System: 3.1 Transformers as a source of harmonic 3.2 Harmonics due to converters 3.3 Harmonics due to AC generators

6 6 6 7

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CHAPTER 4 Harmonics Effect on HVDC Power System 4.1 Effects on Series and Parallel resonance Circuits 4.1.1 Parallel Resonance 4.1.2 Series Resonance 4.2 Effects on rotating machines 4.3 Effects on transformers 4.4 Effects on converter stations 4.5 Effects on Protective relays 4.6 Effects on consumer equipments 4.7 Effects on power measurements 4.8 Effects on power factor 4.9 Effects on communication circuits 4.10 Effects on insulation 4.11 Effects on ripple control systems

8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13

CHAPTER 5 Harmonics Reduction Techniques 5.1 Shifting the Resonance 5.2 Damping of Harmonics 5.2.1 Harmonics from non-linear loads in the distribution network 5.2.2 Harmonics from outside the network 5.2.3 Location for harmonic damping

14 16 17

17 18 18

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5.3 Compensation of Harmonics 5.3.1 Passive Filters 5.3.2 Active Filters 5.3.3 Hybrid Active Filters

19 19 21 21

CHAPTER 6 Special Methods of Harmonic Reduction 6.1 Harmonic minimization in HVDC systems through multiple injection of supplementary control signals 6.2 Effects of control systems time delay on the performance of harmonics elimination 6.3 Elimination of harmonic transfer through converters in voltage source converter (VSC) based multi-terminal DC systems by AC/DC decoupling

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CONCLUSION REFERENCES

26 27

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List of FIGURES
Fig. No
2.1

TITLE
Distorted Waveform Composed of fundamental and 3rd harmonic

Page No.
4

2.2

Harmonics due to non-linear loads

4.1

Parallel Resonance

4.2

Series Resonance

5.1

Classification of Harmonic Reduction Techniques

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5.2

Simplified network model with a lumped large number of resistive and capacitive loads

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5.3

Simplified network model

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5.4

Passive tuned filters:

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5.5

Passive high-pass filters

20

ix

List of TABLES
Table. No
1.1

TITLE
HVDC Transmission Lines in India

Page No.
3

5.1

Cause of harmonic problems in distribution network and a possible measure

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LIST of ABBREVIATIONS

1. 2.

HVDC HVAC

High Voltage Direct Current High Voltage Alternating Current

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

CT THD HAPF APF VSC DC AC

Current Transformer Total Harmonic Distortion Hybrid Active Power Filter Active Power Filter Voltage Source Converter Direct Current Alternating Current

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Chapter-1

HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

1.1 Introduction
A high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission system uses direct current for power transmission. HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC systems. For longdistance power transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and lower losses. For shortdistances HVDC system is expensive compared to HVAC system due to higher cost of conversion equipment. High-voltage AC transmission links have disadvantages, which may compel a change to DC technology: Inductive and capacitive elements of overhead lines/cables put limits to the transmission capacity and the transmission distance of AC transmission system. Direct connection between two different frequencies system is not possible. High corona and radio interference More losses due to skin effect and proximity effect

To overcome these problems we moved to HVDC transmission of power. In 1941, first contract for a commercial HVDC system was signed in Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied to the city of Berlin via an underground cable of 115 km length. The system with 200 kV and 150 A was ready for energizing in 1945. It was never put into operation. First mercury arc valves are used for HVDC system. Then they are replaced by thyristor valves.

1.2 Advantages of HVDC over HVAC transmission system


No limits in transmitted distance. This is valid for both Overhead lines and sea or underground cables. Very fast control of power flow, which improves stability. Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly, means bidirectional power flow. HVDC transmissions have a high availability and reliability rate. More power can be transmitted through one conductor, so conductor material requirement reduces. No skin effect. Less corona and radio interference. Asynchronous interconnections are possible. Tie line power can be easily controlled.

