ESRD - Baseline Water Well Testing Report

BASELINE WATER WELL
TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT

Submitted To:
Guy Bayegnak
Groundwater Policy Branch
Alberta Environment

Prepared By:
Don Jones
Bernhard Mayer
Cathy Main

March 31, 2011

BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT i

ALBERTA INNOVATES TECHNOLOGY FUTURES MARCH 31, 2011
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Alberta Environment (AENV) contracted Alberta Innovates Technology Futures (AITF)
(formerly Alberta Research Council Inc.) to review and evaluate the data in the Baseline Water
Well Testing (BWWT) database to determine trends in baseline conditions and any observable
changes in water quality of wells that were tested more than once. The BWWT database
includes data from across the province. The province-wide data provided within the BWWT
was used for statistical analysis, however, GIS maps concentrated primarily on the area lying
within township 01-046-W5 to township 17-020-W4 (31,250 km
2
) as this is the main area for
CBM drilling.

AENV provided AITF with a database of results upon which this study was based. Limitations
within the database provided by AENV to AITF are primarily related to laboratory and
sampling variability and data entry issues. The large number of parties involved in sampling,
laboratory analysis and data entry has added an element of variability in laboratory detection
limits, sampling methodologies and data representation.

The study does not distinguish between geologically based influences on groundwater such as
formation composition, bedrock lineament features, or buried ancient alluvial channels. It also
does not identify which water quality characteristics may be a result from impacts due to
anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices (e.g. fertilizers, bacteriological impacts) or
oil and gas activities.

Trends in major ions identified in water collected from wells located within the study area
can be generally divided into areas with linear type trends and cluster areas. North-south
oriented bands of wells with a similar concentration of a particular parameter were found to
generally align with the formation region subcrops. These north-south bands were observed
with total alkalinity and bicarbonate. Lower concentrations of alkalinity and bicarbonate were
found in the west and higher concentrations were found to the east. In contrast, fluoride has the
greatest amount of wells with elevated ion concentrations in the west as opposed to the east.
The trend in fluoride is important since over 40% of wells completed at a depth greater than 60
mbgs exceed the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010).

Areas of high and low ion concentrations have been identified as part of the study. An area of
elevated ion concentrations associated with a northeast linear trend located approximately
between Airdrie to Three Hills/Stettler (in some instances extending east to Drumheller) has
been identified. This northeast trend has been observed in the following elevated ion
distributions: calcium, magnesium, nitrate, potassium, sodium, sulphate, total alkalinity and
TDS. Often clusters of high concentration wells are observed east of Calgary in the Strathmore
area. Areas of low ion concentrations are also noted in the Calgary area for bicarbonate,
carbonate and calcium ions as well as alkalinity.

Concentrations of the ions in the samples versus depth range of each well were examined. The
median concentrations of calcium, potassium and sulphate as well as TDS were found to
decrease with depth. However, carbonate, chloride and fluoride were found to increase with
depth. The maximum values were observed for bicarbonate, manganese, magnesium, nitrate,
nitrate + nitrite, potassium and total alkalinity at wells completed at depths of 30 mbgs or less.
BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT ii

Other ions such as chloride, fluoride, sodium, calcium, and TDS had maximum values in
samples collected from wells completed between 60 to 100 mbgs. It is expected that strong
trends in concentration of ion versus depth may be related to differences in geology between
formations.

The Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010) were exceeded at most locations for aesthetic
objectives for TDS and sodium, and the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for fluoride
was exceeded at approximately 25% of the wells. Water samples exceeding chloride aesthetic
objectives and fluoride MAC objectives were greatest with wells completed at depth. Water
samples exceeding iron and sulphate aesthetic objectives and nitrate MAC objectives were
greatest in the shallow wells.

The wells with bacteriological impacts are generally randomly distributed but highly prevalent
within the study area especially in the Edmonton to Calgary corridor. It appears that the area
bounded by Airdrie, Stettler, Hanna and Red Deer has a high concentration of wells with
bacteriological detection. Although approximately half of the wells in which bacteria were
detected did not have completion information, the highest number of wells impacted by
bacteria that did have completion data was completed from 30 to 60 mbgs (with the exception
of E. coliform where 58% of the wells impacted did not have completion information). The data
within the AENV database indicate that 53 wells were impacted (i.e. tested positive) by E. coli
coliform, 387 wells were impacted by fecal coliform, 2,990 wells were impacted by total
coliform, 4,797 wells were impacted by SRB and 8,407 wells tested positive for IRB within the
study area. There are more shallow wells (i.e. 0 to 60 mbgs) than deep wells in the study area
and most of these wells are impacted by some form of bacteria.

The database achieves its objective of generating a baseline of concentrations and
13
C values of
methane in free gas of shallow groundwater. For 636 free gas samples passing the data quality
criteria a median methane concentration of 436,085 ppm was observed. The highest methane
concentrations occurred in the deepest wells (>100 mbgs). The median ethane concentration in
267 free gas samples passing the data quality criteria was 1,200 ppm with the highest ethane
concentrations occurring in wells completed in 60 to 100 mbgs. There were 58 wells for which
propane concentrations in free gas were reported. For 396 samples for which data quality
criteria were met the median
13
C value of methane was -67.2 . In free gas obtained from
wells completed in <30 mbgs the median
13
C value for methane was with -71.1 lowest,
whereas in the deepest wells completed in >100 mbgs methane had a slightly higher median
13
C value of -65.0 . The median
13
C value of ethane in 300 free gas samples was -48.0
with no significant depth dependence. The median
13
C value of propane for 16 samples
meeting the data quality criteria was -33.7 .

The majority of the free gas samples contained predominantly methane and some ethane, had
wetness parameters >1000 and
13
C values of methane typically below -60 , indicating
biogenic gas formation processes. The accumulated information in the database will be in many
cases of great value to trace potential future impacts on free gas in shallow groundwater
provided that the chemical and isotopic composition of coal gases and deeper formation gases
are known and isotopically distinct (e.g. Tilley & Muehlenbachs, 2006). During re-sampling of
wells it is highly desirable to use similar sampling procedures to assure comparability of results.
BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT iii

Also, the analytical accuracy of participating laboratories for concentration data reported near
the detection limits and
13
C values for low concentration gas samples should be further
evaluated.

Based on the results of this study, recommendations are summarized below.

Gas sample results require that data from all gases be entered so that the total gas
concentrations sum to ppm.
Data be entered into the database be standardized into a singular measurement unit
where possible (e.g. conductivity, major ions, well completion depth information) so
that comparisons to data can be made more readily without having to check and revise
the database.
Well water sample results should be tied to a unique well identification number (GIC
number) rather than a location number so that retest data for the wells can more easily
be compared. It would be helpful if this well identifier was placed on the individual
wells in the field to reduce the potential for monitoring well identification errors in the
field.
Well completion data should include screen depth so that water chemistry can be linked
to formations.
It would be beneficial if data could be pre-screened prior to entry into the database so
that discrepancies or concerns regarding data entry error could be addressed in a
proactive manner.
Additional value would be provided by considering temporal variability in the near-
surface aquifer water quality data results.
The accuracy of gas concentration data below 100 ppm for methane, ethane, propane
and butane should be checked.
BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT iv

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... i
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 1
2. PROJECT SCOPE ............................................................................................................ 3
3. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 3
3.1 Data Extraction and QA/QC Assessment ....................................................... 3
3.2 Data Assessment and Analyses ..................................................................... 5
3.3 Study Limitations and Assumptions .............................................................. 5
3.3.1 Limitations with Existing Database ..................................................................... 5
3.3.2 Assumptions and Limitations of the Study .......................................................... 6
4. DATA EVALUATION RESULTS ...................................................................................... 7
4.1 Major Ion Characteristics ................................................................................ 7
4.2 Major Ion Frequency and Spatial Distribution ............................................... 8
4.2.1 Bicarbonate ........................................................................................................ 8
4.2.2 Carbonate ........................................................................................................... 9
4.2.3 Calcium ............................................................................................................. 10
4.2.4 Chloride ............................................................................................................ 12
4.2.5 Fluoride ............................................................................................................. 13
4.2.6 Dissolved Iron ................................................................................................... 15
4.2.7 Manganese ....................................................................................................... 16
4.2.8 Magnesium ....................................................................................................... 17
4.2.9 Nitrate + Nitrite ................................................................................................. 18
4.2.10 Nitrite ................................................................................................................ 20
4.2.11 Nitrate - Nitrogen .............................................................................................. 21
4.2.12 Potassium ......................................................................................................... 22
4.2.13 Sulphate ........................................................................................................... 24
4.2.14 Sodium ............................................................................................................. 25
4.2.15 Total Alkalinity .................................................................................................. 27
4.2.16 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ............................................................................ 29
4.2.17 Frequency and Spatial Distribution Summary .................................................. 30
4.3 Bacteriological Characteristics: Frequency and Spatial Distribution ....... 31
4.3.1 Bacteriological Data Concentrations ................................................................ 32
4.3.1.1 E. coli Coliform ................................................................................................. 32
4.3.1.2 Fecal Coliform .................................................................................................. 33
4.3.1.3 Total Coliform ................................................................................................... 35
4.3.1.4 Sulphur Reducing Bacteria (SRB) .................................................................... 36
4.3.1.5 Iron Related Bacteria (IRB) .............................................................................. 38
4.3.2 Summary of Bacteriological Characteristics: Frequency and Spatial
Distribution ........................................................................................................ 39
4.4 Gas Characteristics ........................................................................................ 39
4.4.1 Gas Concentrations .......................................................................................... 41
4.4.1.1 Methane ............................................................................................................ 41
4.4.1.2 Ethane .............................................................................................................. 43
BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT v

4.4.1.3 Propane ............................................................................................................ 44
4.4.1.4 Butane and Iso-Butane ..................................................................................... 46
4.4.1.5 Carbon Dioxide ................................................................................................. 48
4.4.1.6 Non-Standard Parameters ................................................................................ 50
4.4.2 Carbon Isotope Ratios ...................................................................................... 51
4.4.2.1 Methane ............................................................................................................ 51
4.4.2.2 Ethane .............................................................................................................. 53
4.4.2.3 Propane ............................................................................................................ 55
4.4.2.4 Butane and Iso-Butane ..................................................................................... 55
4.4.2.5 Carbon Dioxide ................................................................................................. 55
4.4.3 Origin of Methane ............................................................................................. 57
4.5 Repeat Tests ................................................................................................... 60
4.5.1 Major Ions ......................................................................................................... 60
4.5.1.1 Bicarbonate ...................................................................................................... 60
4.5.1.2 Calcium ............................................................................................................. 61
4.5.1.3 Carbonate ......................................................................................................... 62
4.5.1.4 Chloride ............................................................................................................ 62
4.5.1.5 Conductivity ...................................................................................................... 63
4.5.1.6 Fluoride ............................................................................................................. 63
4.5.1.7 Dissolved Iron ................................................................................................... 64
4.5.1.8 Magnesium ....................................................................................................... 64
4.5.1.9 Manganese ....................................................................................................... 65
4.5.1.10 Nitrate + Nitrite ................................................................................................. 66
4.5.1.11 Nitrate ............................................................................................................... 66
4.5.1.12 Nitrite ................................................................................................................ 67
4.5.1.13 pH ..................................................................................................................... 67
4.5.1.14 Potassium ......................................................................................................... 68
4.5.1.15 Sodium ............................................................................................................. 68
4.5.1.16 Sulphate ........................................................................................................... 69
4.5.1.17 Total Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................... 69
4.5.1.18 Total Alkalinity .................................................................................................. 70
4.5.2 Gas Concentration and Isotope Repeat Tests ................................................. 71
4.5.2.1 Free gas retest ................................................................................................. 71
4.5.3 Changes in Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Gas Samples ........ 72
4.5.3.1 Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Methane ................................... 72
4.5.3.2 Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Ethane ..................................... 73
4.5.3.3 Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of CO
2
.......................................... 73
5. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 74
5.1 Database Limitations ..................................................................................... 74
5.2 Major Ion Trends ............................................................................................ 75
5.3 Bacteria ........................................................................................................... 76
5.4 Gas Concentrations and Isotope Ratios ...................................................... 76
5.5 Retest Data ...................................................................................................... 77
6. RECOMMENATIONS ..................................................................................................... 77
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 79

BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT vi

List of Tables

Table 1: Major Ion Ranges (Mg/L) In Shallow Groundwater From Formations Of
Interest. .................................................................................................................... 2
Table 2: Water Chemistry Ranges Summarized From Regional Groundwater Studies ........ 3
Table 3: Considered Parameters And Corresponding Drinking/ Livestock/Irrigation
Water Guidelines. ..................................................................................................... 7
Table 4: Number Of Samples For Which Groundwater Concentrations Exceeded The
Detection Limit Of The Listed Compounds. ............................................................ 50
Table 5: Summary Of Chemical And Isotopic Parameters For Free Gas Samples For
Which Propane Concentrations Were Reported. ................................................... 59
Table 6: Ranges Of Retest Data Trends For Major Ions. ..................................................... 60

List of Figures

Figure 1. Summary of Bicarbonate Statistics .......................................................................... 8
Figure 2. Summary of Carbonate Statistics ............................................................................. 9
Figure 3. Summary of Calcium Statistics ............................................................................... 11
Figure 4. Summary of Chloride Statistics .............................................................................. 12
Figure 5. Summary of Fluoride Statistics ............................................................................... 14
Figure 6. Summary of Dissolved Iron Statistics ..................................................................... 15
Figure 7. Summary of Manganese Statistics ......................................................................... 16
Figure 8. Summary of Magnesium Statistics ......................................................................... 17
Figure 9. Summary of Nitrate + Nitrite Statistics .................................................................... 19
Figure 10. Summary of Nitrite Statistics .................................................................................. 20
Figure 11. Summary of Nitrate-N Statistics ............................................................................. 21
Figure 12. Summary of Potassium Statistics ........................................................................... 23
Figure 13. Summary of Sulphate Statistics ............................................................................. 24
Figure 14. Summary of Sodium Statistics ............................................................................... 26
Figure 15. Summary of Total Alkalinity Statistics .................................................................... 28
Figure 16. Summary of Total Dissolved Solids Statistics ........................................................ 29
Figure 17. Summary of E. coli Statistics .................................................................................. 32
Figure 18. Summary of Fecal Coliform Statistics .................................................................... 34
Figure 19. Summary of Total Coliform Statistics ..................................................................... 35
Figure 20. Summary of Sulphur Reducing Bacteria Statistics ................................................. 37
Figure 21. Summary of Iron Related Bacteria Statistics .......................................................... 38
Figure 22. Summary of Methane Concentration Statistics ...................................................... 42
Figure 23. Summary of Ethane Concentration Statistics ......................................................... 43
Figure 24. Summary of Propane Concentration Statistics ....................................................... 45
Figure 25. Summary of Iso-Butane Concentration Statistics ................................................... 47
Figure 26. Summary of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Statistics ........................................... 49
Figure 27. Summary of Methane Isotope Statistics ................................................................. 52
Figure 28. Summary of Ethane Isotope Statistics ................................................................... 54
Figure 29. Summary of Carbon Dioxide Isotope Statistics ...................................................... 56

BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT vii

Appendices / List of Figures

Appendix A

Figures 4111.1 to 4111.7 Bicarbonate Concentration
Figures 4112.1 to 4112.7 Carbonate Concentration
Figures 4113.1 to 4113.7 Calcium Concentration
Figures 4114.1 to 4114.7 Chloride Concentration
Figures 4115.1 to 4115.7 Fluoride Concentration
Figures 4116.1 to 4116.7 Dissolved Iron Concentration
Figures 4117.1 to 4117.7 Manganese Concentration
Figures 4118.1 to 4118.7 Magnesium Concentration
Figures 4119.1 to 4119.7 Nitrate + Nitrite
Figures 41110.1 to 41110.7 Nitrite Concentration
Figures 41111.1 to 41111.7 Nitrate Concentration
Figures 41112.1 to 41112.7 Potassium Concentration
Figures 41113.1 to 41113.7 Sulfate Concentration
Figures 41114.1 to 41114.7 Sodium Concentration
Figures 41115.1 to 41115.7 Total Alkalinity Concentration
Figures 41116.1 to 41116.7 TDS Concentration

Appendix B

Figures 4211.1 to 4211.7 E. coli Counts
Figures 4212.1 to 4212.8 Fecal Coliform Counts
Figures 4213.1 to 4213.8 Total Coliform Counts
Figures 4214.1 to 4214.7 SRB Counts
Figures 4215.1 to 4215.8 IRB Counts

Appendix C

Figures 4311.1 to 4311.7 Methane Concentration
Figures 4312.1 to 4312.7 Ethane Concentration
Figures 4313.1 to 4313.7 Propane Concentration
Figures 4314.1 to 4314.2 Butane Concentration
Figures 4315.1 to 4315.7 Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Figures 4316.1 to 4316.7 Iso-Butane Concentration
Figures 4321.1 to 4321.7 Methane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4322.1 to 4322.7 Ethane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4323.1 to 4323.7 Propane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4324.1 to 4324.2 Iso-Butane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4325.1 to 4325.7 Carbon Dioxide 13C/12C Ratio Gas
Figure 4410.1 Change in Gas Production
Figure 4421.1 Methane PPM Change for Retests
Figure 4421.2 Methane 13C Change (in )from Retests
Figure 4422.1 Ethane PPM Change for Retests
Figure 4422.2 Ethane 13C Change (in ) from Retests
Figure 4423.1 Carbon Dioxide PPM Change for Retests
Figure 4423.2 Carbon Dioxide 13C Change (in ) from Retests

BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT viii


Appendix D

Figures 4411.1 to 4411.2 Bicarbonate Change
Figures 4412.1 to 4412.2 Calcium Change
Figures 4413.1 to 4413.2 Carbonate Change
Figures 4414.1 to 4414.2 Chloride Change
Figures 4415.1 to 4415.2 Conductivity Change
Figures 4416.1 to 4416.2 Fluoride Change
Figures 4417.1 to 4417.2 Dissolved Iron Change
Figures 4418.1 to 4418.2 Magnesium Change
Figures 4419.1 to 4419.2 Manganese Change
Figures 4420.1 to 4420.2 Total Iron Change
Figures 44110.1 to 44110.2 Nitrate + Nitrite Change
Figures 44111.1 to 44111.2 Nitrate Change
Figures 44112.1 to 44112.2 Nitrite Change
Figures 44113.1 to 44113.1 pH Change
Figures 44114.1 to 44114.2 Potassium Change
Figures 44115.1 to 44115.2 Sodium Change
Figures 44116.1 to 44116.2 Sulphate Change
Figures 44117.1 to 44117.2 TDS Change
Figures 44118.1 to 44118.2 Total Alkalinity Change

BASELINE WATER WELL TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Alberta Environment (AENV) obtained Alberta Innovates Technology Futures (AITF) (formerly
Alberta Research Council Inc.) to review and evaluate the data in the Baseline Water Well
Testing (BWWT) database to determine trends in baseline conditions and any observable
changes in water quality of wells that were tested more than once. The BWWT database
includes data from across the province. The province-wide data provided within the BWWT
was used for statistical analysis, however, GIS maps concentrated primarily in the area lying
within township 01-046-W5 to township 17-020-W4 (31,250 km
2
) as this is the main area for
CBM drilling. AENV provided AITF with a database of results upon which this study was
based.

Baseline Water Well Testing Requirements for Coalbed Methane Wells Completed Above the
Base of Groundwater Protection, also known as the (BWWT) Environmental Resources
Conservation Board (ERCB) Directive 35, came into effect in May 2006. The directive involves
the assessment of certain water quality parameters within a 600-800m radius of potential CBM
drilling projects to establish a baseline against which future water quality may be compared.
The Baseline Water Well Testing Standard (BWWTS) was developed by Alberta Environment in
2006, in response to the Multi-Stakeholder Advisory Committee (MAC) recommendations.
BWWT has now been in operation for four years. To date, approximately 11,000 tests have been
performed and reside in the BWWT database.

The majority of the groundwater wells considered in this study was completed in central
Alberta, deriving their water resources from Quaternary, Tertiary, and Upper Cretaceous
formations. The Belly-River, Edmonton, and Paskapoo clastic wedges are the deposits of
interest for this study and are comprised of dominantly fluvial and non-marine siliciclastics
(Cheung et al., 2010). The corresponding aquifers of interest are the Scollard-Paskapoo,
Horseshoe Canyon, and Belly River aquifers. The hydrogeochemistry of each aquifer is partially
controlled by the mineralogic composition of the surrounding bedrock (see Figure 29 from
Bachu and Michael (2002) for a cross sectional view of the flow system in the Upper Cretaceous-
Tertiary bedrock).

General groundwater chemistry ranges for waters in these systems are summarized in Table 1.
The large ranges observed for some parameters (see Table 1), particularly for chloride and
sodium, illustrate the variability of groundwater chemistry associated with samples from
variable depths and large spatial distributions. As such, outlying or extreme values must be
evaluated with caution when assessing water quality of a large region such as the area of
interest for this study.


TABLE 1: MAJOR ION RANGES (MG/L) IN SHALLOW GROUNDWATER
FROM FORMATIONS OF INTEREST.
Formation Parameter Maximum Minimum
Scollard- Paskapoo
bicarbonate
4000 54
calcium
198 0.8
chloride
16953 0.5
iron
0.04* <0.01*
magnesium
192 0.1
manganese
198 0.8
potassium
3.8* 0.8*
sodium
10932 0.2
sulphate
2075 0.7

TDS
28,409 51
Horseshoe Canyon
bicarbonate
1720 384
calcium
128 2.7
chloride
229 <0.5
iron
0.16 <0.01
magnesium
23.5 <0.2
manganese
0.295 <0.005
potassium
8.9 <2
sodium
861 112
sulphate
1320 1
TDS
2620 354
Belly River
bicarbonate
6586 4
calcium 1666 1.3
chloride 34800 <0.5
iron 3.8 <0.01
magnesium 581 <0.1
manganese 2.02 <0.005
potassium 250 0.99
sodium
19857 1.3
sulphate 4990 0
TDS 3610 3176
Modified from Lemay, 2003
* - Based on less than 10 sample results.

Selected water chemistry parameters from the regional groundwater assessments from counties
included within the study area are summarized in Table 2. The maximum and minimum values
of water parameter concentrations are outlined below and display again significant variability
across the investigated area.


TABLE 2: WATER CHEMISTRY RANGES SUMMARIZED FROM
REGIONAL GROUNDWATER STUDIES
Parameter Maximum Minimum Median
alkalinity 3472 11 519.5
chloride 4135 0 7.9
fluoride 388 0 0.6
nitrate + nitrite 748 0 0.4
sodium 31510 0 259.8
sulphate 6495 0 311.15
TDS 11868 0 912.6
Modified from HCL reports (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005) and Stantec, 2005.

2. PROJECT SCOPE

The purpose of the study was to determine if data supplied to AITF from the AENV BWWT
database show evidence of spatial trends in water quality and any temporal trends if sufficient
well repeat tests are available in the database. The study scope included the following:

The extraction and manipulation of spreadsheet data provided by Alberta Environment
from the BWWT database to allow for statistical analyses and use in the production of
distribution maps;
Evaluation of major ion, bacteriological, and gas concentration and isotope data collected as
part of the BWWT.

o Assessment of spatial distribution of total and depth delineated data using GIS
mapping.
o Univariate statistical analysis for each water quality parameter.
o Assessment of the number and distribution of wells with a water sample parameter
exceeding the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (Health Canada, 2010).

Where carbon isotope data were available, the results are discussed in the context of the
environmental conditions that are conducive to methane gas formation.

Repeat tests are evaluated to assess any changes that may have occurred between baseline
sampling events and retesting of water wells. Measured parameters in retested wells have been
evaluated and mapped to ascertain whether or not changes can be correlated to spatial
distributions.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Data Extraction and QA/QC Assessment

The data present in the BWWT database was subjected to QA/QC procedures prior to its use.
The data was consolidated into a format that could be assessed for accuracy and completeness,
used for statistical analysis and uploaded into a geographic information system. These
procedures included:


Database queries to identify and allow the removal of duplicate entries in the database.
Database queries to recognize different measurement units for parameters within the
database and allow for standardization of the data representation within the database. The
queries were limited to determining completion depth discrepancies (ft. versus meters) and
ion balance (90% to 110%) versus charge balance (0.9 to 1.1) entries within the database.
Alberta Environment provided the database to AITF with the understanding that the
database had a QA/QC check completed.
Data queries to identify the different detection limits used in different laboratories for the
parameters within the database and development of a standard method of representation.
Data queries to allow the water quality results to be linked graphically to a spatial location
on a map as well as to well completion depths where available.
The bedrock geology subcrops were mapped for the study area and well locations included
in this study were overlaid on the subcrop map. Data quality results were graphically
displayed by well and depth ranges using the subcrop map as base map.

Data sets were screened for accuracy by using ion balance criteria of 90 110 % or 0.9 to 1.1 to
isolate analyses of value and exclude those with potential erroneous data sets. The results from
the sampling suites that did not meet the QA/QC procedure for ion balance were excluded
from the study.

The well water quality results of the study were linked to the completion depth of the wells
where available. The concentration data that met the selection criteria were then merged with
the well and location data. Well depth data provided within the database was supplemented by
data from the Alberta Environment groundwater information center (GIC) in instances where
the well depth data was not present within the database and the GIC number of the well was
available.