1.3 Disadvantages of HVDC system


There are many disadvantages of HVDC in conversion, control, switching and maintenance. Expensive converters are required at each end of a DC link. Here converters require more reactive power, both in rectification and on inversion. Converters used here generate a lot of harmonics both on DC and AC side. Circuit braking difficult is also present due to absence of neutral current zero. We cant overload HVDC system. Because converters of HVDC system has very little overload capacity unlike transformers.

HVDC TRANSMISSION LINES IN INDIA


HVDC LINK NAME Vindhyachal To-Back link Chandrapur To-Back link Sasaram Back link Vizag Back link Rihand-Dadri DESCRIPTION ABOUT HVDC LINK

Back- Connects Northern and Western regions with 2 lines. Transmission Power is 250 MW and the Operational Voltage is 70 KV Back- Connects southern and western regions with 2 lines. Transmission Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV

Back-To- Connects northern and eastern regions. Transmission Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV Back-To- Connects southern and eastern regions. Transmission Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV Maximum Transmission Power is 1500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 500 KV. It is a Bipolar Link of length 814 KM in Uttar Pradesh.

Chandrapur - Padghe

Maximum Transmission Power is 1500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 500 KV. It is a Bipolar Link of length 753 KM in Maharashtra.

Sileru-Barsoor

The Transmission length is about 196 KM and the Transmission Power is 400 MW and the Operational Voltage is 200 KV

Biswanath Chariyali It is a bipolar Transmission Line of length 1825 KM from Assam to Agra Uttar Pradesh. Maximum Transmission Power 6000 MW and the Transmission Voltage is 800 KV. Table 1.1 HVDC Transmission Lines in India

Chapter-2

HARMONICS
Harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is the integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. All harmonics are periodic at the fundamental harmonics. Voltage and current waveforms are perfectly sinusoidal. Deviation from a perfect sine wave can be represented by harmonics-sinusoidal components having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. Thus a perfect sine wave has no distortion and no harmonics and a non-sinusoidal wave has distortion and harmonics. Harmonics are unwanted frequency components, which arise from the use of semi-conductor controllers. To measure the distortion, the term total harmonic distortion (THD) is used. It is defined as a ratio of sum of the powers of all
harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency.[10]

Figure 2.1 Distorted Waveform Composed of fundamental and 3rd harmonic. (THD approximately 30%)

Harmonics is one of the most important issues of power quality. The main object of electrical authority is to deliver sinusoidal voltage at a constant magnitude and at a particular frequency. Due to presence of harmonics this objective becomes complicated. Harmonics are generally caused by non-linear loads and from modern power electronic controlled devices. Saturation of equipments (transformers) may also cause harmonics.

2.1 Why we consider harmonics as a problem


Harmonics cause distortions. Harmonic distortion is the change in the waveform of supply voltage from ideal sinusoidal waveform [10]. It increases losses in power system components. It downgrades the quality of electrical power supply. it also causes vibration and ageing of the generators, transformers and motors and also increase their noise levels. Harmonic currents lead to excessive heating of induction motor drives. Harmonics also affects the working of power factor correction equipments performance b y overloading. Thats why we consider harmonics as a problem.

Figure 2.2 Harmonics due to non-linear loads

Chapter-3

MAIN SOURCES OF HARMONIC GENERATION IN HVDC SYSTEM


An HVDC transmission system generates harmonics on ac side as well as on dc side. An HVDC system consists of a rectifier and an inverter. They generate harmonics on both sides. Sources of harmonics generation in HVDC are1. Transformers 2. Ac generators 3. Converters along with its control devices

3.1 Transformers as a Source of Harmonics


Transformers are considered as a source of voltage harmonics. It causes from magnetic saturation or magnetic distortion due to presence of a DC component. Magnitude of these harmonics depends upon the operating flux density. Transformers used in HVDC system are usually operated at high flux densities than conventional transformers and therefore generation of harmonics is more in the former one compare to later one [3].

3.2 Harmonics due to converters


The converters in HVDC system generate harmonics in AC and DC. Harmonics are caused by firing angle errors, negative sequence components in the converter bus AC voltage and unequal
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converter transformer leakage impedances. Both rectifier and inverter generate harmonics in voltage and current waveform [2].