Wells were divided into 4 depth-based groups (i.e. 0 to 30 meters below ground surface (mbgs),
30 to 60 mbgs, 60 to 100 mbgs and greater than 100 mbgs) so that changes in water chemistry
versus depth could be assessed. These depth ranges are based on Alberta Environments
groundwater observation well network depth ranges for shallow, intermediate and deep wells 0
to 30, 30 to 100 and over 100 meters, respectively. The additional split at 60 meters was done to
decrease the number of wells in a single group for mapping. Of the 8,407 records that satisfy the
ion balance criteria, 36% of the wells have a depth between 0.1 to 30 mbgs. 28% of the wells
have a depth between 30-60 mbgs, 12% have a depth of 60-100 mbgs, and 3% have a depth
greater than 100 mbgs. A total of 21% of the data have no records related to depth of well.

Insufficient information was available within the database to determine the formation over
which the well was screened. However, the well location data was overlaid on a map of the
bedrock formation subcrops located within the study area. The associated geological formations
were obtained from the Alberta Geological Survey (AGS, digital dataset 2004-0033). The files
were loaded into ARCGIS 9.3.1 and presented graphically by chemical parameter and depth of
well.


3.2 Data Assessment and Analyses

Univariate summary statistics provide a simple way of describing the distribution of the dataset
and are often useful when managing high volumes of data. The median (M), and mode of the
data indicate how the centre of the data is distributed across the upper (max) and lower (min)
ranges of the dataset. The inter-quartile ranges (Q1 and Q3) describe the variability of the data
set and are useful indicators of how the data is spread, especially when erratically high values
are present in the data set. Such tests are important as they not only provide an assessment of
the data quality, but also can highlight simple input errors that may be easily remedied.

Data was plotted with the use of whisker plots to show median values, data distribution (first,
second and third quartile) and maximum and minimum range in values.

3.3 Study Limitations and Assumptions

3.3.1 Limitations with Existing Database

Limitations with the existing database are primarily related to laboratory and sampling
variability and data entry issues. Data in the database has come from water sampling studies
and reports conducted by approximately 35 consulting companies for the BWWT parameters.
The major ion parameters have been analyzed in 14 different laboratories using various
analytical methods and with different minimum detection limits (MDL). The gas isotope
analyses were conducted in at least 3 different laboratories. The general gas concentration
analyses were conducted in 10 laboratories with MDLs ranging from 1 to 300 ppm for methane
alone. A total of 15 different laboratories analyzed the bacterial samples using at least 5 different
units for measuring the number of bacteria in the water samples. These issues increase
variability, complexity and uncertainty in evaluating trends in concentration over different
depth ranges and/or geographic locations and in assessing retested well samples.

Analytical laboratory results are entered into the BWWT database by consultants using a
spreadsheet loader. The data entered in the database for a specific sample include the sample
number (which links all of the samples and the well information together), the name of the
laboratory that analyzed the sample, the operator for the results (e.g. less than or trace), the
result(s) of the analysis, the units or in the case of gas concentration of the sample parameter, a
QC value to confirm that the results that have been checked against the lab result sheet, and a
QC comment which identifies any changes made to the data.

Some of the issues that were found with the BWWT database during our work with the data
include:

1. Depth and well competition intervals that have no units or contradictory units.
2. Ion balance appears to be either a mix of ion balance and charge balance or units are
incorrect for some of the data.
3. From the data that AITF received it is not easy to tell if gas was present during sampling
of the well.

4. There is no way to tell if gas concentrations have been corrected for atmospheric
influences or if the oxygen results have not been entered.
5. It is not possible to tell if the gas concentration data has been normalized or is raw data.
6. The addition of a total ppm for gas concentration would allow a simple check of input gas
concentrations.
7. Samples for free gas are not always completely entered in the database for all parameters
analyzed. For the purposes of this study, such samples were removed from our analysis as
they did not meet the studys initial screening criteria (detailed in Section 4.4).
8. There are sample IDs that have isotope analysis results but do not have gas concentration
results. The quality of the isotopic data without gas concentration results is difficult to
assess.
9. Results of data that are not parameters required as part of the BWWT sampling suite are
included in the database. It should be determined whether these results, although small in
number, should be part of the database.
10. There is no way to assess the reason for missing results in the database. There is only a
blank for the parameter but one cannot be sure as to the reason for the lack of data.
11. There should be an effort to identify the wells that have been retested. The use of a GIC
number in the database or some other identification would clearly identify wells that have
been retested. Presently data that represent a retested well can only be identified by well
location.

3.3.2 Assumptions and Limitations of the Study

In an effort to allow the data within the database to be compared and studied for potential
trends, specific assumptions were made. The assumptions included within this study are as
follows:

Alberta Environment conducted QA/QC checks on the data within the database. As such, it
is not within the scope of this study for AITF to conduct such checks on the data held within
the database. The study was undertaken based on the understanding that AITF should
proceed using the data provided to them in the form, in which it has been provided by
Alberta Environment.
Blanks within the database are assumed to indicate that no data is available rather than an
indication of non-detect.
Some of the well locations are referenced to the center of the section (or at times quarter
section) within which they are found. As such, when wells are graphically displayed on a
landscape scale, the wells within each section are overlapped on the maps. This is an issue
where symbols with colours are used to indicate the degree of impact. The symbols used
have been given different sizes with the highest concentration values being represented by
the largest coloured circles. It is anticipated, however, that not every well water quality
result will be visually apparent on the maps. Therefore, the maps should only be relied on to
determine regional, qualitative assessments of trends rather than to determine the exact
location of all wells with elevated concentrations of a given parameter.

4. DATA EVALUATION RESULTS

4.1 Major Ion Characteristics

The major ions were evaluated based on the concentrations of parameters based on depth using
univariate statistics. Univariate summary statistics were calculated for each of the parameters
tested to derive a general understanding of the distribution of data in both concentration and
frequency. The statistical analyses were conducted on the samples that met the QA/QC
requirements of the study (i.e. ion balance within 10% of 100%). In addition, non-detects were
included in the data analyses to allow an understanding distribution with depth and frequency.
As different method detection limits (MDL) were used by different laboratories, the MDLs were
standardized per parameter for the purposes of the statistical analyses. The assumed value was
the lowest (i.e. AITF laboratories in Vegreville, Alberta) for each parameter and these assumed
values are noted at the bottom of each statistical results table in Appendix A. Tables for
summary statistics for each parameter and the corresponding frequency distribution histograms
are also presented in Appendix A.

Major ion concentrations were compared to Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (Health
Canada, 2010) in Table 3. Parameters, notably fluoride and nitrate, are of concern for drinking
water safety (Table 3). The well water chemistry results were overlaid on the formation
subcrop map (Appendix A) to allow for reference and comparison. The subcrop map illustrates
where the geological formations subcrop and does not indicate that all wells falling within the
area of the subcrop are actually screened within that particular formation. In this regard, the
report will refer to the subcrop areas as subcrop regions rather than formations.

TABLE 3: CONSIDERED PARAMETERS AND CORRESPONDING DRINKING/
LIVESTOCK/IRRIGATION WATER GUIDELINES.
Parameter Unit
Potable Drinking
Water

MAC AO Livestock Irrigation
Bicarbonate mg/L
Calcium mg/L 1000
Carbonate mg/L
Chloride mg/L 250 100-700
Fluoride mg/L 1.5 1 - 2 1
Iron mg/L 0.3 5
Magnesium mg/L
Manganese mg/L 0.05 0.2
Nitrite mg/L 10
Nitrate - Nitrogen mg/L 10
Nitrite+Nitrate mg/L 100
Potassium mg/L
Sodium mg/L 200
Sulphate mg/L 500 1000
Total Alkalinity mg/L
TDS mg/L 500 500-3500
MAC - Maximum acceptable concentration from the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (Health
Canada, 2010)
AO - Aesthetic Objectives from the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality - Livestock and Irrigation
Water Surface Water Quality Guidelines for uses in Alberta (Health Canada, 2010)

4.2 Major Ion Frequency and Spatial Distribution

4.2.1 Bicarbonate

Of the 8,407 records that meet the criteria, 24 analyses were below detection limits (0.1 mg/L)
Figure 4111.1, Appendix A). The median value for all data is 584 mg/L. Median values were
calculated for data from the four depth ranges with 555 mg/L as the lower median value (at >
100 mbgs) and 598 mg/L as the upper median value (30-60 mbgs). A total of 25% of all the data
showed concentrations below 459 mg/L and 75% of the data indicated concentrations below
712 mg/L. The data fall within ranges for the shallow formation waters identified within
previous studies (Table 1). Figure 1 below summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and
maximum for all depth ranges. All summary statistics for bicarbonate can be seen in section
4111.1 in Appendix A.

Bicarbonate
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0.1-30 mbgs 30.01-60 mbgs 60.01-100mbgs >100mbgs IB 90-110%
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
Max
Min Q1
Q3 Median

Figure 1. Summary of Bicarbonate Statistics

The spatial distribution of bicarbonate concentrations in the BWWT database was plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4111.2 shows all bicarbonate results for all wells sampled in
the BWWT. The bicarbonate concentration increases from west to east with the higher
concentrations, 827 to 3330 mg/L, occurring along the eastern edge of the upper Paskapoo into
the lower Paskapoo and Scollard regions. These higher concentrations are most noticeable in the
Stettler to Strathmore area. On the western edge of the sampling area bicarbonate
concentrations are lower (up to 435 mg/L) in the southern area near Calgary and increase north
of Airdrie ranging between 436 and 826 mg/L.

Wells with a total depth of less than 30 mbgs, show a similar distribution to the total
bicarbonate map. Wells along the western edge of the sampling area have a maximum
bicarbonate concentration of 619 mg/L in the south and up to 826 mg/L north of Airdrie. The
higher concentrations are found along the eastern edge of the upper Paskapoo and Scollard

regions and a small area east of Calgary in the Horseshoe Canyon region where bicarbonate
concentrations can reach 1500 mg/L (Figure 4111.3).

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs show a similar distribution as displayed in Figures 4111.2
and Figure 4.111.3. The higher concentrations of bicarbonate (827 to 2670 mg/L) are found
along the eastern edge of the upper Paskapoo region and also extend farther west in the region
between Drumheller and Red Deer. An area of low bicarbonate concentrations (435 mg/L or
less) located east of Calgary appears to extend over the upper Paskapoo and Scollard subcrop
regions (Figure 4111.4)

Figure 4111.5 to Figure 4.111.7 are spatial distributions maps for concentrations of bicarbonate
for samples collected from wells with a total depth of 60 to 100 mbgs, >100 mbgs, and wells
with no completion details. All three Figures show similar spatial distributions compared to
those shown in Figures 4.111.1 through Figure 4.111.4 .

4.2.2 Carbonate

Of the 8,339 records that meet the criteria, 3,373 analyses were below detection limits (0.1 mg/L)
with the greatest median concentrations in wells with depths exceeding 100 mbgs (20.5 mg/L)
(Figure 4112.1, Appendix A). The median value for all data is 9.3 mg/L with 0.10 mg/L as the
lower value of the four depth ranges, while 671.0 mg/L was the maximum value. A total of
25% of all the data lies below 0.10 mg/L and 75% of the data lies below 21.0 mg/L. Figure 2
summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum for all depth ranges. The
Figure illustrates that median carbonate concentrations increase with depth. All summary
statistics for carbonate can be seen in section 4112.1, Appendix A.

Carbonate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
438 mg/L 671 mg/L
411 mg/L 103 mg/L
671 mg/L

Figure 2. Summary of Carbonate Statistics

The spatial distribution of carbonate concentrations in the BWWT database was plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4112.2 shows carbonate results for all wells sampled in the

BWWT. The carbonate concentrations of groundwater from wells sampled does not have a clear
pattern but lower concentrations, 0 to 59 mg/L, occur in the area between Airdrie, Strathmore
and the Bow River (i.e. south of Airdrie). The higher concentrations (60 to 671 mg/L) occur in
an area between Drumheller to Red Deer and from Red Deer to Lacombe (i.e. north of Airdrie)
from depths of 30 to 100 m (similar trend as bicarbonate).

Wells with a total depth of less than 30 mbgs show a similar distribution as that shown in the
carbonate map. Groundwater from wells in the area from the Bow River up through Strathmore
to Three Hills has lower concentrations of carbonate (0-31 mg/L). The higher concentrations (60
to 113 mg/L) are found east of Three Hills, in the Red Deer area and around Stettler (Figure
4112.3).

Carbonate concentrations for wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4112.4.
The higher concentrations of 60 to 671 mg/L are scattered in the area from Airdrie to
Drumheller and north to Wetaskiwin. The carbonate concentration is lower, 31 mg/L or less, in
the area east of Calgary to Strathmore

Figure 4112.5 is a spatial distributions map for the concentrations of carbonate over a depth of
60 to 100 mbgs. This map is very similar to the 30 to 60 mbgs distribution except that there are
no wells with higher carbonate concentrations (i.e. greater at 60 mg/L) in the Stettler area and
along the Red Deer River to Red Deer.

Wells with a total depth of more than 100 mbgs are shown in Figure 4112.6. The higher
carbonate concentration wells (32 to 103 mg/L) are located from Three Hills north to Red Deer.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4112.7. An area with groundwater having lower
carbonate concentrations (i.e. 31 mg/L or less) is found south of Airdrie from Calgary to
Strathmore. Higher carbonate concentration wells (32 to 438 mg/L) are generally found in an
area from Three Hills to Hanna and north to Wetaskiwin and especially around the Stettler and
Red Deer areas.

4.2.3 Calcium

Of the 8,407 records that meet the criteria, 82 analyses were below detection limits (0.1 mg/L).
All water well sample records had concentrations of calcium below the guidelines for livestock
except for one well in the 60 to 100 mbgs range (i.e. 1000 mg/L). The median value for all data is
10.8 mg/L with 25% of all the data falling below 3.8 mg/L and 75% of the data falling below
46.3 mg/L. Figure 3 summarizes the median, 25% and 75%percentile and maximum Calcium
concentrations for all depth ranges. The median concentration of calcium decreases with depth.
Most calcium data is found within a range previously reported for water quality existing within
formations associated with the study area (Table 1). All summary statistics for calcium can be
seen in section 4113.1, Appendix A.



Figure 3. Summary of Calcium Statistics

The spatial distribution of calcium concentrations in the BWWT database was plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4113.2 shows calcium results for all wells sampled in the
BWWT. The calcium concentration of groundwater from wells sampled does not have a clear
pattern but lower concentrations, 0 to 95 mg/L, occur in the area between Airdrie, Strathmore
and the Bow River. The higher concentrations (96 to 1000 mg/L) occur in an area between
Airdrie, Drumheller and north to Innisfail and a second area immediately south of Wetaskiwin.

Wells with a total depth of less than 30 mbgs show a similar distribution as that shown in the
total calcium map. The higher concentrations (193 to 586 mg/L) are found in a linear area from
Airdrie northeast to and beyond Three Hills and also in an area near Wetaskiwin (Figure
4113.3).

Calcium concentrations for wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4113.4. The
higher concentrations (i.e. 193 to 518 mg/L) are scattered in the area from Airdrie northeast to
Three Hills. Only one well in the Wetaskiwin area had calcium concentrations in groundwater
in the 193 to 518 mg/L range.

Figure 4113.5 is a spatial distribution map for the concentrations of calcium over a depth of 60
to 100 mbgs. This depth range displayed a decrease in the frequency of higher calcium
concentrations in wells. The majority of the wells are in the 0 to 35 mg/L range with a small
number of wells having calcium concentrations between 36 to 192 mg/L in the area between
Red Deer and Drumheller. The highest calcium concentrations in groundwater (193 to 1000
mg/L) were observed in wells at this depth range in the Airdrie area and northeast to the
Hanna area. There is one well with groundwater having a calcium concentration of 2205 mg/L,
which is above the livestock guidelines, just north east of Red Deer. This stands out as the next
highest calcium concentration in groundwater from a well in the area is less than 192mg/L.
Calcium
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
586 mg/L 518 mg/L
416 mg/L
2205 mg/L
2205 mg/L


Wells with a total depth of more than 100 mbgs are shown in Figure 4113.6. The higher calcium
concentrations (i.e. 193 to 416 mg/L) were found in wells from Airdrie northeast to the Three
Hills area. Most of the groundwater has calcium concentrations ranging from 0 to 35 mg/L.
There are a small group of wells in the 36 to 192 mg/L range in the Buffalo Lake area.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4113.7. The calcium concentration spatial
distribution is very similar to that described for the total wells sampled in Figure 4113.2 above.

4.2.4 Chloride

A total of 127 analyses or 2% of all records within the database indicate chloride values that
exceed aesthetic objectives for chloride concentration (250 mg/L) as specified in the Canadian
Drinking Water Guidelines (2010). There are wells at all depth ranges which produced samples
that are above the irrigation guidelines for chloride. The largest percentage of chloride samples
that exceeded the objectives occurred in the deepest wells (>100mgbs); 17 of 214 samples
exceeded aesthetic objectives for chloride at this depth. Of the 8,407 records, the median value
for all data is 6.5 mg/L. A total of 25% of all the data lies below 2.5 mg/L and 75% of the data
lies below 17.8 mg/L. All chloride data is found within a range previously reported for water
quality existing within formations associated with the study area (Table 1, Table 3). Figure 4
summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum for all depth ranges. All
summary statistics for chloride can be seen in section 4114.1, Appendix A.

Chloride
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
1180 mg/L 1460 mg/L
2050 mg/L 2050 mg/L
990 mg/L

Figure 4. Summary of Chloride Statistics

The spatial distribution of chloride concentrations in the BWWT database was plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4114.2 shows chloride results for all wells sampled in the
BWWT. Wells sampled between Airdrie and Lacombe generally have lower chloride
concentrations on the west side of the sampling area while higher concentrations occur on the
eastern edge over the Scollard region. The higher concentrations (251 to 2,050 mg/L) occur in an

area from Calgary to Strathmore and Airdrie to Three Hills and in a line running east west just
south of Wetaskiwin. There are also a number of wells in the northern part of the Willow Creek
region that have elevated chloride concentrations some of which reach up to 400 mg/L.

Wells with a total depth of less than 30 mbgs show mostly low concentrations of chloride (0
40 mg/L) (Figure 4114.3).

Chloride concentrations for wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4114.4. The
higher concentrations of chloride in groundwater (i.e. 250 to 1460 mg/L) were found in wells
east of Calgary to Strathmore in the Scollard and Horseshoe Canyon regions. North and east of
Wetaskiwin there are three individual wells within the depth range with elevated chloride
concentrations located in the Horseshoe Canyon and Bearspaw regions.

Figure 4114.5 is a spatial distribution map for the concentrations of chloride over a depth of 60
to 100 mbgs. Most of the upper Paskapoo region has a chloride concentration of 0 to 40 mg/L.
Concentrations ranging between 101 and 749 mg/L are found in wells in the Scollard and
Horseshoe Canyon region. These elevated concentrations occur throughout the Scollard region
past Drumheller to Wetaskiwin. Areas where water in the wells were found to exceed 250 mg/L
of chloride area concentrated in the Calgary to Strathmore and Airdrie to Drumheller area,
south of Wetaskawin and east of Camrose. There was also a group of 4 wells east of Camrose on
the Bearspaw/Belly River region that have chloride levels of 1090 to 2050 mg/L.

Wells with a total depth of more than 100 mbgs are shown in Figure 4114.6. The higher chloride
concentration wells (41 to 990 mg/L) are found from the Bow River to Wetaskiwin along the
Scollard region. Groundwater samples in this depth exceeding 250 mg/L of chloride are
concentrated east of Calgary, near Wetaskawin and at some locations between Red Deer and
Airdrie. Most other wells are in the 0 to 40 mg/L concentration range.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4114.7. The chloride concentration spatial
distribution is very similar to that described for the wells displayed in Figure 4114.2 above.

4.2.5 Fluoride

A total of 2,073 records or 25% indicate fluoride values that exceed maximum allowable fluoride
concentration (1.5 mg/L) as directed by the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010). The
livestock guideline is 1 2 mg/L and the irrigation guideline is 1 mg/L for fluoride. Figure 5
has Q3 for all depth ranges as being above 1 mg/L which has more than 25% of the wells in
exceedance of the livestock and irrigation guidelines for fluoride. Of the 8,407 records, 897
analyses were below detection limit (0.1 mg/L). The median value for all data is 0.60 mg/L
with 0.10 mg/L as the lower boundary and 316 mg/L as the upper boundary of all data values.
A total of 25% of all the data lies below 0.20 mg/L and 75% of the data lies below 1.46 mg/L.
Figure 5 below summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum fluoride
concentrations for all depth ranges. The median concentrations of fluoride are similar from 0 to
60 mbgs and increase with depth from 60 mbgs to >100 mbgs. The range of concentrations
increase with depth as indicated by the frequency distribution plots (Figure 4.115.1), and the
Q1/Q3 results. All summary statistics for fluoride can be seen in section 4115.1 Appendix A.


Fluoride
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
316 mg/L

Figure 5. Summary of Fluoride Statistics

The spatial distribution of fluoride concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Based on results summarized in Figure 4115.1 fluoride exceeds the
drinking water guidelines in 18% of the wells from 0 to 30 mbgs, 8% of the wells from 30 to 60
mbgs, and 41% and 59% of the wells at depth ranges of 60 to 100 mbgs and >100 mbgs,
respectively. Figure 4115.2 shows all fluoride results for all wells sampled in the BWWT. The
fluoride concentrations are generally higher in the western and southern section of the
sampling area. Fluoride concentrations are generally lower east of a line between Lacombe and
Drumheller in the upper Paskapoo region. Similarly high fluoride concentrations in
groundwater appear to occur in wells that are grouped in the upper Paskapoo and Scollard
region east of Airdrie and Calgary. Wells sampled in the Willow creek region, south of the
Calgary area, also show high fluoride concentrations.

Wells with a total depth of less than 30 mbgs, show a similar distribution as the total fluoride
map. Higher concentrations of fluoride in wells (i.e. 1.6 to 9.2 mg/L) occur along the western
edge of the sampling area (i.e. Calgary to Red Deer and Wetaskawin) and in wells located east
of Calgary to Strathmore area. Also higher fluoride concentrations are found in an area from
Airdrie to the northeast towards Hanna and Three Hills (Figure 4115.3).

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs show a decrease in wells with higher fluoride
concentrations. Many of the wells south of Red Deer still have fluoride concentrations above
drinking water standard. Also, wells sampled to the east of Calgary have a high proportion of
the groundwater samples with a fluoride concentration above the drinking water standard
(Figure 4115.4).

Figure 4115.5 and 4115.6 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of
between 60 to 100 mbgs that were sampled for fluoride for the BWWT database. The mean

fluoride concentration of groundwater from these wells at this depth is above the drinking
water standard. The majority of these wells are associated with the upper Paskapoo and
Scollard regions.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4115.7. The fluoride concentration spatial
distribution is very similar to that described for the total wells sampled in Figure 4115.2 above.

4.2.6 Dissolved Iron

A total of 1,231 records or 15% of all records indicate iron values that exceed AO guidelines for
iron concentrations (0.3 mg/L) as directed by the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010).
The largest number of exceedances (17%) occurred in the shallowest wells (0-30 mgbs). Of the
8,406 records, 3,432 analyses were below detection limit (0.001 mg/L). The median value for all
data is 0.02 mg/L with 0.001 mg/L as the lower boundary and 44 mg/L as the upper boundary
for all data. A total of 25% of all the data lies below the detection limit of 0.001mg/L and 75% of
the data lies below 0.12 mg/L. Most iron concentration is found within a range previously
reported for water quality of groundwater existing within formations associated with the study
area (Table 1). Figure 6 summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum iron
concentrations for all depth ranges. The irrigation guideline (Table 3) for iron is 5 mg/L . All
depth ranges have maximum values that exceed the irrigation guideline. All summary statistics
for iron can be seen in section 4116.1, Appendix A.

Iron (dissolved)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
11 mg/L 34 mg/L
36 mg/L 29 mg/L
44 mg/L

Figure 6. Summary of Dissolved Iron Statistics

The spatial distribution of dissolved iron concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4116.2 shows all dissolved iron results for all wells sampled
in the BWWT. The dissolved iron concentration appears to have no particular pattern with
dissolved iron exceeding the aesthetic objectives (AO) 0.3 mg/L throughout the sampling area
at all depth ranges.


4.2.7 Manganese

A total of 1,635 records or 19% of all records indicate manganese values that exceed aesthetic
objectives (0.05 mg/L) as directed by the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010). The
greatest number of exceedances (40% or 594) occurs in the shallowest wells (0-30 mgbs) while
the number of exceedances decreases with depth. Of the 8,407 records, 4,165 analyses were
below the detection limit (0.001 mg/L). The median value for all data is 0.00 mg/L with Q1 and
Q3 values of 0.001 and 0.03 mg/L respectively. The lowest value, above detection limit,
reported was 0.001 mg/L and 191 mg/L is the upper boundary of all data values. The
irrigation guideline for manganese is 0.2 mg/L. All depth ranges had maximum values above
the irrigation guideline. Figure 7 below summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and
maximum manganese concentration for all depth ranges. All summary statistics for manganese
can be seen in section 4117.1, Appendix A.
Manganese
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
191 mg/L 24 mg/L
5 mg/L 0.7 mg/L
191 mg/L

Figure 7. Summary of Manganese Statistics

The spatial distribution of manganese concentrations in the BWWT database was plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4117.2 shows all manganese results for all wells sampled in
the BWWT. Well water manganese concentrations exceeding either the aesthetic objectives (AO;
0.05 mg/L) or irrigation guidelines (0.2 mg/L) generally appear to be randomly distributed. An
area south and east of Calgary and an area around Innisfail appear to have marginally lower
manganese concentrations relative to the rest of the sampling area.