3.3 Harmonics due to AC generators


Electric machines are also generates harmonics in HVDC system due to their practical or economical design. If waveform of magnetic flux in a machine has a perfectly sinusoidal distributed around the air gap than there would be no harmonics. But flux is never distributed in that way, particularly in salient pole machine. Due to imperfection of flux distribution in rotating machines, space harmonics can be generated. Magnetic saturation of flux will also contribute to generation of harmonics similar to those generated by transformers [3].

Chapter-4

Harmonics Effect on HVDC Power System

Each equipment of power system must be examined for its sensitivity to harmonics as a basis for recommendations on the allowable levels. Main effects of harmonics within the power system are:

4.1 Effects on Series and Parallel Resonance Circuits


When a harmonics frequency produced by a non-linear load closely coincides with a power system natural frequency than resonance take place in the system. Harmonic resonances cause over voltages and high currents that increases losses of system devices and can even damage them. There are two types of resonance can occur: Parallel resonance Series resonance.

During resonance high voltages across capacitors and inductors causes high stress

4.1.1 Parallel Resonance


When the natural frequency of the parallel combination of capacitor banks and system inductances fall at or near a harmonic frequency, parallel resonance occurs. A parallel resonance can occur in many ways and the simplest way may be the one in which a capacitor is connected to the same bus where a harmonic source is connected. The parallel resonance is initiated between the source and the capacitor. At resonance frequency a high impedance of a parallel

circuit is seen by harmonic source. Thus at resonance frequency harmonic voltages is increased across a parallel circuit insulation [3].

Figure 4.1 Parallel Resonance [14]

4.1.2 Series Resonance


When the natural frequency of the series combination of capacitor banks and system inductances falls at or near a harmonic frequency, series resonance occurs. When a voltage source excites a series circuit, the circuit impedances reach its minimum value during resonance and high

currents flow in the circuit. The large currents due to harmonic resonance can flow into power factor correction capacitor banks and damage their dielectric materials [3].

Figure 4.2 Series Resonance [14]

4.2 Effects on rotating machines


The effects of harmonics in rotating machinery are increased heating losses due to copper and iron losses, changes in machine electromagnetic torque which effect, machine efficiency and machine torsional oscillations. These losses can take place in their stator winding, rotor winding, stator core and rotor core. Low order harmonics with large magnitudes causes more losses. As we know frequency of harmonics is the integer multiple of fundamental harmonics. As frequency increases skin effect, hysterious losses and eddy current losses also increases. Thus due to harmonics above mention losses increases. Stator or rotor windings produce extra losses due to leakage fields set up by harmonic currents [3]. The performance of an induction motor is also deteriorates due to harmonics. Positive sequence harmonic components generate shaft torque in the same direction as the fundamental field and negative sequence harmonic components generate shaft torque in the opposite direction of shaft rotation. These harmonics torque produces significant torque pulsation, which causes the shaft vibration of the machine [1]. Cogging phenomena also take place due to presence of harmonics torque.

4.3 Effects on transformers


The effects of harmonics on power transformers are Increased copper and iron losses Neutral overheating due to presence of triple harmonics Resonance phenomena between transformer windings and line capacitances Higher Insulation stress Transformer heating Thermal stress

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In transformers high frequency harmonics components are more important than lower frequency harmonic components in causing transformer heating due to losses increase with frequency. Voltage harmonics result in higher voltages, thus high insulation stress on insulation material and overheating of the neutral wire in a three phase four wire power distribution system.[7]

4.4 Effects on converter stations


The expansion of harmonics in a system causes additional losses due to increase in current. Harmonics current increase harmonic voltage drop across network impedances. In a weak system, harmonics currents cause greater voltage fluctuation than in a stiff system. When power is transmitted through cables, harmonic voltages increase dielectric stress in proportion to their crest voltages. High dielectric stress shortens the useful life of cables. Presence of high losses can be more serious for converter transformers. If load current contains a DC component, resulting saturation of transformer will greatly increase the harmonic components of the excitation current. Voltage distortion causes additional losses in the capacitors of a converter station. Effective values of currents through capacitors are increased by harmonics and can overheat these devices.[1]