Wells with a total depth of less than 30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4117.3. Manganese
concentrations of these samples indicate that many of the wells are above the AO limit and
many are above the irrigation guidelines of 0.2 mg/L.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4117.4. These wells show trends of
manganese concentrations that are similar to the overall trends observed in Figure 4117.2. with

an area of higher manganese concentrations in wells in the Airdrie and Three Hills area (Figure
4117.4)

Figure 4117.5, illustrates the spatial distribution of water well with a depth of between 60 to 100
mbgs that were sampled for manganese for the BWWT database. No distinct manganese
concentration distribution pattern can be observed for wells completed within this depth range.

Figure 4117.6, illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of greater than 100
mbgs that were sampled for manganese for the BWWT database. The manganese concentration
is below the AO for most of the samples but manganese concentrations above 0.05 mg/L were
observed near the boundary of the upper Paskapoo - Scollard regions.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4117.7. The manganese concentration spatial
distribution is very similar to that described for the total wells sampled in Figure 4116.2.

4.2.8 Magnesium

Of the 8,407 records, 669 analyses were below the detection limit (0.1 mg/L). The greatest
median magnesium concentration of groundwater (5.5 mg/L) was observed for wells at
shallow depths (<30 mbgs) while median magnesium concentrations decrease with depth. The
median value for all data is 1.91 mg/L with 25% of all the data falling below 0.40 mg/L and
75% of the data falling below 16.50 mg/L. Most magnesium data is found within a range
previously reported for groundwater quality existing within formations associated with the
study area (Table 1). Figure 8 below summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and
maximum magnesium concentrations for all depth ranges. All summary statistics for
magnesium can be seen in section 4118.1, Appendix A.

Magnesium
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
514 mg/L 264 mg/L
253 mg/L 230 mg/L
514 mg/L

Figure 8. Summary of Magnesium Statistics


The spatial distribution of magnesium concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4118.2 shows all magnesium results for all wells sampled in
the BWWT. The highest magnesium concentrations are in the area south of Red Deer
particularly in the upper Paskapoo region.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4118.3 These samples show that the
majority of the groundwater samples have magnesium concentrations above 14.6 mg/L with a
maximum of 514 mg/L. The elevated concentrations of magnesium in wells (86.2 to 514 mg/L)
are found in a linear area from Airdrie northwest to Three Hills and beyond. There is also a
cluster of high magnesium concentrations southeast of Calgary.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4118.4. Despite an increase in the total
number of wells there was a decrease in the proportion of wells with a magnesium
concentration >14.6 mg/L. The highest concentrations of magnesium in wells (i.e. 86. mg/L to
514 mg/L) were again observed in the Airdrie to Drumheller area and north to Three Hills. In
addition, a similar cluster is observed south of Calgary. The maximum magnesium
concentration at this depth interval is 264 mg/L.

Figure 4118.5 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of between 60 to 100
mbgs that were sampled for magnesium for the BWWT database. This depth range displayed
only few high magnesium concentrations in the same location as in the two previous depth
ranges. The maximum concentration for this depth range is 253 mg/L.

Figure 4118.6, illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of greater than 100
mbgs that were sampled for magnesium for the BWWT database. The magnesium
concentration is below 14.6 mg/L for most groundwaters. Five wells had a magnesium
concentration between 86.2 to 230 mg/L in the Airdrie to Drumheller region, and north towards
the Three Hills area.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4118.7. The magnesium concentration spatial
distribution is very similar to that described for the total wells sampled in Figure 4118.2.

4.2.9 Nitrate + Nitrite

Of the 8,407 records for nitrate + nitrite, 5,784 analyses are below the detection limit (0.02
mg/L). The median value for all nitrate + nitrate concentration data is 0.02 mg/L. The data
that falls within the 25
th
percentile and the 75 percentile ranges from 0.02 mg/L to 0.08 mg/L in
concentration. All median values were 0.02 mg/L and of the depth ranges third quartile (75%
of all data) are 0.02 mg/L. Figure 4119.1, Appendix A). Maximum and minimum recorded
concentration values for all data were 424.0 mg/L and below the detection limit (BDL)
respectively. Figure 9 summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum nitrate +
nitrite concentrations for all depth ranges. The median values for all depth ranges were all the
same (0.20 mg/L). All summary statistics for nitrate + nitrite can be seen in section 4119.1,
Appendix A.

Nitrate + Nitrite
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
424 mg/L 137 mg/L
140 mg/L 60 mg/L
424 mg/L

Figure 9. Summary of Nitrate + Nitrite Statistics

The spatial distribution of nitrate + nitrite concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4119.2 shows all nitrate + nitrite results for all wells sampled
in the BWWT. The highest nitrate + nitrite concentration values were found in two areas located
south of Red Deer: from Airdrie to the northeast to Hanna/Three Hills; and, west of Calgary.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4119.3. Samples collected from
these wells indicate that nitrate + nitrite concentrations in groundwater are generally below 10
mg/L. The higher concentrations (i.e. 10 mg/L or greater) are found in a southwest to northeast
area between Airdrie and Stettler. There is also a cluster of high nitrate + nitrite concentrations
southeast of Airdrie and west of Calgary.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4119.4. Wells with groundwater with
elevated concentrations of nitrate + nitrite are located around Olds and to the south of Calgary
in the Bearspaw and Scollard regions. The maximum concentration at this depth interval is 137
mg/L of nitrate + nitrite.

mbgs that were sampled for nitrate + nitrite for the BWWT database. This depth range has less
high concentrations (10 mg/L or greater) wells than groundwater obtained from 0-30 mbgs or
30-60 mbgs depth ranges. The few wells with high concentrations of nitrate + nitrite (i.e. >10
mg/L) are found at the same locations as in the two previous depth ranges. The maximum
nitrate + nitrite concentration for this depth range is 140 mg/L in a water sample collected at a
well north of Drumheller near Hanna.

Figure 4119.6 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of greater than 100
mbgs that were sampled for nitrate + nitrite for the BWWT database. The nitrate + nitrite
concentrations are below 10 mg/L for most of the wells but two wells have a concentration

above 10 mg/L in the area just north of Airdrie and one east of Calgary. The highest
concentration at this depth range is 60 mg/L.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 4119.7. The nitrate + nitrite concentration
spatial distribution is variable but concentrations over 10 mg/L are more prevalent south of
Red Deer. Three wells with nitrate + nitrite concentrations over 100 mg/L were found between
Red Deer and Drumheller and an additional three wells were located east of Calgary.
Distributions are similar to those described for the total wells sampled in Figure 4119.2.

4.2.10 Nitrite

Of the 8,398 records, 7,876 analyses were below the detection limit (0.02 mg/L). All median
values and third quartile data (75% of all data) lay below the limit of detection. The maximum
concentration value for all data was 889 mg/L. All summary statistics for nitrite can be seen in
section 41110.1, Appendix A.

Nitrite
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L

N
O
2
-
-
N
)
7 mg/L 889 mg/L
65 mg/L 889 mg/L

Figure 10. Summary of Nitrite Statistics

The spatial distribution of nitrite concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 41110.2 shows all nitrite results for all wells sampled in the
BWWT. The highest nitrite concentrations were found in the area between Stettler/Red Deer
and south of Airdrie/Drumheller and a second area just east of Calgary. There are only 3 wells
where groundwater nitrite concentrations exceed the livestock guidelines of 10 mg/L. The vast
majority of the wells within the study have groundwater with nitrite concentrations below 1
mg/L.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 41110.3. The majority of the wells at
this depth range have nitrite concentrations below 1 mg/L. The maximum concentration in one
well is 7.5 mg/L of nitrite.


Generally there are only a few wells that were found to have nitrite concentrations over 10
mg/L and these were randomly distributed. The majority of wells with groundwater nitrite
concentrations > 1 mg/L are concentrated in an area roughly extending from Red Deer/Stettler
to Calgary/Strathmore (Figures 41110.4 to 41110.7). There are more wells with groundwater
nitrate >1 mg/L completed at shallow depths (i.e. 0 to 30 m) then at the deeper depth ranges.
The maximum concentration for nitrite (889 mg/L) was found in a well located near Stettler and
that was screened at the 30-60 meter depth range. This data entry is likely a data error as the
nitrate and nitrate + nitrite results for this well are 14.3 and 0.017 mg/L respectively.

4.2.11 Nitrate - Nitrogen

A total of 267 records or 3% of all records indicate nitrate (as nitrogen) values that exceed
maximum allowable concentrations (10 mg/L NO
3-
- N) as directed by the Canadian Drinking
Water Guidelines (2010). The greatest number of exceedances (5% or 143 wells) occurred in the
shallowest well depth range (0-30 mgbs). Of the 8,407 records present within the database,
5,615 analyses were below detection limits (0.02 mg/L) and all median values lay below the
limit of detection. Maximum and minimum concentration values for all data were 421 mg/L
and BDL respectively. Figure 11 indicates the median value is the same for all depth ranges. All
summary statistics for nitrate-N can be seen in section 41111.1, Appendix A.

Figure 11. Summary of Nitrate-N Statistics

The spatial distribution of nitrate-N concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 41111.2 shows nitrate-N results for all wells sampled in the
BWWT. The highest groundwater nitrate-N concentrations were found in the area south of Red
Deer/Lacombe and east of Calgary in the sampling area. Only a minority of groundwater
exceeded nitrate-N concentrations of 10 mg/L, the MAC.


Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 41111.3 The Figure indicates the
majority of the wells have nitrate-N concentrations below 10 mg/L. The maximum nitrate
concentration (98 mg/L) at this depth range was from water samples collected at a well located
near Airdrie. Elevated nitrate-N concentrations appear along a southwest to northeast oriented
line between Airdrie and just north of Three Hills as well as an area east and south of Calgary.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 41111.4. The majority of the wells have
nitrate-N concentrations of less than 10 mg/L. The higher concentrations were observed along
a line southwest to northeast between Airdrie and just north of Three Hills as well as in the
Calgary area. The maximum nitrate-N concentration in groundwater at this depth interval is
137 mg/L in a well located near Three Hills.

Figure 41111.5 illustrates the spatial distribution of water well with a depth of between 60 to 100
mbgs that were sampled for nitrate-N for the BWWT database. The few elevated nitrate-N (i.e.
10 mg/L or greater) concentrations are found in wells in the proximity and between Calgary
and Drumheller. The maximum nitrate-N concentration in a groundwater sample collected
from a well at this depth range was 139 mg/L at a well north of Drumheller.

Figure 41111.6 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of greater than 100
mbgs that were sampled for nitrate-N for the BWWT database. Nitrate-N concentrations in
water samples from wells in this depth range were below 10 mg/L except in two wells located
north of Airdrie. The maximum nitrate-N concentration at this depth was 60 mg/L for a well
east of Olds.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 41111.7. The nitrate-N concentration spatial
distribution is very similar to that described for the total wells sampled in Figure 41111.2. The
maximum nitrate-N concentration in this group was 421 mg/L.

4.2.12 Potassium

Of the 8,407 water records for potassium within the database, 1,033 analyses were below the
detection limit (0.1 mg/L). The median value for all data is 1.2 mg/L with 25% of all the data
falling below 0.70 mg/L and 75% of the data falling below 2.57 mg/L. Maximum and
minimum potassium concentration values for all samples were 453.0 mg/L and BDL
respectively. Most potassium concentrations varied within a range previously reported for
groundwater quality existing within formations associated with the study area (Table 1). Figure
12 summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum potassium concentrations
for all depth ranges. The median potassium concentration (per depth range) decreases with
depth. The greatest variability in concentrations (as indicated by concentration ranges and
Q1/Q3 values) are found at depths of <60 mbgs. All summary statistics for potassium
concentrations can be seen in section 41112.1, Appendix A.



Figure 12. Summary of Potassium Statistics

The spatial distribution of potassium concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 41112.2 shows all potassium results for wells sampled in the
BWWT. The highest potassium concentrations occurred in the area south of Red Deer and from
Airdrie to the northeast, and in small areas southeast of Wetaskiwin and east of Calgary. The
majority of the wells have a potassium concentration below 3 mg/L. The areas of lowest
potassium concentration were found around Calgary and from Red Deer north to Wetaskiwin.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 41112.3. This Figure indicates that
samples collected at the majority of the wells have potassium concentrations below 19 mg/L.
The maximum concentration of potassium found in a wells completed within this depth range
was 91 mg/L. Wells producing groundwater with elevated potassium concentrations (i.e. >18
mg/L) appear to be concentrated, but not limited, to a linear area stretching southwest to
northeast between Airdrie and Stettler. There is a second group of wells with groundwater with
higher potassium concentrations southeast of Wetaskiwin.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 41112.4. The majority of the wells
produced groundwater with potassium concentrations of <19 mg/L. The higher potassium
concentrations (i.e. >4 mg/L) appear concentrated in an area from Airdrie north to Lacombe.
The maximum concentration at this depth interval is 174 mg/L of potassium.

Figure 41112.5 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of between 60 to
100 mbgs that were sampled for potassium for the BWWT database. This depth range has a
smaller proportion of wells with groundwater potassium concentrations >4 mg/L compared to
the 0-30 mbgs or 30-60 mbgs depth ranges. The wells with elevated potassium concentrations
are generally located between Airdrie, Drumheller and Red Deer. The maximum potassium
concentration for this depth range is 87.7 mg/L.


Figure 41112.6 shows the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth of greater than 100
mbgs that were sampled for potassium for the BWWT database. The potassium concentration is
below 4 mg/L for most groundwater samples from these wells in this depth range except for a
small number of wells that are generally located along the eastern edge of the upper Paskapoo
region. The maximum potassium concentration at this depth is 17 mg/L.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 41112.7. The potassium concentration spatial
maximum potassium concentration in this group was 453 mg/L.

4.2.13 Sulphate

A total of 2,064 records (25% of all records) indicate sulphate values that exceed drinking water
aesthetic objectives (500 mg/L) as directed by the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010).
The highest percentage of groundwater samples with sulphate concentrations exceeding
aesthetic objectives occur from 0 to 60 mbgs. The percent of sulphate concentrations exceeding
guidelines decrease with depth from 60 to greater than 100 m. Of the 8,407 total sulphate
records, 286 analyses were below detection limit (0.1 mg/L). The median concentration value
for all samples is 227 mg/L with 25% of all the data falling below 83.3 mg/L and 75% of the
data falling below 490 mg/L. Maximum and minimum values for all sulphate data within the
database were 9390.0 mg/L and BDL respectively. Most sulphate data is found within a range
study area (Table 1). Figure 13 summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum
sulphate concentrations for all depth ranges. Median ranges appear similar to a depth of 60
mbgs after which the median values decrease with depth. Such a trend may be consistent with
bacterial sulphate reduction removing some sulphate preferably at depths of more than 60
mbgs. All summary statistics for sulphate can be seen in section 41113, Appendix A.

Sulphate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
4290 mg/L 2850 mg/L
6230 mg/L 4170 mg/L
9390 mg/L

Figure 13. Summary of Sulphate Statistics


The spatial distribution of sulphate concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 41113.2 shows all sulphate results for wells sampled in the
BWWT. The highest sulphate concentrations (i.e. 500 mg/L or greater of sulphate) exceeding
the AO are located in the area south of Red Deer. The area of greatest sulphate concentration is
generally bounded by Airdrie, Drumheller and Stettler although the areas around Calgary,
Nanton and Strathmore also have highs in sulphate concentrations of groundwater. There is an
area of consistently lower sulphate concentration along the western edge of the sampling area
from Olds to Ponoka where concentrations are below 268 mg/L.

Wells with a depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 41113.3. The distribution of wells with
elevated sulphate concentrations are focused, but are not limited to south of a line that runs
southwest to northeast between Airdrie and Stettler. There are clusters of higher sulphate
concentration wells south east of Wetaskiwin and in the Calgary to Strathmore area. The
highest sulphate concentration in this depth range is 4290 mg/L.

a sulphate concentration of more than 268 mg/L. Groundwater with high concentrations of
sulphate (1001 mg/L or greater) was found in wells extending from Airdrie northeast through
Three Hills to Hanna. Wells with sulphate concentrations exceeding AO are found in an area
from Red Deer-Stettler south to the Calgary-Strathmore area. The maximum concentration at
this depth interval is 2850 mg/L of sulphate.

mbgs that were sampled for sulphate for the BWWT database. Groundwater with high
concentrations of sulphate was found in wells (1001 mg/L or greater) that extend from Airdrie
northeast through Three Hills to Hanna. Wells with sulphate concentrations exceeding AO are
found in an area from Red Deer-Stettler south to the Calgary-Strathmore area. The maximum
sulphate concentration for this depth range is 6230 mg/L.

mbgs that were sampled for sulphate for the BWWT database. The sulphate concentration is
below 500 mg/L for most of the wells in this depth range except for a small number of wells
that are located along the eastern edge of the upper Paskapoo and in the Scollard region. The
highest concentrations (i.e. 1001 mg/L or greater) are found in wells in an area bounded by
Calgary, Drumheller and Three Hills. The maximum concentration at this depth is 4170 mg/L.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 41113.7. The sulphate concentration spatial
maximum sulphate concentration in the database for this group is 9390 mg/L.

4.2.14 Sodium

A total of 6,779 records (81% of all records) indicate sodium values that exceed drinking water
aesthetic objectives (200 mg/L) as directed by the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010).
Of the 8,352 records, 27 analyses were below the detection limit (0.1 mg/L). The median value

for all data is 320 mg/L with 25% of all the data falling below 232 mg/L and 75% of the data
falling below 434 mg/L. Figure 14 summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and
maximum sodium concentration for all depth ranges. All sodium data is found within a range
study area (Table 1). All summary statistics for sodium can be seen in section 41114.1, Appendix
A.

Figure 14. Summary of Sodium Statistics

The spatial distribution of sodium concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 41114.2 shows all sodium results for wells sampled in the
BWWT. The highest sodium concentrations (i.e. 592 mg/L or greater) in groundwater were
observed in the sampling area south of Red DeerStettler to Calgary-Strathmore. Similarly high
concentrations are found in clusters around the Nanton and the Ponoka area. This area also has
most of the samples with sodium concentrations above the AO (i.e. 200 mg/L). There is an area
of more consistently lower sodium concentrations in the middle of the sampling area from Red
Deer to Ponoka where concentrations are below the AO of 200 mg/L. The distributions of
elevated sodium concentrations are similar to those of high sulphate concentrations.

Wells with a total depth of 30 mbgs or less are mapped in Figure 41114.3. The highest sodium
concentrations were found in groundwater from wells located in a linear area between Airdrie
and northeast through Three Hills also extending east to Hanna. There is also a cluster of
elevated sodium concentrations in wells located between Calgary to Strathmore. The highest
sodium concentration in this depth range is 1720 mg/L.

a sodium concentration of more than 201 mg/L. The higher concentrations (592 mg/L or
greater) are found in an area between Red Deer, Hanna and Airdrie. The maximum
concentration at this depth interval is 1730 mg/L of sodium.


mbgs that were sampled for sodium for the BWWT database. The higher concentration wells
(592 mg/L or greater) are located in a linear area between Airdrie and northeast through Three
Hills also extending east to Hanna. There is also a cluster of wells with elevated sodium
concentrations located between Calgary to Strathmore. The maximum sodium concentration
for this depth range is 2570 mg/L.

mbgs that were sampled for sodium for the BWWT database. The sodium concentration is
above 201 mg/L for most of the wells in this depth range. The higher concentration wells (592
mg/L or greater) are located in the linear area between Airdrie and northeast through Three
Hills also extending east to Hanna. There is also a cluster of wells with elevated sodium
concentrations located near Calgary. The maximum concentration at this depth is 2380 mg/L.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 41114.7. The sodium concentration spatial
maximum sodium concentration in this group was 3470 mg/L.

4.2.15 Total Alkalinity

Of the 8,403 records for alkalinity within the database, 8 analyses were below the detection limit
(0.1 mg/L). The median value for all data is 512.0 mg/L with 25% of all the data falling below
398.0 mg/L and 75% of the data falling below 620.0 mg/L. Maximum and minimum
concentration values for all data were 2730 mg/L and BDL respectively. There are three wells
with a total alkalinity of 1,575,878 mg/L. These are either input errors or lab analysis errors.
Figure 15 below summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum total alkalinity
results for all depth ranges. Median values were similar for all depth ranges with median
alkalinity being slightly higher from 30 to 100 mbgs. All summary statistics for total alkalinity
can be seen in section 41115, Appendix A.


Total Alkalinity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
2073 mg/L 2190 mg/L
1530 mg/L 2060 mg/L
2730 mg/L

Figure 15. Summary of Total Alkalinity Statistics

The spatial distribution of total alkalinity concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to
ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 41115.2 shows all total alkalinity results for wells sampled in
the BWWT. Generally, alkalinity is lower in the Paskapoo region and higher to the east in the
Scollard to Horseshoe Canyon regions. The highest total alkalinity concentrations (i.e. 899 mg/L
or greater) were found in groundwater from wells located in an area bounded by Olds,
Strathmore, Hanna and Stettler. A second area of higher total alkalinity values is found between
Drumheller to Strathmore. The higher total alkalinity concentration area corresponds to the
Scollard Horseshoe Canyon region. There is an area of more consistently lower total alkalinity
(below 421 mg/L) east of Airdrie and Calgary in the upper Paskapoo and Scollard regions.

Wells with a total depth of 30 mbgs or less are mapped in Figure 41115.3. The highest total
alkalinity concentrations are in the area between Red Deer, Stettler and Drumheller. Higher
total alkalinity concentrations (i.e. 608 mg/L or greater) are generally found to the east. Lower
total alkalinity concentrations (i.e. 421 mg/L or less) are found in the area southeast of Airdrie
and east of Calgary but west of the Horseshoe Canyon region in the upper Paskapoo and
Scollard regions.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 meters are shown in Figure 41115.2. The highest total alkalinity
concentrations (i.e. 899 mg/L or greater) are in an area bounded by Olds, Strathmore, Hanna
and Stettler. The distribution of wells with elevated total alkalinity values appears to be located
primarily in the area of the Scollard Formation. An area to the east of Airdrie and east-southeast
of Calgary has the lowest alkalinity values.

100 mbgs that were sampled for total alkalinity for the BWWT database. The spatial distribution
of higher total alkalinity concentrations is from Three Hills to Hanna and Drumheller clusters in
the Strathmore and Stettler areas. The higher total alkalinity concentrations distribution

appears to be located along the eastern subcrop of the Scollard Region. Areas to the east of
Airdrie and east-southeast of Calgary and in the Nanton area have the lowest alkalinity values.

mbgs that were sampled for total alkalinity the BWWT database. The spatial distribution of total
alkalinity concentrations is similar to that of Figure 41115.3.

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 41115.7. The spatial distribution of total
alkalinity concentrations is similar to that of Figure 41115.2.

4.2.16 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

A total of 7,792 records (93% of all records in database) indicate TDS values that exceed
drinking water aesthetic objectives (500 mg/L) as directed by the Canadian Drinking Water
Guidelines (2010). Of the 8,407 records, 17 analyses were below the detection limit (0.1 mg/L).
The median value for all data is 920 mg/L with 25% of all the data falling below 696 mg/L and
75% of the data falling below 1,320 mg/L. Maximum and minimum values for all data were
13,700 mg/L and BDL respectively. Values of over 4,000 mg/L indicate non-potable waters in
Alberta. All TDS data is found within a range previously reported for groundwater quality
existing within formations associated with the study area (Table 1). Figure 16 below
summarizes the median, 25% and 75% percentile and maximum total dissolved solids for all
depth ranges. Median TDS values were higher from surface to 60 mbgs and lower from 60 mbgs
to greater than 100 mbgs. All summary statistics for TDS can be seen in section 41116, Appendix
A.

Total Dissolved Solids
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
6770 mg/L 5270 mg/L
9730 mg/L 8900 mg/L
13700 mg/L

Figure 16. Summary of Total Dissolved Solids Statistics

The spatial distribution of TDS concentrations in the BWWT database were plotted to ascertain
any spatial trends. Figure 41116.2 shows all TDS results for wells sampled in the BWWT. The
highest concentrations (i.e. 2181 mg/L or greater) were found in groundwater from wells

located in a linear area extending from Airdrie northeast to Stettler and south to Drumheller
and clusters in the Calgary, Strathmore and Nanton areas. There is an area of more consistent
lower TDS concentrations (i.e. 500 mg/L or below) in the Ponoka - Lacombe region.

Wells with a total depth <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 41116.3. The highest concentrations of
TDS (i.e. 2181 mg/L or greater) are found in wells located from Airdrie to Three Hills and south
to Drumheller as well as in the Strathmore area. An area of lower TDS concentration wells (i.e.
500 mg/L or less) is located on the west edge of the sampling area between Olds and Ponoka.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 41116.4.The spatial distribution of TDS
concentrations is similar to that of Figure 41116.3. However, there appears to be a higher
concentration of wells with TDS over 2181 mg/L in a linear area trending northeast between
Airdrie to Stettler and Hanna.