4.5 Effects on Protective relays


Harmonics distortion can make a relay work incorrectly. Since harmonics change the shapes of current and voltage waveforms, they can distort the operating characteristics of protective relays. Different protective devices have different features depending upon their design and principles of operation. Most of the literatures shown that the performance of a protective relay in presence of harmonics is not significantly affected when THD is less than 20 %. Saturation of current transformers (CT) can happen due to presence of harmonics and it affects the operation of relay connected to that CT. In protective relay setting harmonics are not taken into account. As a result, the presence of harmonics in power system can cause considerable measurement errors in the protective relays. Harmonics also affect operating time of definite time or inverse time characteristics relays due to increase in RMS value of given waveform, because their protective functions are generally developed based on fundamental voltages and currents.[12]

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4.6 Effects on consumer equipments


Harmonics affect the operation of consumer equipments like television sets(TV) , fluorescent and mercury lamps, computers and electronic equipments. Harmonics result in distortion of voltages and currents, degradation of power factor of electrical equipments, thereby increasing the reactive power consumption and also overall cost of the equipment. Harmonics reduce consumer equipments life and efficiency drastically. The harmonics also change in TV picture size and brightness. They also initiate the resonance between inductances and capacitances in fluorescent and mercury lightings. It results their overheating. The high harmonic content in the supply can cause the malfunction of the data processing systems in the computers.[3]

4.7 Effects on power measurements


Measuring instruments initially calibrated on purely sinusoidal alternating current, measurement errors will be introduced if harmonics are present in the supply. Sign of Wattmeter error is decided by the direction of harmonic power flow. The measurement errors due to harmonics strongly depend upon the type of meter used for measurement purpose. When both voltage and current waveforms contain harmonics, than there would be relatively high error in power measurement. [1]

4.8 Effects on power factor


Harmonics and power factor are closely related to each other. If the waveform of voltage and current are distorted than the power factor defined with the purely sinusoidal waveforms at fundamental frequency cannot truly describe the phase relationship between voltage and current. Power factor also changes with harmonics. It depends upon both current and voltage harmonics. Power factor of the distorted waveform is different from sinusoidal one. [1]

4.9 Effects on communication circuits


High content of harmonics in power system cause interference between power system and telephone networks. Voice and data communication circuits close to power lines pick up harmonics electromagnetically and distortion produced. Harmonic voltages of transformer cause

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electro static interference with communication circuits. The noise produced by the harmonics on the communication circuits degrades the transmission quality of the communication signal. Communication signal quality is lowered by the low noise levels and high noise levels can result in the loss of information. Many factors are responsible for interference between a power system and a communication system. They include power system harmonic level, coupling between the power system and the communication system and communication circuit operation. Noise voltages may be created in telephone networks by loop induction, longitudinal electromagnetic induction, longitudinal electrostatic induction and conduction. [9]

4.10 Effects on insulation


The degradation of insulation denotes physical and chemical changes, which take place as a result of electrical stresses in the power system network. Insulation stress mainly depends upon instantaneous value of voltage and rate of increase of voltage level. The presence of harmonics in voltage waveform increases the crest value of voltage and thus increases insulation stress. Harmonics are responsible for faster degradation of insulating material by increasing temperature due to high losses. Stressing of insulation due to harmonics is a major reason of failure of transformers. A major area of possible concern is the effect of voltage distortion on surge protective devices, including the spark over and recovery of gapped devices and the heating of solid state devices. [3]

4.11 Effects on ripple control systems


A ripple control system has been used for controlling loads on distribution networks. It is used to operate street lighting circuits and to reduce load during peak hours of a day and this is controlled through a relay. Due to harmonic interference of a ripple control system can cause the mal-operation of the relay. The ripple relay is a voltage operated device with high impedance. The operation of relay depends upon voltage harmonics, relay detection circuit, and the difference between reference frequency and the frequency of interfering harmonics. [1]

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Chapter-5

HARMONICS REDUCTION TECHNIQUES


In this section we are focusing on harmonics reduction techniques. Active and passive ways are fundamental methods to reduce harmonics. Active ways are main concern because they can be integrated into power electronic converters. On substation level the combination of series active filters with shunt active filters in the distribution network can reduce harmonics. In this at one hand side series active filters are used for compensation of background harmonics and other hand side shunt active filtering is used for damping of harmonic propagation and harmonic current compensation. In most of the power electronic systems, the supply voltage is first converted into DC through rectifiers and then it is converted back into AC voltages at required magnitude level, required frequency and phase difference between them to meet required load demands [11]. The most stringent limit on the THD is specified by the IEEE is 5% for a load connected to a weak utility system. When we use filters alone do not provide a regulated DC output voltage. Active wave shaping techniques provides complete regulated DC output voltage. Non-linear loads inject harmonics into the utility system. Non-linear loads draw non sinusoidal current from the sinusoidal voltage. There are two types of non-linear loads are present in the power system: identified loads and unidentified loads. Power diode and thyristor rectifiers, arc furnaces and cyclo -converters are some examples of identified harmonic producing loads. Each of these equipments generates a large amount of harmonic current.

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Survey of harmonic reduction techniques:

Figure 5.1 Classification of Harmonic Reduction Techniques [4].

The presence of harmonics and reactive currents affects the power system by lowering the power factor and deteriorating the voltage and current waveforms. It adversely affects power quality of the power system. These harmful effects are becoming more important due to following reasons: Power demand is growing rapidly, public concerns over environmental impacts of transmission lines and very high cost required for this making difficulties for utility companies to build new lines. If by improving the power factor we can increase the capacity of existing transmission system. Deregulation of power utility is putting extra pressure on the power companies to remain competitive by improving the voltage quality and by reducing the cost and losses of the system.

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Now a days consumers are using more power electronic equipments, which increase the level of harmonic currents in power system.

So we have to give more attention to reduce harmonic level in the power system to provide the quality supply to the consumers.

Techniques for reducing harmonics


5.1 By Reducing Resonances
The reactance of the inductive components of the power system increases with increasing frequency and the reactance of capacitors decrease with increasing frequency. At a particular frequency, known as resonant frequency, the reactance of inductors and capacitors are equal. And this is known as resonance. If the frequency of one of the harmonics happens to coincide with system resonant frequency, then the circuit will be excited and large voltages may produce across the circuit components and large current may flow in the circuit components[1]. This can cause serious damage to the system components like capacitor banks, transformers and motors etc. We can reduce resonance by two methods: 1. Shifting the resonance out of the harmonics area 2. Damping the resonance peak to a lower level

Figure 5.2 Simplified network model with a lumped large number of resistive and capacitive loads, in this situation parallel and series resonances can rise up.[1]

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Shifting the Resonance: In figure 1 the first method mentioned to reduce the harmonics is to avoid a possible resonance in the frequency area of concern. A high capacitive load to the network can rise up parallel and series resonance, as shown in fig. 2 In situations where distribution networks are not having high capacitive loads, the possible resonance will be in higher frequency than the harmonics area of concern. By reducing capacitance of the network, we can shift the resonance to higher frequency levels.

If the capacitance of the system is made less than frequency at which resonance take place, will be high. Due to damping effects of cables and transformers, harmonics will not propagate at such high frequency range. [4]

Damping of Resonance Peak The second measure to reduce the resonance is to add an extra loop to the inverter which gives a resistive behavior for the harmonic frequency range. This resistance will bring extra damping to resonances in the network.

5.2 Damping of Harmonics


Harmonics in a power system network can come from different origins and can be split-up in two groups that need different techniques to reduce harmonics, as discussed in the figure 1. One group of harmonics is harmonics current coming from the non-linear loads in the distribution network itself. Other group is harmonics coming from the next higher network, called background harmonics. 5.2.1 Harmonics from non-linear loads in the distribution network Harmonics currents are converted into harmonics voltages via network impedances. The load in figure is a single load as well as the lump-sum of large numbers of load. Here we are considering as a lump parameters. Here we are assuming that network is loaded with non-linear load, then harmonic currents from this non-linear load will distribute itself over all impedances in network and path having lowest impedance will get the more share of these harmonic currents.
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Figure 5.3 Simplified network model [4].