100 mbgs that were sampled for TDS for the BWWT database. The spatial distribution of TDS
concentrations is similar to that of Figure 41116.4.

mbgs that were sampled for TDS the BWWT database. The spatial distribution of TDS

Wells with no depth data are mapped in Figure 41116.7. The spatial distribution of TDS

4.2.17 Frequency and Spatial Distribution Summary

The results of the study show that some spatial trends appear to exist based on data available
within the database. The study does not distinguish between geologically based influences on
groundwater such as formation composition or bedrock lineament features, or buried ancient
alluvial channels. It also does not identify which water quality characteristics may be a result
from impacts due to anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices (e.g. fertilizers,
bacteriological impacts) or oil and gas activities.

The trends can be generally divided into areas with linear type trends and cluster areas. North-
south oriented bands of wells with a similar concentration of a particular parameter were found
to generally align with the formation region subcrops. These north-south bands were observed
for the parameters total alkalinity and bicarbonate. Lower concentrations of alkalinity and
bicarbonate were found in the west and higher concentrations were found to the east. In
contrast, fluoride has the greatest amount of wells with elevated concentrations in the west as
opposed to the east. The trend in fluoride is important since groundwater from over 40% of
wells completed at a depth greater than 60 mbgs exceed the Canadian Drinking Water
Guidelines (2010).

An area of elevated ion concentrations associated with a northeast linear trend located
approximately between Airdrie to Three Hills/Stettler (in some instances extending east to

Drumheller) has also been identified. This northeast trend has been observed in the following
elevated ion distributions: calcium, magnesium, nitrate, potassium, sodium, sulphate, total
alkalinity and TDS. Often clusters of groundwater with high ion concentrations are observed
east of Calgary in the Strathmore area as well.

Areas of low ion concentrations in groundwater are noted in the Calgary area for bicarbonate,
carbonate and calcium ions as well as and alkalinity.

Concentrations of the ions in the samples versus depth range of the wells were examined. The
depth. The remaining median ion ranges appear to be similar at all the depth ranges. The
maximum values were observed for bicarbonate, manganese, magnesium, nitrate, nitrate +
nitrite, potassium and total alkalinity at wells completed at depths of 30 mbgs or less. Other
ions such as chloride, fluoride, sodium, calcium, and TDS had maximum values in samples
collected from wells completed 60 to 100 mbgs.

objectives for TDS and sodium, and the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) at 25% of
the sites for fluoride. Water samples exceeding chloride aesthetic objectives and fluoride MAC
objectives were greatest with wells completed at depth. Water samples exceeding iron and
sulphate aesthetic objectives and nitrate MAC objectives were greatest in the shallow wells.

4.3 Bacteriological Characteristics: Frequency and Spatial Distribution

The study and assessment included all sampling events per well with results satisfying the ion
balance criteria (i.e. 90-110% ion balance range). Based on the criteria, results of 8,407 were
included in the statistical analyses for bacteriological indicators. Bacteriological data was
summarized based on the presence or absence of the bacteria of interest. Non-detects were
assessed and found to have an absence of bacteria. Analyses that did not detect bacteria did not
always have such a descriptor entered or indicated, therefore only statistical data with
numerical values above detection limits were assumed to represent well samples that were
impacted. The Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010) designate MAC levels of bacteria in
drinking water for Escherichia coli (E. coli) coliform and total coliform as 0 units/100 mL.

A limitation with the data is that the methods used for detecting bacteria do not consistently
measure bacterial colonies in the same units. Some labs record bacterial colonies as a colony
forming unit (CFU), a most probable number (MPN), or other units. It is recognized that MPN
and CFU counts are different laboratory methods for evaluating or measuring bacterial colonies
and are usually expressed as CFU/100 mL or MPN/100 mL. In addition, some samples are
recorded as being measured to 1 mL or 100 mL and it is therefore unclear as to whether post-
sampling corrections were made to normalize the data to a specific lab directed volume.
Therefore, the data is not directly comparable. For the purposes of this study, the data was
assessed as bacteria being detected or not detected as if a coliform is detected water sample
does not meet the drinking water guidelines. Additional statistical analyses are conducted as
part of a qualitative study to determine the wells with significant impact and those without

significant impact. Therefore, for the purposes of this study, all measurements units are
assumed to be directly comparable.

4.3.1 Bacteriological Data Concentrations

4.3.1.1 E. coli Coliform

A total of 55 wells tested positive for detection of E. coli coliform of the 1655 wells that were
tested; one well had coliforms noted as being too numerous to count. The maximum value
measured is 6,800 CFU/100mL and was found in a groundwater sample collected from a well
with no completion depth provided. The number of positive detections in wells for which
completion information is available decrease with increasing depth. However since less than
half of the wells (i.e. 22 of 53 wells or 42%) have completion information available, this result is
questionable. The median count for bacteria with positive detection is 8.0 units/100mL, with
25% of all data falling below 2.0 units/100mL and 75% of all data falling below 30 units/100mL
(Figure 17). All summary statistics for E. coli coliform can be seen in section 4211, Appendix B.

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1-30 mbgs 30.01-60 mbgs 60.01-100mbgs >100mbgs No Depth All Data
C
o
u
n
t

(
U
n
i
t
s
/
1
0
0
m
L
)
E. Coli
1000 74 730 6800 680

Figure 17. Summary of E. coli Statistics

The spatial distribution of E. coli coliform count results for the well samples in the BWWT
database were plotted to ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4211.3 shows all wells with E. coli
coliform count results at or above detection for wells sampled in the BWWT. The highest E. coli
coliform counts (i.e. 351units/100 ml or greater) were found in water samples collected from
three individual wells located near Bashaw, Airdrie and Calgary.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs that have E. coli coliform detected are mapped in Figure
4211.4. The wells that have E. coli coliform results are located between Airdrie, Hanna and
Stettler with a second group near Brooks.


All wells completed at a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs that have E. coli coliform detected in the water
are shown in Figure 4211.5. The wells with E. coli coliform detected in water samples are located
in three areas. One area is located northeast of Red Deer and another is northeast of Airdrie. In
addition, there is a single well just north of Wetaskiwin.

Figure 4211.6 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a completion depth of
between 60 to 100 mbgs within which E. coli coliform was detected in the water. The spatial
distribution of E. coli coliform impacted wells were found in a linear area from Airdrie northeast
to Three Hills. In addition, a well located to the east of Calgary had the highest E. coli coliform
count (i.e. 351 to 1000 units/100 mL ranges) for this depth.

Figure 4211.7 shows the spatial distribution of water wells with a completion depth of greater
than 100 mbgs within which E. coli coliform was detected in the water. There is only one well
with E. coli coliform and it is located west of Wetaskiwin.

4.3.1.2 Fecal Coliform

A total of 392 water samples associated with wells in the study area tested positive for fecal
coliform; 8 of these wells had coliform count too numerous to count. The maximum value
measured is 2420 MPN/100mL in a water sample collected from a well completed between 30
and 60 mbgs. In general, the wells with the greatest number of fecal coliform impacts are
completed in the 30 to 60 mbgs depth range. The number of detections observed at specific
depths can be seen in the summary statistics table in Figure 4212.1, Appendix B. The median
value for all data is 1.0 units/100mL except for depth range 0 to 30 mbgs (which has a median
value of 2) and for wells with no depth data (the median value was 3) (Figure 18). All
summary statistics for fecal coliform can be seen in Figure 4212.2, Appendix B.


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
C
o
u
n
t

(
U
n
i
t
s
/
1
0
0

m
L
)
Fecal Coliforms
112 2420 700 2300 2420

Figure 18. Summary of Fecal Coliform Statistics

The spatial distribution of fecal coliform counts for the wells sampled in the BWWT database
were plotted to determine if spatial trends exist. Figure 4212.3 shows all wells with fecal
coliform results at or above the detection limit for the BWWT. The areas of highest fecal
coliform counts (214 units/ 100 mL or greater) include an area south of Wetaskiwin to Red Deer
and an area extending from Airdrie to south of Calgary and Drumheller to south of Strathmore.
Wells with fecal coliform counts are present through most of the sampling area.

Wells with a depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4212.4. The majority of wells impacted by
fecal coliform at this depth range are found in an area roughly extending from Airdrie northeast
to Stettler and to Red Deer with most of the count results being below 49 units/ 100 mL.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4212.5. Wells impacted with fecal
coliform appear randomly distributed through the study area. Most samples had fecal coliform
counts of 48 or less. The well with the highest fecal coliform count (i.e. greater than 537 units/
100 mL) was found near Airdrie.

mbgs in the BWWT database that were at or above the detection limit for fecal coliform. Wells
impacted with fecal coliform appear randomly distributed throughout the study area. All
samples with fecal coliform detected have a count of 48 units/ 100 mL or less.

mbgs that were sampled for fecal coliforms for the BWWT database. There are only four wells

with fecal coliform in the water sampled at this depth range and they are randomly distributed
(i.e. near Airdrie, Three Hills, Drumheller and Red Deer).

The wells with fecal coliform results but no well completion information are randomly
distributed throughout the sampling area. The distribution is similar to wells displayed in
Figure 4212.3.

4.3.1.3 Total Coliform

A total of 2,990 water samples collected from the wells within the study area tested positive for
detection of total coliform. The maximum value reported in the database is 93,000,000
CFU/100mL was found in a water sample collected from a well near Big Valley. In general,
total coliform is most frequently detected in wells completed from 30 to 60 mbgs. The number
of detections observed at specific depths can be seen in the summary statistics table in Figure
4213.2, Appendix B. The median value for all data is 11.0 units/100mL, with 25% of all data
falling below 2.0 units/100mL and 75% of all data falling below 72.0 units/100mL (Figure 19).
All summary statistics for total coliform can be seen in section 4213, Appendix B.

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs
>100mbgs No Depth All Data
C
o
u
n
t

(
U
n
i
t
s
/
1
0
0
m
L
)
Total Coliform
700000 28000 240000 193000 93000000
9300000

Figure 19. Summary of Total Coliform Statistics

The wells sampled in the BWWT database with total coliform results were plotted to determine
if any spatial trends exist. Figure 4213.3 shows all wells with fecal coliform results at or above
the detection limit (1 cfu/100 mL ). Wells impacted by total coliform are present through the

study area. A total of 35.6% or 2,990 water samples collected at wells throughout the study area
were found to be impacted by total coliform.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs impacted by total coliform are mapped in Figure 4213.4.
Wells with water testing positive for total coliform are randomly distributed throughout the
study area. Most of the results are less than 1001 units/ 100 mL for total coliforms but a small
number of wells in the Calgary through to Three Hills area and east of Red Deer are above 1000
units/ 100 mL.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs that are impacted by total coliform are shown in Figure
4213.5. The spatial distribution of wells with samples testing positive for total coliform are
randomly distributed throughout the sampling area. A small number of wells with total
coliform counts over 1000 units/ 100 mL are distributed randomly throughout sampling area.

mbgs that have positive total coliform results in the BWWT database. The spatial distribution of
total coliforms appears random throughout the sampling area. Although there are a number of
wells with total coliform counts exceeding 1000 units/ 100 mL, there appears to be no pattern in
the distribution.

Figure 4213.7 shows water wells with a depth of >100 mbgs that are impacted by total coliform.
Wells with total coliform results at this depth range are mostly located south of Olds. Most of
the total coliform count results are below 1001 units/ 100 mL.

The distribution of wells with total coliform results with no depth data is very similar to the
total coliform distribution in Figure 4213.3.

4.3.1.4 Sulphur Reducing Bacteria (SRB)

A total of 4,797 water samples collected from wells within the study area tested positive for
sulphur reducing bacteria. The maximum value reported in the database is 7,000,000
CFU/100mL. The number of detections observed at specific depths can be seen in the summary
statistics table in Figure 4214.2, Appendix B. The median SRB count for wells impacted by SRB
is 1,200.0 units/100mL, with 25% of all data falling below 24.0 units/100mL and 75% of all data
falling below 100,000.0 units/100mL (Figure 20). All summary statistics for sulphur reducing
bacteria can be seen in section 4214, Appendix B.


0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
C
o
u
n
t

(
u
n
i
t
s
/
m
L
)
Sulphate Reducing Bacteria
7000000 6800000 6800000 6800000 6800000
7000000
700000

Figure 20. Summary of Sulphur Reducing Bacteria Statistics

The spatial distribution of Sulphur Reducing Bacteria (SRB) results for the wells sampled in the
BWWT database were plotted to ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4214.3 shows all SRB
results for wells sampled in the BWWT. SRB are present in groundwater wells throughout most
of the sampling area with many wells at high SRB (greater than 360,000 SRB cfu/mL) counts.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4214.4. The wells that have SRB
results are located randomly over most of the sampling area. Higher densities of the highly
impacted wells (i.e. over 360,000 SRB cfu/mL) appear to occur in the Calgary to Airdrie area.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4214.5. Wells impacted by SRB are
distributed throughout the sampling area. A higher density of highly impacted wells appear to
be concentrated south of Red Deer and Stettler and extend to south of Calgary and Drumheller.

Figure 4214.6 illustrates the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth between 60 to 100
mbgs that were sampled for SRB for the BWWT database. The spatial distribution of SRB
impacted wells is evenly distributed across the sampling area with a concentration of wells with
the high (i .e. over 360,000 cfu/mL)) SRB counts around Red Deer and between Calgary, Airdrie
and Drumheller.

Figure 42134.7 shows the spatial distribution of water wells with a depth > 100 mbgs that were
sampled for SRB for the BWWT database. Wells with SRB results at this depth range are located
mostly on the east side of the sampling area with the higher SRB counts generally being in wells

in an area along the Upper Paskapoo to Scollard regions with a small group of wells to the
north of Red Deer.

The distribution of wells with SRB results with no well depth completion data (Figure 4214.8) is
very similar to the total SRB results spatial distribution in Figure 4214.3.

4.3.1.5 Iron Related Bacteria (IRB)

A total of 8,247 water samples collected from wells within the study area tested positive for iron
related bacteria (IRB as indicated in the Alberta Environment database). The maximum value
reported in the database is 900,000 CFU/mL. The greatest numbers of positive detections are
found in wells completed at the 30 to 60 mbgs depth range. The number of detections observed
at specific depths can be seen in the summary statistics table in Figure 4215.2, Appendix B. The
median value for all data is 9,000 CFU/(Figure 21). All summary statistics for iron related
bacteria can be seen in section 4215, Appendix B.

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
C
o
u
n
t

(
U
n
i
t
s
/
m
L
Iron Related Bacteria
700000 900000 540000 540000 900000 900000

Figure 21. Summary of Iron Related Bacteria Statistics

The spatial distribution of IRB results for the wells sampled in the BWWT database were plotted
to ascertain any spatial trends. Figure 4215.3 shows all IRB results for wells sampled in the
BWWT. IRB are present in groundwater throughout the sampling area.

Wells with a total depth of <30 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4215.4. The wells that have IRB
results are distributed over most of the sampling area. The highest (i.e. 74,500 IRB or greater)
count IRB wells appear to be found in areas around Red Deer and Airdrie/Calgary to
Drumheller/Hanna.

Wells with a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs are shown in Figure 4215.5. The wells with IRB impacts are
located throughout the sampling area. Areas with a greater concentration of wells with high (i.e.

74500 CFU/mL or greater) IRB results are found in the Calgary and Red Deer areas and west of
Wetaskiwin.

mbgs that had positive IRB results. Areas with a greater concentration of wells with high (i.e.
74500 CFU/mL or greater) IRB results are found to the northwest of Airdrie and Red Deer to
Wetaskiwin.

mbgs that had positive IRB results. Areas with a greater concentration of wells with high (i.e.
74500 CFU/mL or greater) IRB results are found to the northeast of Airdrie and Red Deer.

The distribution of wells with IRB results with no depth data (Figure 4215.8) is very similar to
the total IRB results spatial distribution in Figure 4215.3.

4.3.2 Summary of Bacteriological Characteristics: Frequency and Spatial Distribution

within the study area especially in the Edmonton to Calgary corridor. There appears that the
area bounded by Airdrie, Stettler , Hanna and Red Deer has a high concentration of wells with
bacteria that did have completion data were completed from 30 to 60 mbgs (with the exception
of E. coliform where 58% of the wells impacted did not have completion information).

The data within the AENV database indicate that 53 wells were impacted (i.e. tested positive)
by E. coli coliform, 387 wells were impacted by fecal coliform, 2,990 wells were impacted by
total coliform, 4,797 wells were impacted by SRB and 8,407 wells tested positive for IRB within
the study area. There are more shallow wells (i.e. 0 to 60 mbgs) than deep wells in the study
area and most of these wells are impacted by some form of bacteria.

4.4 Gas Characteristics

An important component of the ERCB Directive 35 is the analysis of the chemical composition
and the carbon isotope ratios of free gas samples where available. Gas composition and isotope
data were extracted from the spreadsheet provided by Alberta Environment and subject to the
following data quality tests:

Data entries in the database were analyzed for duplicate records based on the principle that
one sample number should have only one record for each parameter. Duplicate records
were deleted.
Depth data in the database was often missing or did not have units. If the record had a
Groundwater Information Centre (GIC) number, the GIC number was used to determine the
depth of the well in the GIC database. Depth data from the BWWT database was used if
units were provided. Depth information was consistently converted into meters.

Well ID, depth information, and gas concentration and isotope ratio data were then merged
into one file using the well ID number in the BWWT database.
Concentrations of nitrogen (N
2
)
,
oxygen (O
2
), carbon dioxide (CO
2
), methane (CH
4
), ethane
(C
2
H
6
), propane (C
3
H
8
), butane and iso-butane (C
4
H
10
) were summed. Only samples with
total gas concentrations between 900,000 and 1,100,000 ppm (e.g. 100 10%) were deemed of
sufficient quality to be included in the primary data analysis exercise. Since there are no
other gaseous compounds that typically occur in concentrations >2% in aquifers any result
indicating <90% or >110% was deemed analytically incorrect and therefore not considered
in further evaluations. Out of 1254 samples with methane concentration data above the
detection limit, 917 samples (or 73%) passed this data quality test with 91 samples exceeding
1,100,000 ppm and 246 samples yielding <900,000 ppm (possibly due to missing entries in
the gas data spreadsheet).
During sampling for free gas contained in groundwater samples there is an inherent risk of
contamination with atmospheric gases. This would result in increased N
2
and O
2
contents
(in a ratio of 4:1) and consequently reduced concentrations of CO
2
, methane (CH
4
), ethane
(C
2
H
6
), propane (C
3
H
8
) and butane (C
4
H
10
) where available. To minimize the risk of working
with a biased data set, samples with >4% O
2
(equivalent to >19% of the analyzed gas
potentially represented by atmospheric contamination) were eliminated from the primary
data analysis exercise. Out of 1,254 samples with methane concentration data, 328 samples
(26%) contained oxygen >4%.
A total of 636 samples with methane concentrations met the above criteria. For these
samples carbon isotope ratio data (expressed as
13
C values in ) for methane (CH
4
), ethane
(C
2
H
6
), propane (C
3
H
8
) and butane (C
4
H
10
) were evaluated where available.

The reason data quality tests were undertaken was to ensure the above-specified level of quality
was connected to the sampling results such that analysis of the data would have the potential to
produce a valid conclusion that may reflect reality. When using the total gas range of 900,000 to
1,100,000 ppm, it is recognized that additional gases may be detected beyond the ones that have
been listed in the BBWT. However, as indicated above, these additional gases usually do not
occur in high concentrations and hence the above described was seen as the best possible
compromise to ensure the comparison of a high-quality data set while reducing the number of
rejected samples to a minimum.

A value of 4% oxygen was used as a cut-off for the data since this allows for atmospheric
contamination of the sample up to 19%. Well samples with levels of contamination (or dilution
of methane within the sample concentration) are compared to wells whose results have been
corrected for atmospheric impact in the sample (i.e. removal of oxygen in the calculation and
therefore results in a higher calculated methane concentration). This variability between
potential samples was viewed in this report to be acceptable. A higher variability would
seriously compromise the validity of the data and its interpretation.

All samples passing the above-described quality control tests were analyzed using univariate
summary statistics on each of the parameters tested to derive a general understanding of the
distribution of data. In addition, statistical evaluation of the data was conducted in 4 well depth
ranges: 0 to 30 m below ground surface (mbgs), 30 to 60 mbgs, 60 to 100 mbgs, and >100 mbgs.

Tables for summary statistics for each parameter and the corresponding frequency distribution
histograms are presented in Appendix C. In addition, graphical representations of the
frequency distribution via depth of concentration and carbon isotope ratio data for free gas
samples are provided in form of histograms (see Figures in Appendix C). Maps with the
analyzed chemical and isotopic parameters are also provided in Appendix C.

4.4.1 Gas Concentrations

4.4.1.1 Methane

Out of 1254 samples with methane concentrations reported, 636 samples met the primary data
quality criteria described in section 4.4 The analytical laboratories reported detection limits
ranging from <1 to <300 ppm.

The median methane concentration in all free gas samples that met the primary data quality
criteria was 436,085 ppm with 25% of the results falling below 1,584 ppm and 75% of the results
below 830,225 ppm (Figure 4311.1). Inspection of Figure 4311.1 reveals a wide and bimodal data
distribution with highest frequencies of samples at methane concentrations below 5,000 ppm
and above 800,000 ppm.

Further analysis of the methane concentration data revealed a strong depth-dependence of the
data distribution (Figure 22). A total of 17 samples obtained from well depths of 0-30 mbgs
contained methane with a median concentration of 1,812 ppm. A median value of 1,812 ppm
indicates that the majority of these samples had rather low methane contents (Figure 4311.1).
Samples obtained from well depths of 30-60 mbgs had a median methane content of 239,400
ppm. This reveals again a positively skewed data distribution with the majority of the samples
having methane concentrations below the mean value (Figure 4311.1). In contrast, samples
obtained from well depths >60 mbgs had increasingly higher median methane concentrations
and negatively skewed data distributions. The median methane concentration for 160 samples
obtained from 60-100 mbgs was 725,950 ppm (Figure 4311.1). For the 58 free gas samples
obtained from wells that exceeded 100 mbgs the highest median methane concentrations was
847,500 ppm, (Figure 4311.1). Hence the data base reveals that increasing depth is a key
parameter that results in increasing methane concentrations in free gas samples obtained from
groundwater wells.


Methane Concentration
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
All Data In Criteria 0 to 30 meters 30 to 60 Meters 60 to 100 meters More than 100
Meters
Total samples
without Non-
Detects
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

P
P
M

Figure 22. Summary of Methane Concentration Statistics

The spatial distribution of gas occurrences is summarized in maps in Appendix C.

Figure 4311.2 shows the locations of all wells with methane data that met the criteria specified
above showing the methane concentrations of the gas produced. Methane presence in free gas
samples was found in various areas including Wetaskiwin, Ponoka, Red Deer, Stettler, and a
larger area east of Airdrie and Calgary. Most wells with methane data are located along or to
the west of the western extent of the Horseshoe Canyon region.

Figure 4311.3 displays methane concentrations for samples collected from wells that are <30
mbgs. The number of wells yielding methane was comparatively low as were the measured
methane concentrations. Most of these wells are in the Red Deer area.

Wells that are located in the depth range 30 to 60 mbgs show an increase in the number of wells
that produced gas and also increased methane concentrations in comparison to the shallower
depths (Figure 4311.4). Numerous wells were located around Irricana, Wetaskiwin, Ponoka and
Red Deer with methane concentrations often exceeding 500,000 ppm.

The depth range 60 to 100 mbgs (Figure 4311.5) has the majority of the wells that produce free
gas with methane concentrations >500,000 ppm. The wells are distributed over most of the
sampling area with concentrations of wells around Wetaskiwin, Ponoka and east of
Airdrie/Calgary.

Wells with a depth greater than 100 mbgs are mapped in Figure 4311.6. This depth range has
the majority of the wells with free gas methane concentrations >770,000 ppm. The wells are

grouped around Red Deer and Wetaskiwin with additional wells scattered throughout the area
between Red Deer and Drumheller.

The wells that produced methane but did not have any depth data are shown in Figure 4311.7.
This Figure shows a well distribution that is very similar to that of Figure 4311.3.

4.4.1.2 Ethane

Out of 481 samples with ethane concentrations reported, 267 samples met the primary data
quality criteria described in section 4.4 The median ethane concentration in all free gas samples
that met the primary data quality criteria was 1200 ppm with 25
th
percentile results falling
below 228 ppm and 75
th
percentile results falling below 3000 ppm (Figure 4312.1). The analytical
laboratories reported detection limits ranging from <1 to <1000 ppm.

Five samples obtained from wells completed from 0 to 30 mbgs or less contained ethane with a
median concentration of 400 ppm (Figure 4312.1). A total of 49 samples obtained from wells
completed from 30 to 60 mbgs had a median ethane concentration of 1,200 ppm. The median
ethane concentration for 87 samples obtained from 60 to 100 mbgs was higher with 2,086 ppm
and for 32 free gas samples obtained from wells that exceeded 100 mbgs a median ethane
concentration of 320 ppm were observed (Figure 23). Hence, the database also revealed a depth-
dependency of ethane concentrations with shallow groundwater samples (<30 mbgs) rarely
showing ethane in significant concentrations whereas free gas samples obtained in depths
between 60 and 100 mbgs frequently contained ethane and had a median concentration
exceeding 2,000 ppm.