5.2.2 Harmonics coming from outside the network Harmonics from non-linear loads outside network can be modeled as an added voltage source in series with fundamental voltages [5]. Impedance in this figure is the impedance of low voltage network plus the impedance of the next higher network where disturbing load is located. In this the latter impedance is lower in magnitude. In case of background voltage pollution on the fundamental, all loads in the low voltage network will draw current from this harmonic voltage source. This current then flow in total through network impedance, which can bring a number of unwanted effects in the distribution transformer and cables. Beside this, seen from medium voltage network, there is a possibility of series resonances. This series resonance can bring a low impedance path for harmonic currents from a disturbing load or generator in the medium voltage network, which can strongly increase the unwanted effects in the distribution and cables [5]. 5.2.3 Location for harmonic damping: Best location for harmonic damping is the end terminal of a power distribution line or cable, acting as a harmonic termination resistor, however when network situation is not known and loads can vary, a good choice for a location is somewhere between the middle and end of line & cable.

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5.3 Compensation of Harmonics


Modern harmonics filters play a major role to reduce harmonics. They have several functions like harmonic filtering, damping, isolation and termination. Besides these they have also other important functions: reactive power control, voltage regulation, load balancing, voltage flicker reduction etc, which are very important in power system to maintain required power quality. There are two types of filters which are used to reduce harmonics: active filter and passive filter. Several active and passive filters have been used to satisfy power quality standard. [1] 5.3.1 Passive Filters: Passive filtering has been considered as a standard technology for harmonic and reactive power compensation. Passive filters have been preferred for harmonic compensation in distribution systems due to low cost, simplicity, reliability, and control-less operation. These filters are used to attenuate certain harmonics present in the line current. Passive filters are generally shunt filters. These filters compensate harmonic currents by making a conductive path for these harmonic currents. Passive filters consisting capacitors, inductors and resistances are classified into tuned and high pass filters. Passive tuned filters are used to eliminate low frequency current harmonics and high pass filters are used to attenuate the amplitude of high frequency current components. They are connected in parallel with non-linear loads.

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Figure 5.4 Passive tuned filters (a) Single tuned, and (b) double tuned [1].

Figure 5.5 Passive high-pass filters (a) first-order, (b) second-order, and (c) third-order [1]. These are some disadvantage of passive filters: 1. Passive filters cannot modify their compensation characteristic following the dynamic changes of non-linear load. 2. Source impedances strongly affect filters characteristic. 3. Passive filters suffer from mistuning for load perturbations and may introduce resonance in power system. 4. Small design tolerance in the values of C and L. small change in these values modify filters resonant frequency.

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5.3.2 Active Filters Active filter can be connected in series or in parallel with the supply network. The series APF is used to harmonic compensation of a large capacity diode rectifier with a DC link capacitor and the APF is used to compensate the harmonics and asymmetries of the main currents caused by non-linear loads. Active series filters are connected in series with the network and compensate harmonic voltages by adding some voltages to the network. Active filters offer a flexible alternative through the use of series and shunt connected power converters. They generate voltage/current waveforms, which cancel the harmonic present in the network. Active filter is often placed at a central point to isolate two areas. Non-linear loads can be modeled as a linear loads with a parallel current source each harmonic, if there is no path provided for these currents than the current will propagate through series filters. For good control harmonics series active filters can be best combined with shunt active or passive filters. [4] Active filters are superior in filtering performance, smaller in size, more flexible in application. Now a days active harmonic filters are going to use in power transmission and distribution networks for harmonic absorbing. These filters inject harmonics current into the utility system with same magnitude and opposite sign to the harmonics current generated in the system. These filters are slightly inferior in cost and operating loss compared to the passive filters. Disadvantages of Active Filters 1. Active filters are difficult to construct a large rated current source with a rapid current response. 2. Initial costs and operating costs are high.

5.3.3 Hybrid Active Filters Hybrid active power filters (HAPF) combines active power filter (APF) and passive filter to reduce the rating of APF. HAPF have advantages of both type of filters. This filter provides improved performance and cost effectiveness solutions. Hybrid active power filter aimed to act as a harmonic isolator, and provide zero impedance to the external circuit at the fundamental frequency and provide high resistance to source or load harmonics. [1]
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Problems Non-linear network Non-linear loads network High impedance due to parallel resonances Low impedance due to series resonances loads inside the

Measures distribution Resistive harmonic damping

outside the distribution Central series active harmonic filter

Resistive harmonic damping Central series active harmonic filter and/or limited resistive harmonic damping

Table 5.1 Cause of harmonic problems in distribution network and a possible measure [4].

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Chapter-6

SPECIAL METHODS OF HARMONICS REDUCTION

6.1 Harmonic minimization in HVDC systems through multiple injection of supplementary control signals
The harmonic present in HVDC system is a combination of the harmonics caused by Converter itself The AC source Other loads connected to the converter bus bar.

There are four ways to reduce these harmonics By stopping their passage Diverting the harmonic current Minimizing their generation source.

These ways are generally related to the increase in converter pulse number, by using passive harmonic filters and by injecting supplementary signals [1]. With respect to the injection of signals in HVDC system to minimize harmonics, the literature presents many methods that can be classified in three groups: 1. Injecting harmonic in the ac-side; 2. Injecting harmonic in the dc-side; 3. Injecting of supplementary signals to the control.
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This method does not use expensive reactors and electrostatic circuits. multiple injection of supplementary signals of lower harmonic orders to minimize either voltage or current harmonics of lower larger amplitudes in HVDC converters and by doing this we can reduce the dimensions of the filtering equipments. This method is more effective with harmonics closer to the fundamental frequency. The addition of multiple supplementary signals in HVDC system brings a simultaneous reduction of harmonic of the voltage indeed around 39%. [13]

6.2 Effects of control systems time delay on the performance of harmonics elimination
Active filters are power electronic systems that absorb the harmonic currents in a network, produced by nonlinear load. Active filters can be regarded as a controlled voltage or current source. There are two common methods to control active filter: 1. Direct harmonic elimination 2. Indirect control Here we are describing only direct harmonic elimination method. In this method active filter is used to cancel all the harmonic components in the load side current. Active filter controller measures harmonics currents and generates reference current for the PWM inverter.

6.3 Elimination of harmonic transfer through converters in voltage source converter (VSC) based multi-terminal DC systems by AC/DC decoupling
Harmonic transfer through converters has caused distortion in voltage and current waveforms in multi terminal dc systems based on a VSC. These harmonics can be eliminated by a combination of DC voltage decoupling and AC current tracking applied to every VSC. The ac current
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tracking control is added to improve the cross converter decoupling. AC current tracking is a desirable feature because it limits the current magnitudes during AC faults. AC current tracking has added advantage of fast time response. There are some other benefits of decoupling are : disturbances in the AC side of one VSC do not propagate to the AC sides of other voltage source converters.[1]

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CONCLUSION
Device used in power systems produce harmonics which degrade the performance of the network. In general harmonic currents and voltages are one of the major problems affecting power quality of system. Power system harmonic analysis is essential in power system planning, control and operation. In HVDC transmission system, problems arise from harmonics fed into the AC network from converter operation. Converters used in HVDC system can be considered as harmonic current sources on the AC side, while harmonic voltage sources on the DC side. Flow of harmonics deteriorate voltage quality and lower power factor. Also they cause several problems like dielectric stresses, load increase, increased losses and heating in customer and power system equipments, waveform distortions etc. In this paper we have seen harmonics effects on power system equipments like resonance circuits, rotating machines, transformers, capacitor banks, converter stations, ripple control systems, insulation, relays and

communications. Harmonic reduction techniques resonance reduction, harmonics damping and compensation are outlined. Resistive harmonic damping covers harmonics coming from non-linear loads inside distribution networks and central series active harmonic filters are used to minimize harmonic coming from outside non-linear loads. Active, passive and hybrid power filters are used for harmonic compensation.

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REFERENCES
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