Ethane Concentration
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
All Data In
Criteria
0 to 30 meters 30 to 60 Meters 60 to 100
meters
More than 100
Meters
No Depth Data Total samples
without Non-
Detects
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

P
P
M
368000
368000 368000 368000 37000 27000

Figure 23. Summary of Ethane Concentration Statistics


Figure 4312.2 shows all of the well locations where groundwater sampling yielded gas with
detectable amounts of ethane. Most of the wells had ethane concentrations below 2,000 ppm
with the majority ranging between 6 to 2170 ppm ethane. The wells with typically lower ethane
concentrations are predominantly located along the eastern extent of the upper Paskapoo region
while the higher ethane concentrations were observed in wells that are generally located on the
eastern edge of the upper Paskapoo region and into the Scollard subcrop region. Further north,
the wells with higher ethane concentrations are distributed even farther east into the Horseshoe
Canyon subcrop region. The highest ethane concentrations are found in the Wetaskiwin area.

Wells completed between 0 and 30 mbgs that have ethane gas are illustrated in Figure 4312.3.
This depth range has very few wells that produced ethane gas, and wells that do produce gas
had ethane concentrations generally <2171 ppm.

All wells that produced a detectable amount of ethane in the depth range of 30 to 60 mbgs are
shown in Figure 4312.4. Most of the wells have ethane concentrations below 2,171 ppm. Groups
of wells with ethane detected at up to 16,500 ppm are found east of Airdrie and Calgary and
near Big Valley. The highest ethane concentration at this depth interval of 368,000 ppm (this
sample has a methane concentration of 70 ppm appears to be an error) was observed near
Wetaskiwin.

The depth range 60 to 100 meters has a similar distribution of ethane producing wells as the
depth range 30 to 60 mbgs, but shows a group of wells with ethane concentrations above 2171
ppm in the Stettler area (Figure 4312.5). The highest ethane concentrations were again found
around Wetaskiwin with two wells having ethane concentrations above 43,001 ppm.

Figure 4312.6 shows the wells that have detectable ethane and are completed at 100 mbgs or
greater. There is a decrease in the number of wells and the ethane concentrations in the
groundwater compared to depth intervals 30 to 60 and 60 to 100 meters. All of the wells but one
that have ethane concentrations higher than 2,171 ppm are along the upper Paskapoo-Scollard
region border. One well completed at 100 mbgs or greater, that is located in the Olds area, has
an ethane concentration of 37,000.

Figure 4312.7 shows ethane concentrations for wells with no depth data. All of these wells have
ethane concentration data 16,500 ppm or less. Most of the wells (except one) with ethane
concentrations between 2,171 and 16,500 ppm are located in the Scollard region or adjacent to
the eastern or western border of the subcrop.

4.4.1.3 Propane

Out of 99 samples with propane concentrations reported, 58 samples met the primary data
quality criteria described in section 4.4. The median propane concentration was 60 ppm with the
25
th
and 75
th
percentile results at 20 and 300 ppm, respectively (Figure 24). The analytical
laboratories reported detection limits ranging from <1 to <1000 ppm.


No samples obtained from wells completed at depths of 0 to 30 mbgs contained propane
concentrations above the detection limit. A total of 20 samples obtained from well depths of 30
to 60 mbgs had median propane concentrations of 80 ppm (Figure 24). The median propane
concentration for 15 samples obtained from 60 to 100 mbgs was higher with a propane
concentration of 180 ppm. For 6 free gas samples obtained from wells completed at or greater
100 mbgs, a median propane concentration of 30 ppm was reported (Figure 24). To our best
knowledge there is no research that indicates that propane could be generated biologically in-
situ in aquifers such as those sampled in this study.

Propane Concentrations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Meters
No depth Data Total samples
without Non-
Detects
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

P
P
M
11930
7700
11930 50000

Figure 24. Summary of Propane Concentration Statistics

Figure 4313.2 shows the geographic location of all wells that had a propane concentration above
the detection limit. Propane concentrations >140 ppm were detected in free gas samples
obtained from wells near Beiseker, from Red Deer to Stettler and in a line from Lacombe
towards Camrose. There are single wells near Olds and between Three Hills and Drumheller
that have gas samples with propane concentrations above 140 ppm.

Figure 4313.3 summarizes all wells with depths between 30 and 60 meters that have propane
concentrations reported. At this depth interval wells with propane concentrations above 140
ppm are near Beiseker, east of Red Deer, near Olds and between Camrose and Wetaskiwin.
Lower propane concentrations are also occasionally associated with these sites and also with a
well near Three Hills and with two wells south of Stettler.

For the well depth interval of 60 to 100 meters propane concentrations are mapped in Figure
4313.4. At this depth interval there are 6 wells with a propane concentration above 140 ppm

located near Beiseker (2 wells), one well between Drumheller and Three Hills, and 3 wells in the
vicinity of Red Deer.

The wells completed at a depth of 100 mbgs or greater having propane concentrations above the
detection limit are shown in Figure 4313.5. There is only one well located near Red Deer that has
a propane concentration >140 ppm.

Figure 4313.6 presents the wells that have propane concentrations above detection in free gas
samples that do not have depth data for the well. The higher concentrations of propane were
observed for wells located from Lacombe north to Camrose on this map. The wells with a lower
concentration of propane are typically found from Olds north to Camrose with one exception in
the Rockyford area.

4.4.1.4 Butane and Iso-Butane

Only 4 free gas samples contained butane concentrations above the detection limit. The median
butane concentration is 20 ppm with 25
th
and 75
th
percentile being 8 and 25 ppm respectively.
The analytical laboratories reported detection limits ranging from <1 to <100 ppm. Figure 4314.2
presents all wells that have a butane concentration above the detection limit. Of the four wells,
one is located near Ponoka, two are located in the Red Deer area and one is located near Olds.

Iso-butane concentrations above the detection limit were reported for 39 free gas samples. The
median concentration was 30 ppm with 25
th
and 75
th
percentile being 10 and 100 ppm
respectively (Figure 25). No samples collected from well depths of 0 to 30 mbgs contained iso-
butane. A total of 13 samples collected from wells completed at depths of 30 to 60 mbgs, 12
samples from 60-100 mbgs, and 5 samples from 100 mbgs or greater contained isobutene
(Figure 25).


Isobutane Concentration
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Meters
without Non-
Detects
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

P
P
M
2400 1300 2400
375 2000
0

Figure 25. Summary of Iso-Butane Concentration Statistics

Figure 4316.2 displays the location and concentrations of all samples for which isobutane
concentrations were reported. The wells that had isobutane concentrations of <30 ppm are
dispersed over the northern two thirds of the sampling area with higher densities of wells
around Red Deer, Innisfail, Three Hills and in the Wetaskiwin area. The wells with an isobutane
concentration of 31 to 80 ppm are located along the Scollard region in the south, near Beiseker
and Three Hills and in the upper Paskapoo region in the north with three wells between Red
Deer and Wetaskiwin along Highway 2. Wells with isobutane concentrations between 81 and
136 ppm were found along the eastern side of the sampling area with a well near Beiseker in the
south and the most northern well near Wetaskiwin. Wells with higher isobutane concentrations
were also located near Olds, Stettler and Beiseker.

In Figure 4316.3, the isobutane concentrations for wells completed at a depth of 30 to 60 mbgs
are presented. The highest isobutane concentration, 1500 ppm at this depth interval, was
observed near Stettler. The Beiseker, Olds and Wetaskiwin areas all have wells that produced
free gas with elevated concentrations of isobutane.

Wells completed in the depth range of 60 to 100 mbgs are illustrated in Figure 4316.4. This
depth range has four wells with isobutane concentrations between 31 and 136 ppm, located on
the eastern side of the sampling area between Drumheller and Lacombe. The highest
concentration of isobutane (2,400 ppm) was found near Beiseker.


Wells completed at a depth of 100 mbgs or greater are presented in Figure 4316.5. This depth
range has a maximum isobutane concentration of 50 ppm. The wells with detectable isobutane
were located on the western side of the sampling area.

The wells with no depth data are shown in Figure 4316.6. Most of these wells are in the northern
part of the sampling area located between Lacombe and Camrose. The maximum isobutane
concentration in this group is 375 ppm.

4.4.1.5 Carbon Dioxide

Out of 1270 samples with CO
2
concentrations reported, 638 samples met the primary data
quality criteria described in section 4.4 The data set showed a strong positive skewness
indicating that the frequency distribution has a long tail to the right (Figure 4315.1). This is
confirmed by Figure 26. The median CO
2
concentration is 1,100 ppm with 25
th
and 75
th

percentile being 530 and 3400 ppm, respectively. The analytical laboratories reported detection
limits ranging from <1 to <1000 ppm.

The 17 samples obtained from wells completed from 0 to 30 mbgs containing CO
2
had a median
concentration of 3,280 ppm (Figure 26). A total of 131 samples obtained from wells completed at
depths of 30 to 60 mbgs had a median CO
2
concentration of 1,300 ppm. The median CO
2

concentration for 161 samples obtained from 60 to 100 mbgs was 800 ppm. Wells completed
from depths of 100 mbgs or greater (i.e. 57 free gas samples) had a median CO
2
concentrations
of 725 ppm (Figure 26). The median results revealed a depth-dependency of CO
2
concentrations
with shallow groundwater samples (<30 mbgs) having the highest CO
2
contents. With
increasing depth and increasing contents of methane and potentially other higher alkanes, CO
2

concentrations decreased.


Carbon Dioxide Concentration
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Meters
without Non-
Detects
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

P
P
M
500000 30000 500000 120000 63000 155400 860000

Figure 26. Summary of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Statistics

Figure 4315.2 displays all wells with detectable carbon dioxide in free gas. Wells with carbon
dioxide concentrations above the detection limit are present throughout the sampling area.
Wells that yielded groundwater with elevated concentrations of CO
2
in the free gas phase are
more prevalent on the eastern and western sides of the sampling area in the areas of the upper
Paskapoo and Scollard regions.

Figure 4315.3 shows wells completed at 0 to 30 mbgs with a detectable amount of carbon
dioxide. Most of the carbon dioxide concentrations are below 10,000 ppm except for two wells
at Red Deer, one near Airdrie and one near Wetaskiwin.

Carbon dioxide concentrations for wells completed at a depth interval of 30 to 60 mbgs are
displayed in Figure 4315.4. Most of the wells yielded free gas with CO
2
concentrations below
10,000 ppm. The higher concentrations of CO
2
were observed at Beiseker, Red Deer and from
Stettler towards the Wetaskiwin area.

Figure 4315.5 shows the carbon dioxide concentration for free gas from wells completed
between 60 and 100 mbgs. Most of the sampling area has carbon dioxide concentrations below
10,000 ppm. The highest concentration was observed near Gleichen at 120,000 ppm of carbon
dioxide.

Carbon dioxide concentrations in free gas samples from wells with a depth of 100 mbgs or
greater are displayed in Figure 4315.6. All but two of the wells had a carbon dioxide

concentration that was below 10,000 ppm. One well with a concentration above 37,000 ppm is
located near Beiseker and the other well is located near Olds.

Figure 4315.7 summarizes all wells with carbon dioxide and no depth data shown. The
distribution is very similar to that for the total wells in Figure 4315.2.

4.4.1.6 Non-Standard Parameters

The BWWT database contains a number of parameters that are not listed parameters for the
BWWT. These parameters are summarized in Table 4 with the number of samples that had
concentrations above the detection limits of the lab analyzing the samples. Several of these
parameters indicate the potential for anthropogenic impacts on the groundwater samples. Some
of these parameters have been checked against the lab results to identify input errors (and
corrected where needed) but not all of the results have been verified. The 141 parameters listed
in Table 4 are associated with 79 different well IDs.

TABLE 4: NUMBER OF SAMPLES FOR WHICH
GROUNDWATER CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDED THE
DETECTION LIMIT OF THE LISTED COMPOUNDS.
Compound Number Of Samples
Benzene: 5
C7+: 1
C8+: 34
Heptane: 1
Heptanes (cyclo-): 3
Heptanes (methyl-): 1
Heptanes (total): 37
Hexanes (cyclo-): 1
Hexanes (methyl-) 2
Hexanes (methyl-): 1
Hexanes (total): 32
Hydrogen Sulphide 3
Hydrogen Sulphide: 7
I-Pentane: 1
N-Pentane: 1
Pentane 1
Pentane (total): 2
Pentane: 1
Pentanes: 1
Toluene: 6
Total Number of Samples 141


4.4.2 Carbon Isotope Ratios

4.4.2.1 Methane

Out of 758 samples for which carbon isotope ratios for methane were reported, 396 samples met
the primary data quality criteria described in section 4.4. To ensure highest possible data quality
the sub-set of 396 samples was used for initial data treatment. Subsequently, the obtained
results were compared to those of the entire data set, typically with excellent consistence of the
results. The median
13
C value of methane was -67.2 with a 25
th
and 75
th
percentile of -71.5
and -62.9 , respectively. The data is positive skewed, as indicated by the long tail of
comparatively high
13
C values (see Figure 27). It is possible that
13
C values for methane > -30
are the results of bacterial methane oxidation (Barker & Fritz, 1981). However, it is also
possible that some of the highest
13
C values of methane are due to erroneous measurements
since determining accurate
13
C values for methane samples with less than 1,500 ppm especially
in a N
2
containing gas sample is challenging. A detailed explanation of this phenomenon based
on a ring-test is described in a report that was submitted to Alberta Environment in 2009 (ARC,
2009). The lowest reported
13
C value was -117.6 , which is on the low end of previously
reported
13
C values for biogenic methane. The highest reported
13
C value was -5.3 : such
high values may be caused by methane oxidation or alternately by erroneous measurements as
described above.

For 7 free gas samples obtained from well depths of 0-30 mbgs, the median
13
C value of
methane was with -71.1 lower than that for the entire data population (see Figure 27). 87
samples obtained from well depths of 30-60 mbgs and 114 samples obtained from well depths
of 60-100 mbgs had median
13
C values of -68.7 and -67.6 , respectively. The 40 samples
obtained from well depths >100 mbgs had slightly higher median
13
C values of methane with -
65 (Figure 27).

A comparison of the
13
C values for methane for samples within the criteria listed in section 4.4
(n=396) and all carbon isotope ratio data for methane in the data base (n=758) revealed that the
median
13
C values for methane were -67.2 and -66.3 and hence very similar. Therefore,
potential contamination of free gas samples with atmospheric gases and/or incomplete
accounting or reporting of all gas components appeared to have no significant impact on the
reported
13
C values of methane.


Methane Isotope
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Meters
without Non-
Detects
1
3
C

Figure 27. Summary of Methane Isotope Statistics

The spatial distribution of
13
C values of methane is summarized in maps in Appendix C.

The
13
C values for methane are displayed in Figure 4321.2. The
13
C values for methane were
typically below -60 throughout most of the sampling area. A higher concentration of wells
that have
13
C values of methane above -60 was observed south of the line Airdrie
Drumheller and in the Stettler, Red Deer, Ponoka and Wetaskiwin areas.

The wells that have
13
C values for methane at a depth of 0 to 30 mbgs are shown in Figure
4321.3. There are only 7 wells in this range and one of these had a
13
C value above -60 . This
well is located west of Wetaskiwin.

Figure 4321.4 displays all wells that have
13
C values for methane in the depth range of 30 to 60
mbgs. Most of the
13
C values for methane were below -60 but some higher
13
C values were
observed especially in the Beiseker area. There are also occasionally
13
C values >-60 for
methane in wells near Strathmore, Stettler and Wetaskiwin.

For the depth range of 60 to 100 mbgs, the
13
C values for methane are shown in Figure 4321.5.
The
13
C values for methane that are higher than -60 are all located in the southern part of
the sampling area with one group of wells in the Beiseker area and another in the Strathmore
area.


Figure 4321.6 displays
13
C values for methane in the depth range of more than 100 mbgs. There
are only a few wells at this depth with
13
C values of methane of -60 and higher. These wells
are again located in the Strathmore and south of the Beiseker area.

Figure 4321.7 summarizes the
13
C values for methane that have no depth data. This Figure has
a very similar distribution to Figure 4321.2.

4.4.2.2 Ethane

Out of 518 samples for which carbon isotope ratios for ethane were reported, 300 samples met
the primary data quality criteria described in section 4.4. The median
13
C value of ethane was
-49.5. The 25
th
and 75
th
percentile is -54.2 and -45.9, respectively (see Figure 28). The highest
reported
13
C value was +48.0; this appears to be a data entry error since such high
13
C
values for ethane do no exist in nature: the minus sign must have been omitted during data
entry and the correct value should read -48.0 .

There was no statistically significant depth dependence of the
13
C values of ethane (Figure 28).
The median
13
C values of ethane for samples obtained from well depths of 0-30 mbgs, 30-60
mbgs, 60-90 mbgs, and >100 mbgs were -47.5 (n=5), -50.0 (n=59), -49.2 (n=95), and
-51.3 (n=36), respectively.

A comparison of the
13
C values for ethane for samples within the criteria listed in section 4.4
(n=300) and all carbon isotope ratio data for ethane in the data base (n=518) revealed that the
median
13
C values for ethane were -49.5 and -48.8 and hence very similar. Therefore,
potential contamination of free gas samples with atmospheric gases and/or incomplete
accounting or reporting of all gas components appeared to have no significant impacted on the
reported
13
C values of ethane.


Ethane isotope
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
All Data In
Criteria
0 to 30 meters 30 to 60
Meters
60 to 100
meters
More than 100
Meters
without Non-
Detects
1
3
C

48
48 48

Figure 28. Summary of Ethane Isotope Statistics

The spatial distribution of
13
C values of ethane is summarized in maps in Appendix C.

The
13
C values of ethane for all wells are shown in Figure 4322.2. Ethane carbon isotope ratios
were reported for many regions in the sampling area.
13
C values of ethane above -46 are
clustered in the Beiseker, Strathmore and Stettler areas and occur also sporadically throughout
the center of the sampling area.

Wells with
13
C values of ethane with a total well depth of 0 to 30 mbgs are shown in Figure
4322.3. The four wells with ethane in the free gas phase had
13
C values of ethane of less than
-45.

Figure 4322.4 shows the
13
C values of ethane for wells with a depth range of 30 to 60 mbgs. The
most southern and northern wells with ethane in the free gas phase has
13
C values below
-46, whereas wells with ethane with
13
C values above -46 are clustered in the Beiseker
area with other single wells occurring in the Three Hills, Big Valley, Stettler and Red Deer areas.

The depth range of 60 to 100 mbgs for wells with
13
C values of ethane is mapped in Figure
4322.5. The wells with
13
C values of ethane higher than -46 are clustered in the Beiseker area
with additional wells in the Stettler and the Strathmore Hussar area.

Figure 4322.6 displays all wells with a depth of greater than 100 mbgs and with a
13
C value for
ethane mapped by geographic location. Only two wells have a
13
C value of ethane that is
higher than -46, one well in the Beiseker area and the other in the Strathmore area.


Wells with
13
C values for ethane and no depth data are displayed in Figure 4322.7. The wells
with an ethane
13
C value higher than -46 are in the Strathmore, Rockyford, Elnora and
Wetaskiwin areas.

4.4.2.3 Propane

Out of 32 samples for which carbon isotope ratios for propane were reported, 16 samples met
13
C value of propane in
all free gas samples that met the primary data quality criteria was -33.7 with the 25
th
and 75
th

percentile are -38.3 and -30.4, respectively. The lowest reported
13
C value for propane was
-57.4 and the highest reported value was -18.8 (Figure 4323.1). Three of the 16 samples for
which carbon isotope ratios for propane were reported were obtained from wells that were
between 30 and 60 meter deep, whereas the remaining 8 wells for which propane
13
C values
were reported were more than 60 meter deep. Five samples did not contain depth information
for the well.

4.4.2.4 Butane and Iso-Butane

Out of 18 samples for which carbon isotope ratios for butane were reported, 10 samples met the
primary data quality criteria described in section 4.4. The median
13
C value of butane in all free
gas samples that met the primary data quality criteria was -27.3 with the 25
th
and 75
th

percentile are -29.2 and -25.4, respectively (Figure 4324.1).

Out of 16 samples for which carbon isotope ratios for iso-butane were reported, 9 samples met
13
C value of iso-butane in
all free gas samples that met the primary data quality criteria was -27.7 with the 25
th
and 75
th

percentile below -28.7 and -27.0, respectively (Figure 4324.2).

4.4.2.5 Carbon Dioxide

Out of 739 samples for which carbon isotope ratios for CO
2
were reported, 376 samples met the
primary data quality criteria described in section 4.4. The median
13
C value of CO
2
in all free
gas samples that met the primary data quality criteria was -22.4 with the 25
th
and 75
th

percentile are, -28.5 and -17, respectively (Figure 4325.1). The only explanation for
13
C
values of CO
2
with less than -35 is the oxidation of methane (Barker & Fritz, 1981). It can,
however, not be excluded that
13
C values for methane or higher alkanes were erroneously
entered into the CO
2
column.

There was no statistically significant depth dependence of the
13
C values of CO
2
(Figure 29).
The median
13
C values of CO
2
for samples obtained from well depths of 0-30 mbgs, 30-60
mbgs, 60-90 mbgs, and >100 mbgs were -22.8 (n=8), -22.6 (n=83), -23.0 (n=105), and
-21.8 (n=34), respectively.


Carbon Dioxide Isotope
-100.0
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
All Data In
Criteria
0 to 30
meters
30 to 60
Meters
60 to 100
meters
More than
100 Meters
No Depth
Data
Total
samples
without Non-
Detects
1
3
C

Figure 29. Summary of Carbon Dioxide Isotope Statistics

A comparison of the
13
C values for CO
2
for samples within the criteria listed in section 4.4
(n=376) and all carbon isotope ratio data for CO
2
in the data base (n=739) revealed that the
median
13
C values for CO
2
were with -22.4 and -21.1 very similar. Hence, potential
contamination of free gas samples with atmospheric gases and/or incomplete accounting or
reporting of all gas components appeared to have no significant impact on the reported
13
C
values of CO
2
.

The
13
C values of CO
2
for all wells are shown in Figure 4325.2. CO
2
carbon isotope ratios were
reported for many regions in the sampling area with an especially high number of wells along
the western edge of the sampling area.
13
C values of CO
2
less than -27 are clustered along
this edge.

Wells with
13
C values of CO
2
with a total well depth of 0 to 30 mbgs are shown in Figure
4325.3. All of the 8 wells had
13
C values of CO
2
of more than -38.

Figure 4325.4 shows the
13
C values of CO
2
for wells with a depth range of 30 to 60 mbgs. The
wells are clustered in the Beiseker, Red Deer and Wetaskiwin areas with the
13
C values being
variable in each of these areas.


The depth range of 60 to 100 mbgs for wells with
13
C values of CO
2
is mapped in Figure 4325.5.
The wells with
13
C values of CO
2
(values range from -55 to -0.9) are clustered in the Beiseker
- Strathmore area and around Lacombe to Wetaskiwin.

Figure 4325.6 has all wells with a depth of greater than 100 mbgs and with a
13
C value for CO
2
(values range from -51.2 to 1.2) mapped by geographic location. The only cluster of wells at
this depth range is around Red Deer. The eastern edge of the Paskapoo region has the
remaining wells with CO
2
isotope results scattered from the Bow River to Wetaskiwin.

Wells with
13
C values for CO
2
and no depth data are displayed in Figure 4325.7. The wells have
a distribution similar to that of Figure 4325.2 but have a cluster of wells with a
13
C value
greater than -6 near Redland

4.4.3 Origin of Methane

Gas generation requires reducing conditions and may occur via two mechanisms (Rice, 1993;
Whiticar, 1999): (i) bacterial generation of CH
4
(methanogenesis) by the reduction of organic
material (e.g. acetate) or by the reduction of CO
2
; and (ii) thermogenic gas generation through
thermal maturation of organic matter. Stable isotope techniques have been used to determine
the geochemical source and history of gases such as CH
4
in groundwater and formation water
systems (e.g., Coleman et al., 1988; Scott et al., 1994; Aravena et al., 1995; Minxin et al., 2005;
Strapoc et al., 2007). Methane that has been generated through biogenic methanogenesis
pathways tends to be strongly isotopically enriched in
12
C and has
13
C values between -110
and circa -50 (e.g. Whiticar, 1999; Aravena et al., 1995; 2003). In addition, higher alkanes such
as propane and butane are unlikely to be formed biogenically and hence wetness parameters
(C
1
/C
2-5
) for biogenic gas are high typically exceeding values of 1000. Thermogenically
generated CH
4
tends to be slightly more enriched in
13
C relative to biogenic CH
4
with
13
C
values of less than -55 to -20 (e.g. Scott et al., 1994; Whiticar, 1999; Tilley & Muehlenbachs,
2006). Immature thermogenic CH
4
gas has the lowest
13
C values of less than -60 (e.g. Rowe
& Muehlenbachs, 1999). According to studies by Whiticar (1999) and Rowe and Muehlenbachs
(1999b) it is difficult to distinguish between thermogenic and biogenically produced gas with
13
C values between -50 and -60 using C isotope data alone. However the presence of
significant quantities of higher alkanes such as propane and butane typically indicates
thermogenic gas production and usually results in wetness parameters (C
1
/C
2-5
) below 1000.
Hence, the presence of propane and butane, wetness parameters below 1000, and elevated
13
C
values in concert may indicate the presence of thermogenic gas.

The majority of the free gas samples contained predominantly methane and some ethane but no
propane and butane. The resulting wetness values >1,000 and
13
C values typically below -60
indicate biogenic gas formation processes. Evaluation of water quality parameters has the
potential to reveal whether the redox environment in the aquifers sampled by the respective
wells is suitable for in-situ methanogenesis. However, attempts to classify the samples in the
data base according to redox state were compromised by 1) frequent oxygen contamination
and/or 2) possibly long screens resulting of mixing of water of various redox states resulting in
inconclusive results.


In 58 samples, propane concentrations were reported for free gas samples (Table 5). The data
summarized in Table 5 raise several data quality concerns. In several cases, reported propane
concentrations are equal or higher than those of ethane, which is untypical for natural gas
samples. This may indicate either analytical problems or data entry issues. It may be desirable
to investigate these issues in samples highlighted in yellow in Table 5 prior to making further
conclusions. Also, i-butane was reported in most samples but often at concentrations of less
than 100 ppm. The accuracy of gas concentration data provided by the participating laboratories
at levels below 100 ppm for ethane, propane, butane and i-butane should be carefully tested
before further conclusions are derived based on concentration data for higher alkanes.
Therefore, it is also unclear whether the calculated wetness parameters are reliable indicators of
elevated thermogenic gas contributions. This is supported by the observation that gas samples
with wetness parameters >1000 had an average
13
C value of methane of -71.0 , which is
rather similar to the average
13
C value of methane of -69.4 for gas samples with wetness
parameters <1000. However, the average
13
C value for ethane was markedly lower (-53.4 )
for gas samples with wetness parameters >1000 than for samples with wetness parameters
<1000 (
13
C = -46.4 ). Re-sampling of some or all wells listed in Table 5 followed by chemical
and isotopic gas analyses in carefully selected laboratories may be desirable to verify the results
in Table 5 before drawing further conclusions.

The ability to detect the potential future impact of gases from deeper formations on shallow
groundwater is critically dependent on two key issues. Firstly, it is important to obtain high
quality baseline data on the chemical and isotopic composition of water and gases from shallow
aquifers. Although further improvements are required regarding quality assurance and quality
control especially for low concentration gas analyses and with respect to data entry issues, the
currently emerging D35 data base compiles an unprecedented data set that provides in many
cases such baseline data for groundwater in parts of Alberta.

A second requirement for tracing the impact of gases from deeper formations on shallow
groundwater is knowledge of chemical and isotopic compositions of produced gases from
various formations. Tilley & Muehlenbachs (2006) have provided some of this information for
parts of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). For instance, ID 1181203 coloured in
blue in Table 5 is a sample where the chemical and isotopic composition may be indicative of
thermogenic gas contributions from deeper formations, having appreciable amounts of ethane
and propane with
13
C values of -51.6 and -33.9 respectively. However, there are
surprisingly few data on the chemical and isotopic composition of gases produced from the
Horseshoe Canyon Formation in the public domain (e.g. Cheung et al., 2010). This makes it
challenging to assess potential impacts of gases from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation on
selected groundwater wells. A more comprehensive and publicly accessible database on the
chemical and isotopic composition of gas produced from the Horseshoe Canyon formation
would be highly desirable to enhance the usefulness of the D35 data base.


TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC PARAMETERS FOR FREE GAS SAMPLES
FOR WHICH PROPANE CONCENTRATIONS WERE REPORTED.
Well ID
Methane
[ppm]
Ethane
[ppm]
Propane
[ppm]
Butane
[ppm]
i-
Butane
[ppm]
CO2
[ppm]
C1/(C2
+C3+C4)
13
Cmethane
[]
13
Cethane
[]
1073594 970000 5 11 5 0 4100 46190 -63.4 -43.2
1204119 966160 3220 220 0 100 1440 273 - -
1206267 940800 1300 100 0 100 800 627 -66.2 -39.8
1197735 895890 2440 360 0 90 1100 310 - -
1197395 892910 1160 10 0 10 890 757 -69.3 -48.4
1163519 892200 648 4 0 1 283 1366 -74.2 -64.2
1079670 886900 4400 100 0 100 1000 193 -70.3 -
1197743 879990 530 60 0 10 970 1467 -64.9 -47.8
1199287 877700 290 10 0 10 1870 2831 -67.4 -47.3
1186931 864160 3870 180 0 50 1130 211 -66.2 -50.0
1207823 854480 440 140 0 40 1990 1378 - -
1184127 823000 10 80 0 20 115 7482 -70.2 -44.7
1212733 817880 150 170 200 50 580 1435 -69.3 -79.1
1182559 816000 2950 230 0 30 10 254 -67.3 -45.7
1184123 813000 10 30 0 10 870 16260 -69.8 -59.1
1182555 812000 3960 520 0 70 550 178 - -
1197291 800450 40 20 0 10 560 11435 -69.1 -61.7
1197543 777370 4530 60 0 20 3030 169 -72.5 -52.9
1206395 768700 10 10 0 10 670 25623 -73.1 -53.6
1198071 751310 420 90 0 30 1250 1391 -68.6 -48.8
1198059 745670 830 10 0 10 500 877 -70.0 -54.1
1182547 742000 2660 50 0 10 10 273 - -
1184103 671000 10 60 0 20 1000 7456 -67.7 -50.1
1190019 638200 1134 11930 0 10 420 49 -77.6 -56.7
1197419 636340 10 30 0 20 300 10606 -72.6 -62.5
1198575 606700 260 10 0 0 560 2247 -73.9 -51.5
1187735 580700 510 30 0 10 470 1056 -74.9 -56.8
1210669 549620 10 50 0 20 2400 6870 -73.1 -60.6
1186015 436930 910 300 0 70 1570 341 -77.4 -48.8
1197551 435240 1890 20 0 10 1360 227 -71.6 -50.0
1075630 412700 226 1 0 1 738 1810 -74.0 -48.2
1199879 361700 40 20 0 100 1400 2261 -72.0 -
1179843 237600 2138 666 0 375 857 75 -76.0 -
1164315 237300 1700 800 0 100 1600 91 -63.5 -43.8
1164271 237300 1700 800 0 100 1600 91 -65.3 -43.4
1164287 175200 600 600 0 100 11500 135 -19.7 -
1164307 174000 3200 900 0 100 19500 41 -89.3 -
1181195 161700 3700 2600 0 300 55000 25 - -
1183243 156100 99 3 0 1 756 1516 -71.0 -54.3
1164279 140900 10400 10400 0 2400 50800 6 -16.9 -
1164323 105400 400 400 0 0 20000 132 -33.5 -
1186643 87650 2290 730 0 110 920 28 68.5 -
1181203 84100 500 300 0 100 10300 93 -51.6 -33.9
1182787 62200 90 10 0 100 10100 311 - -
1162615 32900 16500 7700 0 1300 57100 1 - -
1198119 31910 10 10 0 10 1240 1064 -79.2 -52.1
1186059 21170 1940 230 0 80 11100 9 -65.4 -
1185931 12000 10 10 0 100 4700 100 -35.6 -
1185991 10520 10 20 0 10 10 263 -63.5 -
1185975 8350 2140 490 0 70 2320 3 - -
1186047 5970 10 10 0 10 2330 199 -49.6 -
1186051 5370 10 50 0 10 3300 77 -62.4 -52.0
1185971 3980 10 20 0 10 5960 100 -60.3 -
1072306 1720 0 3 2 0 3770 344 -71.3 -
1185891 1500 130 60 0 100 107100 5 - -
1186783 600 10 110 0 100 18930 3 -60.6 -
1186007 500 10 140 0 30 7610 3 - -
1186011 10 10 20 0 10 40800 0 - -
Samples highlighted in yellow have suspect concentration data entries that should be revisited (see text).
Results in red are below detection limit.
Samples in green report very high
13
C values that may be due to bacterial methane oxidation or erroneous
measurements (see text).
Samples in blue are samples where the chemical and isotopic composition may be indicative of some thermogenic
gas component.

4.5 Repeat Tests

4.5.1 Major Ions

Table 6 presents the range of results between data sets that were retested for major ion
parameters. Histograms of the retest distribution per parameter can be found in Appendix D.
The histograms with long tails to the left, such as those for fluoride, dissolved iron, and
potassium, indicate repeat tests having a decrease in ion concentration. Conversely, the
histograms showing longer tails to the right, such as chloride for instance, indicates more repeat
tests increasing in ion concentration.

Outliers to the data ranges could be an indication of changing environmental conditions or
potentially misidentified GIC values. Using 10% for ion balance as a cut-off requirement for
the selection of water quality parameters. Therefore, we require a change in the retest
parameters of more than 25% before we have a significant change in the retest parameter. This
assumes that sampling method, lab procedures, methods and analysis are similar for both
samples. This assumption will not be true in all cases so in these cases changes of 25% will not
be a significant change for the parameter (false positive will be generated).

TABLE 6: RANGES OF RETEST DATA TRENDS
FOR MAJOR IONS.
Parameter Max Min Median
Bicarbonate 502.0 -650.0 2.00
Carbonate 63.0 -45.0 0.00
Calcium 205.2 -266.0 0.50
Chloride 593.1 -107.9 0.18
Fluoride 3.4 -5.7 0.00
Iron (dissolved) 2.5 -8.4 0.00
Manganese 0.6 -0.6 0.00
Magnesium 124.3 -200.0 0.03
Nitrate + Nitrite 31.3 -26.3 0.00
Nitrate 31.3 -35.9 0.00
Potassium 4.9 -46.9 0.00
Sulphate 2217.0 -1658.0 -0.90
Sodium 938.0 -1112.0 -4.00
Total Alkalinity 412.0 -436.0 1.00
TDS 3224.0 -2474.0 -2.50
Conductivity 3910.0 -2370.0 -7.00
pH 1.3 -1.1 0.02

4.5.1.1 Bicarbonate

The BWWT database has 448 wells that have been tested more than once for bicarbonate (Figure
4411.1). The maximum changes in bicarbonate were an increase of 502 (266% change) and a
decrease of 650 mg/L (71% change). The MDL for bicarbonate in the database is 0.1 to 5 mg/L
depending on the lab doing the analysis. The median for the amount of change in bicarbonate
between samples on the same well was 2 mg/L. The change in bicarbonate concentration of

water from the retested wells produces a result where 25% of the results are below -20.25 mg/L
and 25% is above 21 mg/L.

A total of 28 wells had an increase or decrease in bicarbonate concentration that was greater
than 25% (Figure 4411.1). These wells have a median bicarbonate concentration of 126.0 mg/L
bicarbonate. Wells with a change in bicarbonate concentration of greater than 25% have a
distribution where 25% of the results are below -173.5 mg/L and 25% is above 181.21 mg/L.

Figure 4411.2 shows the spatial distribution of retested wells for bicarbonate in the BWWT
database. The retested wells are located throughout the main sampling area.

Figure 4411.3 shows the spatial distribution of wells that have a change in concentration that is
greater than 25%. In the northern half of the sampling area all wells have an increase in
bicarbonate for wells resampled and having an increase that is more than 25%. In the south, the
change in concentration of bicarbonate is evenly distributed with wells having positive and
negative concentration changes.

4.5.1.2 Calcium

There are 440 wells that have been tested more than once for calcium concentration (Figure
4412.1). The maximum changes in calcium were an increase of 205.2 (209% change) and a
decrease of 266 mg/L (96% change). The MDL for calcium in the database is 0.0002 to 110 mg/L
depending on lab that conducted the analysis. The median amount of change in calcium
concentrations between samples on the same well was 0.5 mg/L. The change in calcium
concentration of water from the retested wells produces a result where 25% of the results are
below -0.6 mg/L of change and 75% are below 2.8 mg/L of change.

There were 190 wells with greater than 25% change in calcium concentration in the
groundwater from the retested wells (Figure 4412.1). These wells have a median concentration
change of 2.1 mg/L calcium. Wells with a change in calcium concentration of greater than 25%
change have distributions where 25% of the results are below 0.52 mg/L and 75% are below
5.52 mg/L.

Figure 4412.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by calcium concentration
change. The change in most of the water samples ranged from 70 mg/L to 93 mg/L. The
retested wells are found throughout most of the sample area. There is a small area east of Red
Deer that has a group of wells that have no change in calcium concentration when retested.

Figure 4412.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a calcium concentration
change of greater than 25%. In general calcium concentrations of groundwater in wells sampled
east of Calgary that were retested were higher than when first tested. The area north of Three
Hills is split with higher calcium concentrations in wells than when first tested on the west side
of the sampling area and lower values on the east side.


4.5.1.3 Carbonate

There are 448 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once for carbonate
concentration (Figure 4413.1). The maximum changes in carbonate were an increase of 63 mg/L
(209% change) and a decrease of 45 mg/L (96% change). The MDL for carbonate in the database
is 0.01 to 6 mg/L depending on the laboratory that conducted the analysis. The median for the
amount of change in carbonate between samples on the same well was 0.0 mg/L. The change in
carbonate concentration of water from the retested wells produces a result where 25% of the
results are below -3.00 mg/L and 75% are below4.03 mg/L.

There were 227 wells with greater than 25% change in carbonate within the retest results (Figure
4413.1). These wells have a median of 3.2 mg/L carbonate. Wells with a change in carbonate
concentration greater than 25% change have distributions where 25% of the results are below -
8.00 mg/L and 25% is above 9.00 mg/L.

Figure 4413.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by carbonate concentration
change. Most of the wells fall in the -19.9 to 25 mg/L range throughout most of the sample area.
There is an area between Red Deer/Stettler and Beiseker/Drumheller that has larger carbonate
concentration changes in the retested wells..

Figure 4413.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have carbonate concentrations in
the water retest results that have changed by greater than 25%. The pattern is similar to that
observed in Figure 4413.2.

4.5.1.4 Chloride

There are 444 wells in the BWWT that have been tested for chloride more than once (Figure
4414.1). The maximum changes in chloride were an increase of 593.1 (3730% change) and a
decrease of 107.9 mg/L (89% change) from the initial sample results. The MDL for chloride in
the database is 0.1 to 5 mg/L depending on the laboratory that had conducted the analysis. The
median for the amount of change in chloride concentrations between samples collected from the
same well was 0.2 mg/L. A total of 25% of the retested wells have a chloride concentration
lower than 8.0 mg/L and 25% have a change greater than 1.1 mg/L.

There were 172 wells with greater than 25% change in chloride within the retested wells (Figure
4414.1). These wells have a median of 1 mg/L chloride. Wells with a change in chloride
concentration greater than 25% have distributions where 25% of the results are below -2 mg/L
and 25% is above 2.4 mg/L.

Figure 4414.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by chloride concentration
change. Most of the wells showed a change in the -54.6 to 260 mg/L range through most of the
sample area. There are only a few wells with larger changes in the chloride concentration. area
small group of wells between Red Deer and Stettler and a few random wells in the Calgary to
Strathmore area that do not show any change in the chloride concentration with retesting.


Figure 4413.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a chloride concentration that
changed by greater than 25%. The change in chloride concentrations of groundwater collected
from wells across the sampling area is random in location and degree of change.

4.5.1.5 Conductivity

There are 116 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the
conductivity of the groundwater (Figure 4415.1). The maximum range in conductivity changes
were an increase of 3910 (277% change) and a decrease of 2370 S/cm (61% change) between
the initial concentrations and retest results. The median for the amount of change in
conductivity between samples on the same well was -7 S/cm. The change in conductivity of
water from the initial and the retested wells produces a result where 25% of all the results are
below -60 mg/L and 25% are above 40 mg/L.

There were 11 wells with greater than 25% change in conductivity within the retested wells
(Figure 4415.1). These wells have a median conductivity of -380 S/cm. Wells with a
conductivity change of greater than 25% have 25% of the concentrations below -618 S/cm and
25% above 480 S/cm.

Figure 4415.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by conductivity change. This
parameter is not sampled throughout the sampling area; most of the wells that have
conductivity data are located south of Three Hills. Most of the wells fall in the -550 to550 S/cm
concentration change range. Four wells with the database have greater concentration changes of
-2370, -750, -940 and 3910.

Figure 4413.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a conductivity change greater
than 25%. These wells are located in the area east of Airdrie and Calgary.

4.5.1.6 Fluoride

There are 447 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the fluoride
concentration in the groundwater (Figure 4416.1). The maximum changes in fluoride were an
increase of 3.4 (262% change) and a decrease of 5.65 mg/L (97% change). The MDL for fluoride
in the database is 0.1 to 5 mg/L depending on the laboratory that conducted the analysis. The
median for the amount of change in fluoride between samples on the same well was 0.0 mg/L.
The change in fluoride concentration from the retested wells produces a results in 25% of the
change in sample results are below -0.1 mg/L and 25% are above 0.12 mg/L.

There were 131 wells with greater than a 25% change in chloride concentrations within the
retested wells (Figure 4416.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 0.1 mg/L
fluoride. Wells with a change in fluoride concentrations greater than 25% have a distribution
where 25% of the results being below -0.25 mg/L and 25% above 0.38 mg/L.

Figure 4416.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by fluoride concentration
change. Most of the wells fall in the -2.5 to 1.1 mg/L concentration change range throughout
most of the sample area. The higher fluoride concentration changes (1.2 to 3.4 mg/L) are in an

area from Beiseker south to the Bow River and one well near Stettler. The larger decreases in
fluoride -2.6 to -5.7 mg/L are around Strathmore and one well near Lacombe.

Figure 4416.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a fluoride concentration that
has changed by greater than 25%. The fluoride concentrations of groundwater across the
sampling area are variable with increases and decreases in most areas. The higher concentration
increases, 1.2 to 3.4 mg/L are in the Paskapoo and Scollard subcrop areas around Beiseker and
south. The two exceptions to this are one well near Ponoka and another southwest of Stettler.
The wells with a larger decrease -2.6 to -5.7 mg/L are in the Strathmore area and one well near
Lacombe.

4.5.1.7 Dissolved Iron

dissolved iron concentration in the groundwater (Figure 4417.1). The maximum changes in
dissolved iron were an increase of 2.47 (4940% change) and a decrease of 8.37 mg/L (99%
change). The MDL for dissolved iron in the database is 0.001 to 25 mg/L depending on the
laboratory that conducted the analysis. The median amount of change in dissolved iron
between samples on the same well was 0.0 mg/L. The change in dissolved iron concentration
between the initial results the retested wells produces a result where 25% of the values are
below -0.02 mg/L and 25% is above 0.03 mg/L.

There were 307 wells with greater than 25% change in dissolved iron within the retested wells
(Figure 4417.1). These wells have a median of 0.02 mg/L dissolved iron. Wells with a change in
dissolved iron concentration greater than 25% have a distribution where 25% of the results are
below -0.05 mg/L and 25% is above 0.07 mg/L.

Figure 4417.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by dissolved iron
concentration change. Most of the wells fall in the -0.5 to 0.6 mg/L range throughout most of
the sample area. The varied concentration changes in wells in the study area appear random in
nature. In general, there are more wells with higher dissolved iron concentration changes upon
being retested.

Figure 4417.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a dissolved iron concentration
that has changed by greater than 25%. The dissolved iron concentrations of groundwater across
the sampling area are variable with more incidences of higher concentrations in samples
collected from wells following the initial sampling event.

4.5.1.8 Magnesium

magnesium concentration in the groundwater (Figure 4418.1). The maximum changes in
magnesium were an increase of 124.3 (405% change) and a decrease of 200 mg/L (100% change).
The MDL for magnesium in the database is 0.005 to 2 mg/L depending on the lab doing the
analysis. The median concentration change in magnesium between samples collected from the
same well was 0.03 mg/L. The change in magnesium concentration between initial sampling

results and the retested wells for the wells within the study area results in 25% of the sample
results below -0.16 mg/L and 25% above 0.42 mg/L.

There were 202 wells with greater than 25% change in magnesium within the retested wells
(Figure 4418.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 0.14 mg/L magnesium. .
The wells with a change in magnesium concentration greater than 25% have a distribution
where 25% of the results are below -0.3 mg/L and 25% is above 1.02 mg/L.

Figure 4418.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by magnesium concentration
change. Most of the wells throughout the sample area have a sample concentration change in
the -29.9 to 30 mg/L range. The higher magnesium concentration changes (30.1 to 124.3 mg/L)
are rare with a well located north of Stettler, one at Olds and two near Strathmore. The larger
decreases in magnesium -30 to -200 mg/L are from Beiseker south to Strathmore and at Bowden
and Stettler.

Figure 4418.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a magnesium concentration
that has changed by greater than 25%. The magnesium concentrations change upon retesting of
groundwater across the sampling area is variable. There is a similar distribution of wells as in
Figure 4418.2.

4.5.1.9 Manganese

manganese concentration in the groundwater (Figure 4419.1). The maximum changes in
manganese were an increase of 0.63 (6280 % change) and a decrease of 0.61 mg/L (95% change)
between initial and retest results. The MDL for manganese in the database is 0.001 to 5 mg/L
depending on the laboratory that conducted the analysis. The median for the amount of
concentration change in manganese between samples collected at the same well was 0.00 mg/L.
The change in manganese concentration between the initial and the retested wells produces a
result where 25% of the results are below -0.01 mg/L and 25% is above 0.00 mg/L.

There were 101 wells with greater than 25% change in manganese within the retested wells
(Figure 4419.1). These wells have a median concentration change of -0.01 mg/L manganese.
Wells with a change in manganese concentration of greater than 25% change have 25% of the
results below -0.03 mg/L and 25% of the results above 0.01 mg/L.

Figure 4419.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by manganese concentration
change. Most of the wells fall in the -0.1 to 0.1 mg/L range though most of the sample area. The
higher manganese concentration changes (0.1 to 0.6 mg/L) are rare and occur along the Scollard
subcrop area from Stettler to Lacombe and from Rockyford to Strathmore in the south. The
larger decreases in manganese -0.1 to -0.6 mg/L are generally scattered except for an area of
concentration east of Airdrie and Calgary.

Figure 4419.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a manganese concentration
that has changed by greater than 25%. The distribution of these wells is similar to the
distribution of wells in Figure 4419.2.

4.5.1.10 Nitrate + Nitrite

There are 427 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the nitrate +
nitrite concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44110.1). The maximum changes in nitrate +
nitrite were an increase of 31.33 (44757 % change) and a decrease of 26.3 mg/L (61% change).
The MDL for nitrate + nitrite in the database is 0.0017 to 17 mg/L depending on the laboratory
that conducted the analysis. The median concentration change in nitrate + nitrite between
samples from the same well was 0.00 mg/L. The change in nitrate + nitrite concentration of
water from the retested wells produces a result where 25% of the results are below -0.00 mg/L
and 25% is above 0.02 mg/L.

There were 226 wells with greater than 25% change in nitrate + nitrite within the retested wells
(Figure 44110.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 0.02 mg/L nitrate + nitrite.
Wells with a change in nitrate + nitrite concentration greater than 25% change have a
distribution where 25% of the results are below -0.05 mg/L and 25% is above 0.05 mg/L.

Figure 44110.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by nitrate + nitrite
concentration change. Most of the wells in the sample area have a nitrate + nitrite concentration
change in the -0.1 to 13.3 mg/L range. One well located near Strathmore has a higher nitrate +
nitrite concentration change (13.4 to 31.3 mg/L) . The larger decreases in nitrate + nitrite (-15.1
to -26.3 mg/L) are randomly distributed in the area of the Paskapoo subcrop.

Figure 44110.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a nitrate + nitrite
concentration that has changed by greater than 25%. These wells have a similar distribution to
wells in Figure 44110.2.

4.5.1.11 Nitrate

There are 448 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the nitrate
concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44111.1). The maximum changes in nitrate were an
increase of 31.34 (52233 % change) and a decrease of 35.9 mg/L (63% change). The MDL for
nitrate in the database is 0.002 to 1.6 mg/L depending on the laboratory that conducted the
analysis. The median change in nitrate concentration between samples from the same well was
0.00 mg/L.
There were 212 wells with greater than 25% change in nitrate within the retested wells (Figure
44111.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 0.01 mg/L nitrate. Wells with a
change in nitrate concentration of greater than 25% have a distribution where 25% of the results
are below -0.06 mg/L and 25% is above 0.04 mg/L.

Figure 44111.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by nitrate concentration
change. Many of the wells throughout the sampling area have nitrate concentration changes of
-0.1 to 0.1 mg/L . Wells with a greater amount of change (-35.9 to -15.1 or 13.4 to 31.3) are found
generally to occur in a linear area from Strathmore north to Red Deer.

Figure 44111.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a nitrate concentration that
has changed by greater than 25%. These wells have a similar distribution to wells in Figure

44111.2. The difference in the distribution is the removal of most of the wells in the -0.1 to 0.1
mg/L nitrate.

4.5.1.12 Nitrite

There are 448 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the nitrite
concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44112.1). The maximum changes in nitrite were an
increase of 0.49 (84 % change) and a decrease of 3.2 mg/L (98% change) for retest samples in
comparison to initial results. The MDL for nitrite in the database is 0.001 to 3 mg/L depending
on the laboratory that conducted the analysis. The median concentration change in nitrite
between samples from the same well was 0.00 mg/L. The changes in nitrite concentrations
between initial sampling and retest results indicate 25% of the results are below 0.00 mg/L and
25% is above 0.00 mg/L.

There were 172 wells with greater than 25% change in nitrite within the retested wells (Figure
44112.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 0.01 mg/L nitrite. Wells with a
change in nitrite concentration greater than 25% have results 25% of the results are below -0.02
mg/L and 25% are above 0.04 mg/L.

Figure 44112.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by nitrite concentration
change. Most of the wells throughout the study area have nitrite concentrations in the -0.2 to 0.1
mg/L range. The higher nitrate concentration changes (0.1 to 0.5 mg/L) are rare south of the
Airdrie Drumheller area but this area does contain one of the highest nitrite concentration
wells. North of the Airdrie Drumheller area the 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L nitrite concentration wells are
more prevalent. The area extending from Beiseker, Bowden and Lacombe have with a density of
wells with a low level (0.1 to 0.2 mg/L) increase in nitrite.

Figure 44112.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a nitrite concentration that
has changed by greater than 25%. These wells have similar nitrite concentrations changes upon
retesting of groundwater to the distribution of wells in Figure 44112.2.

4.5.1.13 pH

There are 447 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the pH in
the groundwater (Figure 44113.1). The maximum changes in pH were an increase of 1.33 (18 %
change) and a decrease of 1.06 pH units (12% change) in wells that had been retested. The
median concentration change in pH between samples from the same well was 0.02 pH units.
Wells with a change in pH between the initial sampling results and the retest result have data
where 25% of the results are below -0.08 and 25% is above 0.11 pH change.

There were no wells with a change in pH greater than 25%.

Figure 44112.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by pH change. Most of the
wells throughout the study area have a change in pH in the -0.3 to 0.5 pH unit range. The larger
pH changes (0.6 to 1.3 pH are more prevalent from Beiseker south and three individual wells

located near Red Deer, south of Stettler and Ponoka. The larger decreases in pH are in the Olds
area and to the south.

4.5.1.14 Potassium

potassium concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44114.1). The maximum changes in
potassium were an increase of 4.91 (133 % change) and a decrease of 46.9 mg/L (96% change)
from the initial and retest values. The MDL for potassium in the database is 0.05 to 10 mg/L
depending on the lab oratory that conducted the analysis. The median concentration change in
potassium between samples from the same well was 0.00 mg/L. Potassium concentration
changes from the initial and retested wells produces a result where 25% of the results are below
-0.21 mg/L and 25% is above 0.20 mg/L.

There were 163 wells with greater than 25% change in potassium between initial sample results
and retest results (Figure 44114.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 0.2
mg/L potassium. Wells with a change in potassium concentration between initial sample
results and the retested wells greater than 25% change has a distribution where 25% of the
results are below -0.7 mg/L and 25% is above 0.88 mg/L.

Figure 44114.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by potassium concentration
change. Most of the wells throughout the sample area had a concentration change in the -1 to 1
mg/L range. The higher potassium concentration changes (1 to 5 mg/L) are along the Scollard
outcrop area from the Bow River to Ponoka. Additionally, some higher concentration changes
are found in wells located in the Torrington area and north to Red Deer. The larger decreases in
potassium -2 to -47 mg/L are from Torrington south along the eastern edge of the Paskapoo
area, near Stettler and also near Ponoka.

Figure 44114.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a potassium concentration
that has changed by greater than 25%. These wells have a similar distribution to wells in Figure
44114.2.

4.5.1.15 Sodium

There are 441 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the sodium
concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44115.1). The maximum changes between initial
sampling results and retest samples were an increase of 938 (321 % change) and a decrease of
1112 mg/L (79% change). The MDL for sodium in the database is 0.5 mg/L. The median
concentration change in sodium between initial and retest sample results on the same well was -
4 mg/L. Sodium concentration changes in individual wells have data distributions where 25%
of the results are below -25.9 mg/L and 25% is above 13.9 mg/L.

There were 46 wells with greater than 25% change in sodium within the retested wells (Figure
44115.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 18.75 mg/L sodium. Wells with
sodium concentration changes greater than 25% have data distributions where 25% of the
results are below -120 mg/L and 25% is above 104.5 mg/L.


Figure 44115.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by sodium concentration
change. Most of the wells throughout the study area have concentration changes in the -239.9 to
236 mg/L range. The higher sodium concentration change (236.1 to 938 mg/L) in the study area
is located in a well near Strathmore. The larger decreases (240 to -1112 mg/L) in sodium
concentrations are wells located east of Calgary and one well near Torrington.

Figure 44115.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a sodium concentration that
has changed by greater than 25%. The sodium concentrations change from initial to retest
values is decreasing in the south and increasing in the north using Torrington as the divide.

4.5.1.16 Sulphate

There are 443 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the sulphate
concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44116.1). The maximum changes in sulphate in the
study area between initial sample and retest sample values were an increase of 2217 (666 %
change) and a decrease of 1658 mg/L (88% change). The MDL for sulphate in the database is .03
to 9 mg/L. The median concentration change in sulphate between samples from the same well
was -0.9 mg/L. The change in sulphate concentration between initial and retest sample results
has a data distribution where 25% of the results are below -20 mg/L and 25% is above 10 mg/L.

There were 82 wells with greater than 25% change in sulphate within the retested wells (Figure
44116.1). These wells have a median concentration change of -3.14 mg/L sulphate. Wells with a
change in sulphate concentration greater than 25% have a data distribution where 25% of the
results are below -79.75 mg/L and 25% is above 70.75 mg/L.

Figure 44116.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by sulphate concentration
change. Most of the wells throughout the sample area have concentrations changes between -
862 to 974 mg/L. The highest sulphate concentration change (975 to 2217 mg/L) is in one well
located near Strathmore. The larger decreases in sulphate -862 to -1658 mg/L are found in wells
east of Calgary and one near Elnora.

Figure 44116.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a sulphate concentration that
has changed by greater than 25%. The sulphate concentrations change is generally variable
through the sampling area and resembles distributions in Figure 44116.2.

4.5.1.17 Total Dissolved Solids

There are 448 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the TDS
concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44117.1). The maximum changes between initial and
retested TDS sample results were an increase of 3224 (395 % change) and a decrease of 2474
mg/L (77% change). The MDL for TDS in the database is 5 mg/L. The median concentration
change in TDS between samples from the same well was -2.5 mg/L. The change in TDS
concentration from the initial and the retested well sample results has a data distribution where
25% of the results are below -41.75 mg/L and 25% is above 29 mg/L.


There were 33 wells with greater than 25% change in TDS within the retested wells (Figure
44117.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 160 mg/L TDS. Wells with a
change in TDS concentration greater than 25% have data distributions where 25% of the results
are below -424 mg/L and 25% is above 338 mg/L.

Figure 44117.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by TDS concentration
change. Most of the wells throughout the sampling area have concentration changes in the -
1149.9 to 1100 mg/L range. The highest TDS concentration change (1100.1 to 3224 mg/L) is
found in a well located near Strathmore. The large decreases in TDS (-1150 to -2474 mg/L) are
found in wells that located east of Calgary and one well located near Elnora.

Figure 44117.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a TDS concentration that has
changed by greater than 25%. The TDS concentrations change from initial to retest sample
results have increased in wells located near and to the north of Red Deer. The remainder of the
study area has a variable distribution of TDS concentration changes.

4.5.1.18 Total Alkalinity

There are 448 wells in the BWWT that have been tested more than once to measure the total
alkalinity concentration in the groundwater (Figure 44118.1). The maximum changes in total
alkalinity between the initial and retest values were an increase of 412 (266 % change) and a
decrease of 436 mg/L (78% change). The MDL for total alkalinity in the database is 0.5 to 5
mg/L. The median concentration change in total alkalinity between samples from the same well
was 1 mg/L. The concentration change in total alkalinity for retested wells produces a data
distribution where 25% of the results are below -11 mg/L and 25% is above 13 mg/L.

There were 20 wells with greater than 25% change in total alkalinity within the retested wells
(Figure 44118.1). These wells have a median concentration change of 66.5 mg/L total alkalinity.
Wells with a change in total alkalinity concentration greater than 25% have a results distribution
where 25% of the results are below -178 mg/L and 25% is above 209.25 mg/L.

Figure 44118.2 presents the spatial distribution of the retested wells by total alkalinity
concentration change. Most of the wells located throughout the study area have a concentration
range of -316 to 157 mg/L. The higher total alkalinity concentration change (158 to 412 mg/L) is
located along the eastern side of the sample area with three wells between Stettler and Ponoka
in two wells east of Strathmore. The larger decreases in total alkalinity -316 to -436 mg/L were
found in wells located east of Airdrie and Calgary.

Figure 44118.3 presents the geographic locations of wells that have a total alkalinity
concentration that has changed by greater than 25%. The total alkalinity concentrations change
from Red Deer north have higher retest values than initial sample results. The area to the east
of Calgary and Airdrie has wells with retest values both higher and lower than initial the initial
sampling results.


4.5.2 Gas Concentration and Isotope Repeat Tests

4.5.2.1 Free gas retest

Free gas sampling has been found to have some limitations with respect to reproducibility of
gas volumes and concentration distributions. The volume of gas produced and the
concentrations of the gases observed may vary due to equipment used and the methodology of
the sampling procedure (Alberta Research Council, 2009), especially when different consultants
are involved in the sampling. Keeping this in mind the free gas retest results in the BWWT
database were compared to evaluate changes in the chemical and isotopic compositions of
gases.

Figure 4410.1 displays the locations where groundwater samples were obtained for repeat
analyses according to the data base records. In 55 cases a free gas sample was taken during
initial sampling, but no gas sample was obtained at the repeat sampling occasion (= gas to no
gas). In 27 cases there was no free gas sample submitted during the initial sampling, but a free
gas sample was obtained during repeat sampling (= no gas to gas). In 46 cases, free gas samples
were available during initial and subsequent sampling events (= gas to gas).

At 55 wells, initial sampling yielded a free gas sample, whereas at repeat sampling no free gas
sample was obtained. At 20 wells sampling was conducted by the same consulting company,
whereas repeat sampling at 35 wells was conducted by different consultants. For the initial free
gas samples, methane concentrations ranged from 6 to 892,200 ppm (n=51) with 4 samples
registering methane below the detection limit (n=4). For 20 of these samples
13
C values for
methane were reported ranging from -79.2 to -26.8 with an average
13
C value of -61.2 .

Figure 4410.1 shows the locations of the wells that have been retested falling into the gas to no
gas category. There are 19 wells in the Strathmore to Gleichen area, 2 near Stettler, 2 near Big
Valley, 2 near Drumheller, 1 near Irricana and 4 near Ponoka on the Scollard region yielding no
gas on retesting. Three wells were located near Irricana, 3 near Three Hills, 1 near Calgary, 1 in
the Red Deer area, and 3 near Lacombe, all completed in the upper Paskapoo region. Three
wells were located near Stettler and one north of Stettler, 2 at Drumheller, and 6 wells near
Gleichen that are associated with the Horseshoe Canyon region.

At 27 wells, no free gas sample was obtained initially, but at repeat sampling free gas was
sampled and submitted for chemical and isotopic analyses. At 12 wells repeat samples were
obtained by different consulting companies, whereas at 15 wells the same consultant obtained
the first and the retest sample. Methane concentrations in the retest samples varied between
46.5 and 916,000 ppm. For 16 samples
13
C values for methane were reported ranging from -77.3
to -44.1 with an average
13
C values of -61.4 .

Figure 4410.1 shows the wells that have been retested and fall into the no gas to gas category.
Nine wells are located in the Strathmore to Gleichen area and 2 near Ponoka on the Scollard
region. Three wells are located near Irricana, 2 near Beiseker, 3 near Big Valley, 4 in the Red
Deer area, and one near Wetaskiwin, associated with the upper Paskapoo region Two wells
were associated with the Horseshoe Canyon region near Wetaskiwin.


At 47 wells a free gas sample was obtained on both the initial and repeat sample. The methane
concentration change between the initial and the repeat sample ranged from -580,000 ppm to
+320,000 ppm with an average of -47,806 ppm. There were 30 wells that were characterized by a
decrease in methane concentration and 17 wells had an increase in methane concentration in the
free gas samples upon resampling. 23 of the wells that were retested had carbon isotope ratios
for methane reported for both the initial and the retest. The
13
C change ranged from -29.7 to
+24.6 with an average of 0.3 .

Figure 4410.1 shows the wells that have been retested and fall into the gas to gas category.
These wells are located throughout the sampling area with the exception of near Drumheller
and northwest of Stettler.

4.5.3 Changes in Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Gas Samples

4.5.3.1 Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Methane

For 15 wells repeat analyses were available for methane concentrations in free gas (Figure
4421.1). The methane concentrations in free gas samples from the 15 repeat wells varied widely
from less than 20,000 ppm to more than 800,000 ppm, and were therefore separated into three
categories.

Methane concentrations in free gas samples from 3 wells with repeat analyses were below
20,000 ppm. In all three wells methane concentrations increased in the repeat analysis in one
case insignificantly from 576 to 600 ppm, in another well marginally from 550 to 819 ppm, and
in a third case markedly from 4,100 to 15,700 ppm. Only for the latter two samples were
13
C
values available that decreased from -22.8 to -27.5 . These carbon isotope ratios are untypical
for methane derived from coal seams. It is possible that
13
C values for methane > -30 are the
results of bacterial methane oxidation (Barker & Fritz, 1981). However, it is also possible that
some of the highest
13
C values of methane are due to erroneous measurements since
determining accurate
13
C values for methane samples with low concentrations in a N
2

containing gas sample is challenging. A detailed explanation of this phenomenon based on a
ring-test is described in a report that was submitted to Alberta Environment in 2009 (ARC,
2009).

Methane concentrations in free gas samples from 6 wells with repeat analyses varied between
200,000 and 650,000 ppm. In 3 out of the 6 wells methane concentrations decreased between 5.1
and 14.0 % from the original value. For 2 of these 3 wells
13
C values of methane were available:
they decreased by 1.4 and 2.5 respectively to -73.0 and -65.2 . In three of the samples in
this category methane concentrations increased by 4.2, 30.3, and 135.7% respectively. For two of
these three wells
13
C values of methane were available. In the first case with methane
concentration increase of 4.2% the
13
C values of methane remained identical within the
measurement uncertainty at -66.0 . However, the largest increase in methane concentrations
from 210,000 to 495,000 ppm was accompanied by an 11.6 increase in
13
C values of methane
from -77.7 to -66.1 . Such a trend would be expected if admixture of coal-derived methane
was responsible for the increase in methane concentrations.


Methane concentrations in free gas samples from 6 wells with repeat analyses were generally
800,000 ppm. In 5 out of the 6 wells methane concentrations decreased between 4.0 and 12.8 %
from the original value. Only in one case did the methane concentration increase by 2.3 % from
855,900 to 875.200 ppm. Carbon isotope data were only available for free gas samples from one
well with repeat analyses. While methane concentration decreased by 5.2 % from 930,000 to
882,000 ppm,
13
C values appeared to increase by 24.6 from initially -61.5 to -37.9 for
the repeat sample. The latter value is rather untypical of free gas methane with very high
concentrations and it is not clear what caused the significant change in
13
C values by circa 25
while methane contents remained rather constant.

4.5.3.2 Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Ethane

Repeat analyses for ethane concentrations in free gas samples were available from seven wells.
In two cases ethane concentrations decreased slightly from 250 to 216 ppm and 1890 to 1530
ppm, respectively. In four other cases ethane concentrations increased slightly by 300 to 890
ppm. In two cases, ethane concentrations appeared to increase markedly by 11,600 and 42,600
ppm.

Repeat analyses of
13
C values of ethane were only available for free gas samples from three
wells. In two of three cases the two
13
C measurements were within <1.5 of each other, which
is considered identical based on the analytical uncertainties. In the third case, the
13
C value of
ethane increased by 4.7 from -43.4 to -38.7 , while concentration increased from 2,500 to
3,390 ppm. Such a trend would be expected if a mixture of thermogenic ethane was responsible
for the increase in ethane concentrations.

4.5.3.3 Concentrations and Carbon Isotope Ratios of CO
2

Repeat analyses for CO
2
concentrations in free gas samples were available from 15 wells. In 12
cases, the CO
2
concentrations in the repeat analysis remained within 500 ppm of the original
value. In one case a significant decrease in CO
2
concentrations was observed from 7,300 to 2,400
ppm, while in two cases a significant increase from 440 to 52,000 ppm and 400 to 65,000 ppm of
CO
2
was reported.

Repeat analyses of
13
C values of CO
2
were only available for free gas samples from 4 wells. In
two cases CO
2
concentrations increased marginally by 323 and 450 ppm while
13
C values of
CO
2
decreased by less than 2.0 to -22.7 and -30.6 , respectively. In two other wells CO
2

contents remained essentially constant (changed by < 100 ppm) but major changes in
13
C
values of CO
2
from -18.9 to -46.1 and from -36.5 to -18.4 were reported. The only natural
explanation for
13
C values of CO
2
with less than -35 is the oxidation of methane (Barker &
Fritz, 1981). It can, however, not be excluded that
13
C values for methane or higher alkanes
may have been erroneously entered into the CO
2
column.


5. CONCLUSIONS

It should be noted that while the data has been compared to the Canadian Drinking Water
Objectives (Health Canada 2010), not all the wells within the database are drinking water wells.

5.1 Database Limitations

As previously mentioned, limitations with the database provided by AENV to AITF are
primarily related to laboratory and sampling variability and data entry issues. The large
number of parties involved in sampling, laboratory analysis and data entry has added an
element of variability in laboratory detection limits, sampling methodologies and data
representation. These issues add a level of complexity to data provided and interpretation when
comparing retested well sample results or when looking for trends in concentration over
different depth ranges and/or geographic location.

AITF undertook this study based on the understanding that AENV QA/QCed the database and
it was not within the scope of this study for AITF to do so. Notwithstanding this, some of the
issues that were found with the BWWT database during our work with the data include:

Depth and well completion intervals that have no units or contradictory units.
Ion balance appears to be either a mix of ion balance (90 to 110%) and charge balance
(0.9 to 1.1) or units are incorrect for some of the data.
Conductivity data is entered within the database as mS/cm and S/cm.
There is no way to assess the reason for missing results in the database. There is only a
blank for the parameter but one cannot be sure as to the reason for the lack of data.
Results of data that are not parameters required as part of the BWWT sampling suite are
included in the database. It should be determined whether these results, although small
in number, should be part of the database.

Limitations for the understanding or interpretation of the data based on information provided
to AITF within the database include:

It is not obvious as to whether gas was present during sampling of a well.
There is no way to tell if gas concentrations have been corrected for atmospheric
influences or if the oxygen results have not been entered. It is not possible to tell if the
gas concentration data has been normalized or is raw data. The addition of a total ppm
for gas concentration would allow a simple check of input gas concentrations.
Samples for free gas are not always completely entered in the database for all
parameters analyzed.
There are sample IDs that have isotope analysis results but do not have gas
concentration results. The quality of the isotopic data without gas concentration results
is difficult to assess.

Presently data that represents a retested well can only be identified by well location.
When more than one well has the same location (e.g. calculated to centre of quarter
section) the actual well that retest samples represent is difficult or impossible to
determine. This is a major limitation of the data base that should be urgently addressed.

5.2 Major Ion Trends

The results of the study show some spatial trends exist based on data available within the
database. The study does not distinguish between geologically based influences on
groundwater such as formation composition or bedrock lineament features, or buried ancient
alluvial channels. It also does not identify which water quality characteristics may be a result
from impacts due to anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices (e.g. fertilizers,
bacteriological impacts) or oil and gas activities.

Trends in major ions identified in water collected from wells located within the study area
can be generally divided into areas with linear type trends and cluster areas. North-south
oriented bands of wells with a similar concentration of a particular parameter were found to
generally align with the formation region subcrops. These north-south bands were observed
with total alkalinity and bicarbonate. Lower concentrations of alkalinity and bicarbonate were
found in the west and higher concentrations were found to the east. In contrast, fluoride, has
the greatest amount of wells with elevated ion concentrations in the west as opposed to the east.
The trend in fluoride is important since over 40% of wells completed at a depth greater than 60
mbgs exceed the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (2010). It is expected that these trends in
concentration observed as linear north-south bands aligned to formation region subcrops may
be related to changes within the near-surface geology.

An area of elevated ion concentrations associated with a northeast linear trend located
approximately between Airdrie to Three Hills/Stettler (in some instances extending east to
Drumheller) has been identified. This northeast trend has been observed in the following
elevated ion distributions: calcium, magnesium, nitrate, potassium, sodium, sulphate, total
alkalinity and TDS. Often clusters of high concentration wells are observed east of Calgary in
the Strathmore area as well.

Areas of low ion concentrations are also noted in the Calgary area for bicarbonate, carbonate
and calcium ions as well as alkalinity.

Concentrations of the ions in the samples versus depth range of each well were examined. The
depth. The remaining median ion ranges appear to be similar at all the depth ranges. The
maximum values were observed for bicarbonate, manganese, magnesium, nitrate, nitrate +
nitrite, potassium and total alkalinity at wells completed at depths of 30 mbgs or less. Other
ions such as chloride, fluoride, sodium, calcium, and TDS had maximum values in samples
collected from wells completed between 60 to 100 mbgs. It is expected that strong trends in
concentration of ion versus depth may be related to differences in geology between formations.


objectives for TDS and sodium, and the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for fluoride
was exceeded at circa 25 % of the wells. Water samples exceeding chloride aesthetic objectives
and fluoride MAC objectives were greatest with wells completed at depth. Water samples
exceeding iron and sulphate aesthetic objectives and nitrate MAC objectives were greatest in the
shallow wells.

5.3 Bacteria

within the study area especially in the Edmonton to Calgary corridor. It appears that the area
bounded by Airdrie, Stettler, Hanna and Red Deer has a high concentration of wells with
bacteria that did have completion data was completed from 30 to 60 mbgs (with the exception
of E. coliform where 58% of the wells impacted did not have completion information).

The data within the AENV database indicate that 53 wells were impacted (i.e. tested positive)
by E. coli coliform, 387 wells were impacted by fecal coliform, 2,990 wells were impacted by
total coliform, 4,797 wells were impacted by SRB and 8,407 wells tested positive for IRB within
the study area. There are more shallow wells (i.e. 0 to 60 mbgs) than deep wells in the study
area and most of these wells are impacted by some form of bacteria.

The results suggest that many wells within the study area are impacted by coliform bacteria.
Due to the prevalence of these bacteria in the wells within the study region, it is expected that
anthropogenic activities such as farming and human waste disposal through septic systems
may be impacting the near-surface aquifer in areas. Also, improper completion of wells may
result in the creation of a pathway for impacted waters from the surface to reach subsurface
aquifers.

Iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and sulphur-reducing bacteria are naturally occurring within the
environment. IRB and SRB are found in most wells and if found at elevated levels may be an
indication of a need for well maintenance or be reflective of the use of metal casing to complete
older wells. Well maintenance using shock chlorination is often a very effective method of
reducing the impacts of IRB and SRB on wells.

5.4 Gas Concentrations and Isotope Ratios

The database achieves its objective of generating a baseline of concentrations and
13
C values of
methane in free gas of shallow groundwater. For 636 free gas samples passing the data quality
criteria a median methane concentration of 436,085 ppm was observed. The highest methane
concentrations occurred in the deepest wells (>100 mbgs). The median ethane concentration in
267 free gas samples passing the data quality criteria was 1,200 ppm with the highest ethane
concentrations occurring in wells completed in 60 to 100 mbgs. There were 58 wells for which
propane concentrations in free gas were reported. For 396 samples for which data quality
criteria were met the median
13
C value of methane was -67.2 . In free gas obtained from

wells completed in <30 mbgs the median
13
C value for methane was with -71.1 lowest,
whereas in the deepest wells completed in >100 mbgs methane had a slightly higher median
13
C value of -65.0 . The median
13
C value of ethane in 300 free gas samples was -48.0
with no significant depth dependence. The median
13
C value of propane for 16 samples
meeting the data quality criteria was -33.7 .

The majority of the free gas samples contained predominantly methane and some ethane, had
wetness parameters >1000 and
13
C values of methane typically below -60 , indicating
biogenic gas formation processes. The accumulated information in the database will be in many
cases of great value to trace potential future impacts on free gas in shallow groundwater
provided that the chemical and isotopic composition of coal gases and deeper formation gases
are know and isotopically distinct (e.g. Tilley & Muehlenbachs, 2006). During re-sampling of
wells it is highly desirable to use similar sampling procedures to assure comparability of results.
Also, the analytical accuracy of participating laboratories for concentration data reported near
the detection limits and
13
C values for low concentration gas samples should be further
evaluated.

5.5 Retest Data

The retest data as presently available in the database is of limited value. Two reasons for this are
as follows. It is often difficult if not impossible to distinguish which well a sample was collected
as the samples are identified by location and not by well GIC number. Also, often only two
samples (or one sample retest) have been collected from a well and as such, trends cannot be
determined. Two samples can, however, be useful to indicate whether a change in concentration
may have occurred, however, it does not provide information as to why this change has
occurred (e.g. seasonal variation, impact or sampling variability). However, the value of this
data may show trends over time if additional well sampling occurs.

6. RECOMMENATIONS

Based on the results of this study, recommendations are summarized below.

Gas sample results require that data from all gases be entered so that the total gas
concentrations sum to ppm.
Data be entered into the database be standardized into a singular measurement unit
where possible (e.g. conductivity, major ions, well completion depth information) so
that comparisons to data can be made more readily without having to check and revise
the database.
Well water sample results should be tied to a unique well identification number (GIC
number) rather than a location number so that retest data for the wells can more easily
be compared. It would be helpful if this well identifier was placed on the individual
wells in the field to reduce the potential for monitoring well identification errors in the
field.
Well completion data should include screen depth so that water chemistry can be linked
to formations.

It would be beneficial if data could be pre-screened prior to entry into the database so
that discrepancies or concerns regarding data entry error could be addressed in a
proactive manner.
Additional value would be provided by considering temporal variability in the near-
surface aquifer water quality data results.
The accuracy of gas concentration data below 100 ppm for methane, ethane, propane
and butane should be checked.

Respectfully submitted,

Catherine Main, M.Sc., MCIP, RPP., P.Geol., P.Geo.
Senior Researcher

Don Jones
Field Coordinator

Dr. Bernhard Mayer
Isotope Solutions
Calgary Alberta


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Regional Groundwater Assessment. Prepared for the M.D. of Rocky View No. 44 and AAFC-
PFRA.

Hydrogeological Consultants Ltd. 2001. Lacombe County Part of the Red Deer River Basin Tp
038 to 041, R 21 to 28, W4M & Tp 038 to 041, R 01 to 04, W5M Regional Groundwater
Assessment. Prepared for Lacombe County and AAFC-PFRA

Hydrogeological Consultants Ltd. 2000. Mountain View County Part of the Red Deer River
Basin Parts of Tp 029 to 034, R 26 to 29, W4M and R 01 to 07, W5M Regional Groundwater
Assessment. Prepared for Mountain View County and AAFC-PFRA

Lemay, T.G. (2003): Chemical and physical hydrogeology of coal, mixed coal-sandstone and
sandstone aquifers from coal-bearing formations in the Alberta Plains region, Alberta; Alberta
Energy and Utilities Board, EUB/AGS Earth Sciences Report 2003-04.

Minxin, T., Wanchun, W., Guangxin, X., Jinying, L., Yanlong, W., Xiaojun, Z., Hong, Z.,
Baoguang, S., Bo, G., 2005. Secondary biogenic coalbed gas in some coal fields of China. Chin.
Sci. Bull. 50, 2429.

Rice, D.D., 1993. Composition and origins of coalbed gas. In: Law, B.E., Rice, D.D. (Eds.),
Hydrocarbons from Coal. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology
38, 159184.

Rowe, D., Muehlenbachs, A., 1999a. Low-temperature thermal generation of hydrocarbon gases
in shallow shales. Nature 398, 6163.

Rowe, D., Muehlenbachs, K., 1999b. Isotopic fingerprints of shallow gases in the Western
Canadian sedimentary basin: tools for remediation of leaking heavy oil wells. Org. Geochem.
30, 861871


Scott, A.R., Kaiser, W.R., Ayers, W.B., 1994. Thermogenic and secondary biogenic gases, San-
Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico: implications for coalbed gas producibility. Am. Assoc.
Petrol. Geolog. Bull. 78, 11861209.

Strapoc, D., Mastalerz, M., Eble, C., Schimmelmann, A., 2007. Characterization of the origin of
coalbed gases in southeastern Illinois basin by compound specific carbon and hydrogen stable
isotope ratios. Org. Geochem. 38, 267 287.

Whiticar, M.J., 1999. Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and
oxidation of methane. Chem. Geol. 161, 91314.

Whiticar, M.J., Faber, E., Schoell, M., 1986. Biogenic methane formation in marine and
freshwater environments: CO2 reduction vs. acetate fermentation isotope evidence. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta 50, 693709.Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2005. Regional Groundwater Assessment
of Potable Groundwater in Kneehill County, Alberta. Prepared for Kneehill County and AAFC-
PFRA

APPENDIX A

Figures 4111.1 to 4111.7 ........... Bicarbonate Concentration
Figures 4112.1 to 4112.7 ............. Carbonate Concentration
Figures 4113.1 to 4113.7 ................. Calcium Concentration
Figures 4114.1 to 4114.7 ................ Chloride Concentration
Figures 4115.1 to 4115.7 ................. Fluoride Concentration
Figures 4116.1 to 4116.7 ....... Dissolved Iron Concentration
Figures 4117.1 to 4117.7 ........... Manganese Concentration
Figures 4118.1 to 4118.7 ........... Magnesium Concentration
Figures 4119.1 to 4119.7 ............................. Nitrate + Nitrite
Figures 41110.1 to 41110.7 ................ Nitrite Concentration
Figures 41111.1 to 41111.7 ............... Nitrate Concentration
Figures 41112.1 to 41112.7 ......... Potassium Concentration
Figures 41113.1 to 41113.7 ............... Sulfate Concentration
Figures 41114.1 to 41114.7 .............. Sodium Concentration
Figures 41115.1 to 41115.7 ... Total Alkalinity Concentration
Figures 41116.1 to 41116.7 ................... TDS Concentration

Figure 4111.1 Bicarbonate Summary Statistics

Bicarbonate Water Well Depth All Data All Data
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
IB 90-
110%
No
Filters
n 2983 2370 1037 214 8407 10015
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG:
MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 17 0 2 0 24 10
M 581.00 598.00 579.00 555.50 584.00 581.00
Q1 467.00 474.00 446.00 435.00 459.50 457.50
Q3 709.50 725.75 706.00 667.00 712.50 710.00
min 0.10 4.50 0.10 17.00 0.10 0.10
max 2690.00 2670.00 1860.00 2167.00 3330.00 10600.00

Bicarbonate
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
.
1
1
3
0
2
7
0
4
1
0
5
5
0
6
9
0
8
3
0
9
7
0
1
1
1
0
1
2
5
0
1
3
9
0
1
5
3
0
1
6
7
0
1
8
1
0
1
9
5
0
2
0
9
0
2
2
3
0
2
3
7
0
2
5
1
0
2
6
5
0
Concentration Range (mg/L)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Bicarbonate
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
B
i
n
1
0
0
2
2
0
3
4
0
4
6
0
5
8
0
7
0
0
8
2
0
9
4
0
1
0
6
0
1
1
8
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
4
0
1
6
6
0
1
7
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4111.1 Bicarbonate Summary Statistics continued

Bicarbonate
> 100 mbgs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
.
1
1
1
0
2
3
0
3
5
0
4
7
0
5
9
0
7
1
0
8
3
0
9
5
0
1
0
7
0
1
1
9
0
1
3
1
0
1
4
3
0
1
5
5
0
1
6
7
0
1
7
9
0
1
9
1
0
2
0
3
0
2
1
5
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Bicarbonate
Ionic balance between 90 - 110%
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
.
1
1
7
0
3
5
0
5
3
0
7
1
0
8
9
0
1
0
7
0
1
2
5
0
1
4
3
0
1
6
1
0
1
7
9
0
1
9
7
0
2
1
5
0
2
3
3
0
2
5
1
0
2
6
9
0
2
8
7
0
3
0
5
0
3
2
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4111.2 Bicarbonate Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4111.3 Bicarbonate Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4111.6 Bicarbonate Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4111.7 Bicarbonate Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4112.1 Carbonate Summary Statistics

Carbonate Water Well Depth All Data All Data
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
IB 90-
110%
No
Filters
n 2978 2369 214 214 8399 10028
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG:
MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 56 26 1 1 3373 3920
M 0.10 11.00 14.00 20.50 9.30 10.00
Q1 0.10 0.10 0.10 10.63 0.10 5.00
Q3 17.00 22.00 23.98 33.00 21.00 21.30
min 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00
max 438.00 671.00 411.00 103.00 671.00 689.00

Carbonate
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
.
1
3
0
7
0
1
1
0
1
5
0
1
9
0
2
3
0
2
7
0
3
1
0
3
5
0
3
9
0
4
3
0
4
7
0
5
1
0
5
5
0
5
9
0
6
3
0
6
7
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Carbonate
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0
.
1
2
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
7
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
2
6
0
2
9
0
3
2
0
3
5
0
3
8
0
4
1
0
4
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4112.1 Carbonate Summary Statistics - continued

Carbonate
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
.
1
3
0
7
0
1
1
0
1
5
0
1
9
0
2
3
0
2
7
0
3
1
0
3
5
0
3
9
0
4
3
0
4
7
0
5
1
0
5
5
0
5
9
0
6
3
0
6
7
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Carbonate
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
.
1
2
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
7
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
2
6
0
2
9
0
3
2
0
3
5
0
3
8
0
4
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Carbonate
> 100 mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.1 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4112.2 Carbonate Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4112.3 Carbonate Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth

Figure 4112.4 Carbonate Concentration Water Wells 30 to 60 meters in depth

Figure 4112.5 Carbonate Concentration Water Wells 60 to 100 meters in depth

Figure 4112.6 Carbonate Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4112.7 Carbonate Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4113.1 Calcium Summary Statistics

Calcium Water Well Depth All Data All Data
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
IB 90-
110%
No
Filters
n 2983 2370 214 214 8407 9939
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG:
MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 36 29 13 1 82 70
M 21.60 9.23 4.60 3.54 10.80 11.10
Q1 5.60 3.96 2.70 2.00 3.80 3.90
Q3 65.60 31.75 17.50 7.94 46.30 46.70
min 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00
max 586.00 518.00 2205.00 416.00 2205.00 2205.00

Calcium
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
.
1
3
0
7
0
1
1
0
1
5
0
1
9
0
2
3
0
2
7
0
3
1
0
3
5
0
3
9
0
4
3
0
4
7
0
5
1
0
5
5
0
5
9
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Calcium
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
.
1
2
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
7
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
2
6
0
2
9
0
3
2
0
3
5
0
3
8
0
4
1
0
4
4
0
4
7
0
5
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4113.1 Calcium Summary Statistics

Calcium
> 100 mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
.
1
2
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
7
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
2
6
0
2
9
0
3
2
0
3
5
0
3
8
0
4
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Calcium
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0
.
1
1
2
0
2
5
0
3
8
0
5
1
0
6
4
0
7
7
0
9
0
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
6
0
1
2
9
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
5
0
1
6
8
0
1
8
1
0
1
9
4
0
2
0
7
0
2
2
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4113.2 Calcium Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4113.3 Calcium Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4113.6 Calcium Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4113.7 Calcium Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4114.1 Chloride Summary Statistics

Chloride All Data All Data
Stats 0.1-30 mbgs 30.01-60 mbgs 60.01-100mbgs >100mbgs IB 90-110% No Filters
n 2963 2370 1037 214 8407 9954
n > CDWQG 30 15 28 17 127 154
CDWQG: AO 250 250 250 250 250 250
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% > CDWQG 1% 1% 3% 8% 2% 2%
n < mdl 83 70 28 3 259 189
M 6.10 5.50 7.50 13.95 6.50 6.70
Q1 2.30 2.30 3.00 4.66 2.50 2.70
Q3 17.20 13.30 25.00 50.93 17.85 18.00
min 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
max 1180.00 1460.00 2050.00 990.00 2050.00 2050.00
Water Well Depth

Chloride
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0
.
1
1
1
0
2
3
0
3
5
0
4
7
0
5
9
0
7
1
0
8
3
0
9
5
0
1
0
7
0
1
1
9
0
1
3
1
0
1
4
3
0
1
5
5
0
1
6
7
0
1
7
9
0
1
9
1
0
2
0
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Chloride
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0
.
1
6
0
1
3
0
2
0
0
2
7
0
3
4
0
4
1
0
4
8
0
5
5
0
6
2
0
6
9
0
7
6
0
8
3
0
9
0
0
9
7
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4114.1 Chloride Summary Statistics - continued

Chloride
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0
.
1
7
0
1
5
0
2
3
0
3
1
0
3
9
0
4
7
0
5
5
0
6
3
0
7
1
0
7
9
0
8
7
0
9
5
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
9
0
1
2
7
0
1
3
5
0
1
4
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Chloride
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
.
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
3
2
0
4
3
0
5
4
0
6
5
0
7
6
0
8
7
0
9
8
0
1
0
9
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
1
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
3
0
1
6
4
0
1
7
5
0
1
8
6
0
1
9
7
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Chloride
> 100 mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
.
1
5
0
1
1
0
1
7
0
2
3
0
2
9
0
3
5
0
4
1
0
4
7
0
5
3
0
5
9
0
6
5
0
7
1
0
7
7
0
8
3
0
8
9
0
9
5
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4114.2 Chloride Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4114.3 Chloride Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4114.6 Chloride Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 4114.7 Chloride Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4115.1 Fluoride Summary Statistics

Fluoride Water Well Depth All Data All Data
n 2976 2370 1037 214 8407 9995
n > CDWQG 527 197 421 126 2073 2496
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG:
MAC 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
% > CDWQG 18% 8% 41% 59% 25% 25%
n < mdl 376 107 75 14 897 671
M 0.40 0.65 1.10 1.80 0.60 0.60
Q1 0.20 0.25 0.39 0.70 0.20 0.20
Q3 1.10 1.40 2.40 3.08 1.46 1.49
min 0.10 0.1 0.10 0.10 0.10 -0.10
max 9.19 7.40 10.20 8.40 316.00 316.00

Fluoride
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0
.
1
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
5
0
1
7
0
1
9
0
2
1
0
2
3
0
2
5
0
2
7
0
2
9
0
3
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Fluoride
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
.
0
1
0
.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4115.1 Fluoride Summary Statistics - continued

Fluoride
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
51
1
.
52
2
.
53
3
.
54
4
.
55
5
.
56
6
.
57
7
.
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Fluoride
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
.
0
1
0
.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Fluoride
> 100 mbgs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
.
0
1
0
.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4115.2 Fluoride Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4115.3 Fluoride Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4115.6 Fluoride Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 4115.7 Fluoride Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4116.1 Dissolved Iron Summary Statistics

Iron (dissolved) All Data All Data
Stats 0.1-30 mbgs 30.01-60 mbgs 60.01-100m>100mbgs IB 90-110%No Filters
n 2963 2370 1037 214 8406 9967
n > CDWQG 515 338 97 19 1231 1465
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
% > CDWQG 17% 14% 9% 9% 15% 15%
n < mdl 1309 934 45 10 3432 3651
M 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06
Q1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.030
Q3 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 -0.010
max 11.10 34.10 35.80 29.10 44.00 248.00
if op is "<" then number is considered below detection limit and the value is converted to 0.001
if op is "blank" then number is considered below detection limit and the value is converted to 0.001
Water Well Depth

Iron (dissolved)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
.
0
0
1 1 4 7
1
0
1
3
1
6
1
9
2
2
2
5
2
8
3
1
3
4
3
7
4
0
4
3
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Ir on (dissolved)
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
Concent r at ion Range (mg/L)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4116.1 Dissolved Iron Summary Statistics - continued

Iron (dissolved)
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0
0
.
12468
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2
0
2
2
2
4
2
6
2
8
3
0
3
2
3
4
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Iron (dissolved)
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
0
.
12468
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2
0
2
2
2
4
2
6
2
8
3
0
3
2
3
4
3
6
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Iron (dissolved)
> 100 mbgs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
.
0
1
0
.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4116.2 Dissolved Iron Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4116.3 Dissolved Iron Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth

Figure 4116.4 Dissolved Iron Concentration Water Wells 30 - 60 meters in depth

Figure 4116.5 Dissolved Iron Concentration Water Wells 60 - 100 meters in
depth

Figure 4116.6 Dissolved Iron Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 4116.7 Dissolved Iron Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4117.1 Manganese Summary Statistics

Manganese All Data All Data
n 1497 2370 1037 214 8407 6053
n > CDWQG 594 481 177 27 1635 1994
CDWQG: AO 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% > CDWQG 40% 20% 17% 13% 19% 33%
n < mdl 1704 951 462 110 4165 958
M 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02
Q1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.009
Q3 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.08
min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
max 191.00 23.50 4.85 0.70 191.00 191.00
if value is "blank" then number is considered below detection limit and the value is converted to 0.001
Water Well Depth

Manganese
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
5 5
2
0
3
5
5
0
6
5
8
0
9
5
1
1
0
1
2
5
1
4
0
1
5
5
1
7
0
1
8
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Manganese
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
5 5
2
0
3
5
5
0
6
5
8
0
9
5
1
1
0
1
2
5
1
4
0
1
5
5
1
7
0
1
8
5
Concentr at ion Range (mg/L)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4117.1 Manganese Summary Statistics

Manganese
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
5 1
2
.
5 4
5
.
5 7
8
.
5
1
0
1
1
.
5
1
3
1
4
.
5
1
6
1
7
.
5
1
9
2
0
.
5
2
2
2
3
.
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Manganese
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
5 1
1
.
5 2
2
.
5 3
3
.
5 4
4
.
5 5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Manganese
> 100 mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
0
.
5
5
0
.
6
0
.
6
5
0
.
7
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4117.2 Manganese Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4117.3 Manganese Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4117.6 Manganese Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 4117.7 Manganese Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4118.1 Magnesium Summary Statistics

Magnesium Water Well Depth All Data All Data
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
IB 90-
110% No Filters
n 2955 2370 1037 214 8407 9937
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 149 164 116 38 669 581
M 5.50 1.50 0.69 0.40 1.91 2.00
Q1 0.700 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.400 0.460
Q3 27.20 9.20 4.00 1.30 16.50 16.80
min 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 -0.300
max 514.00 264.00 253.00 230.00 514.00 514.00
if value is "blank" then number is considered below detection limit and the value is converted to 0.001

Magnesium
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
B
i
n
2
0
6
0
1
0
0
1
4
0
1
8
0
2
2
0
2
6
0
3
0
0
3
4
0
3
8
0
4
2
0
4
6
0
5
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Magnesium
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
.
1
3
0
7
0
1
1
0
1
5
0
1
9
0
2
3
0
2
7
0
3
1
0
3
5
0
3
9
0
4
3
0
4
7
0
5
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4118.1 Magnesium Summary Statistics - continued

Magnesium
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
B
i
n 1
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
4
0
1
6
0
1
8
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
2
4
0
2
6
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Magnesium
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
.
1
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
5
0
1
7
0
1
9
0
2
1
0
2
3
0
2
5
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Magnesium
> 100 mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
.
1
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
5
0
1
7
0
1
9
0
2
1
0
2
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4118.2 Magnesium Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4118.3 Magnesium Concentration Water Wells 0 to 30 meters in depth



Figure 4118.6 Magnesium Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4118.7 Magnesium Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4119.1 Nitrate +Nitrite Summary Statistics

Nitrite + Nitrate All Data All Data
n 2983 2370 1037 214 8407 9748
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 1813 1757 800 168 5784 5902
M 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07
Q1 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
Q3 0.20 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.12
min 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 -0.005
max 424.00 137.00 140.00 60.10 424.00 424.00
Water Well Depth

Nitrite + Nitrate
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0
.
0
2
1
0
4
0
7
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
1
6
0
1
9
0
2
2
0
2
5
0
2
8
0
3
1
0
3
4
0
3
7
0
4
0
0
4
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Nit r ite + Nit r ate
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0
.
0
2
1
0
4
0
7
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
1
6
0
1
9
0
2
2
0
2
5
0
2
8
0
3
1
0
3
4
0
3
7
0
4
0
0
4
3
0
4
7
0
5
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4119.1 Nitrate +Nitrite Summary Statistics - continued

Nitr it e + Nitr at e
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0
.
0
2 1
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Nitr ite + Nit r at e
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
.
0
2 1
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
Concent r ation Range (mg/L)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Ni tri te + Ni trate
> 100 mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.02 0.1 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Concentrati on Range (mg/L)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4119.2 Nitrate +Nitrite Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4119.3 Nitrate +Nitrite Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth

Figure 4119.4 Nitrate +Nitrite Concentration Water Wells 30 - 60 meters in depth

Figure 4119.5 Nitrate +Nitrite Concentration Water Wells 60 - 100 meters in
depth

Figure 4119.6 Nitrate +Nitrite Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4119.7 Nitrate +Nitrite Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41110.1 Nitrite Summary Statistics

Nitrite All Data All Data
n 2980 2368 1035 214 8398 10015
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 2793 2199 958 210 7876 8878
M 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04
Q1 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.005
Q3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05
min 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 -0.004
max 7.48 889.00 64.50 0.16 889.00 889.00
Water Well Depth

Nitrite
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
B
i
n 1
3
0
6
0
9
0
1
2
0
1
5
0
1
8
0
2
1
0
2
4
0
2
7
0
3
0
0
3
3
0
3
6
0
3
9
0
4
2
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Nit r it e
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
51
1
.
52
2
.
53
3
.
54
4
.
55
5
.
56
6
.
57
7
.
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41110.1 Nitrite Summary Statistics - continued

Nitr it e
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
.
0
1
6
4
0
1
0
0
1
6
0
2
2
0
2
8
0
3
4
0
4
0
0
4
6
0
5
2
0
5
8
0
6
4
0
7
0
0
7
6
0
8
2
0
8
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Nitrite
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
.
0
1
6
0
.
1 1
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Ni tri te
> 100 mbgs
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.016 0.024 0.036 0.048 0.06 0.072
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41110.2 Nitrite Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41110.3 Nitrite Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 41110.6 Nitrite Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 41110.7 Nitrite Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41111.1 Nitrate Summary Statistics

Nitrate All Data All Data
n 2983 2370 1037 214 8407 10019
n >CDWQG 143 52 9 4 267 337
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC 10 10 10 10 10 10
% >CDWQG 5% 2% 1% 2% 3% 3%
n <mdl 1756 1711 779 160 5615 6002
M 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05
Q1 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017
Q3 0.20 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.11
min 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 -0.005
max 421.00 137.00 139.00 60.10 421.00 421.00
Water Well Depth

Nitrate
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0
.
0
1
6
1
0
4
0
7
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
1
6
0
1
9
0
2
2
0
2
5
0
2
8
0
3
1
0
3
4
0
3
7
0
4
0
0
4
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Nit r at e
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0
.
0
1
6
1
0
4
0
7
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
1
6
0
1
9
0
2
2
0
2
5
0
2
8
0
3
1
0
3
4
0
3
7
0
4
0
0
4
3
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41111.1 Nitrate Summary Statistics - continued

Nit r at e
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0
.
0
1
6 1
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Nit r at e
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
.
0
1
6 1
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Ni trate
> 100 mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.016 5 20 35 50 65
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41111.2 Nitrate Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41111.3 Nitrate Concentration Water Wells 0 to 30 meters in depth



Figure 41111.6 Nitrate Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 41111.7 Nitrate Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41112.1 Potassium Summary Statistics

Potassium Water Well Depth All Data All Data
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
IB 90-
110%
No
Filters
n 2983 2370 1037 217 8407 9937
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 318 318 168 41 1033 1057
M 1.80 1.11 0.90 0.80 1.20 1.50
Q1 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.535 0.700 0.800
Q3 3.20 2.13 1.59 1.30 2.57 2.80
min 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.050
max 91.00 174.00 87.70 17.00 453.00 453.00

Potassium
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
.
1
2
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
7
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
2
6
0
2
9
0
3
2
0
3
5
0
3
8
0
4
1
0
4
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Pot assium
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
.
1
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
5
0
1
7
0
1
9
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Figure 41112.1 Potassium Summary Statistics - continued

Pot assium
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
.
1
1
0
2
5
4
0
5
5
7
0
8
5
1
0
0
1
1
5
1
3
0
1
4
5
1
6
0
1
7
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Pot assium
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
.
1 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Potassi um
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
.
1 2 4 6 8
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41112.2 Potassium Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41112.3 Potassium Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 41112.6 Potassium Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 41112.7 Potassium Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41113.1 Sulphate Summary Statistics

Sulphate All Data All Data
n 2983 2370 1037 214 8407 9953
n > CDWQG 750 645 187 24 2064 2457
CDWQG: AO 500 500 500 500 500 500
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% > CDWQG 25% 27% 18% 11% 25% 25%
n < mdl 50 51 70 25 286 246
M 222.00 259.00 157.00 101.20 227.00 231.00
Q1 85.100 108.250 38.400 3.000 83.300 85.600
Q3 501.00 531.75 385.00 285.75 490.00 492.00
min 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.030
max 4290.00 2850.00 6230.00 4170.00 9390.00 9390.00
Water Well Depth

Sulphate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
.
1
4
8
0
9
8
0
1
4
8
0
1
9
8
0
2
4
8
0
2
9
8
0
3
4
8
0
3
9
8
0
4
4
8
0
4
9
8
0
5
4
8
0
5
9
8
0
6
4
8
0
6
9
8
0
7
4
8
0
7
9
8
0
8
4
8
0
8
9
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Sulphate
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
.
1
2
3
0
4
7
0
7
1
0
9
5
0
1
1
9
0
1
4
3
0
1
6
7
0
1
9
1
0
2
1
5
0
2
3
9
0
2
6
3
0
2
8
7
0
3
1
1
0
3
3
5
0
3
5
9
0
3
8
3
0
4
0
7
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41113.1 Sulfate Summary Statistics

Sulphat e
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
.
1
1
6
0
3
3
0
5
0
0
6
7
0
8
4
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
8
0
1
3
5
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
9
0
1
8
6
0
2
0
3
0
2
2
0
0
2
3
7
0
2
5
4
0
2
7
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Sulphat e
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
.
1
4
0
0
8
2
0
1
2
4
0
1
6
6
0
2
0
8
0
2
5
0
0
2
9
2
0
3
3
4
0
3
7
6
0
4
1
8
0
4
6
0
0
5
0
2
0
5
4
4
0
5
8
6
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Sul phate
>100 mbgs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
.
1
2
2
0
4
6
0
7
0
0
9
4
0
1
1
8
0
1
4
2
0
1
6
6
0
1
9
0
0
2
1
4
0
2
3
8
0
2
6
2
0
2
8
6
0
3
1
0
0
3
3
4
0
3
5
8
0
3
8
2
0
4
0
6
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41113.2 Sulfate Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41113.3 Sulfate Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 41113.6 Sulfate Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 41113.7 Sulfate Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41114.1 Sodium Summary Statistics

Sodium All Data All Data
n 2973 2353 1033 214 8352 9943
n > CDWQG 2171 2073 894 189 6779 8070
CDWQG: AO 200 200 200 200 200 200
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% > CDWQG 73% 88% 87% 88% 81% 81%
n < mdl 15 5 3 0 27 1
M 300.00 339.00 315.00 305.50 320.00 319.00
Q1 190.000 267.000 241.000 240.000 232.000 232.000
Q3 421.00 458.00 414.00 380.00 434.00 433.00
min 0.100 0.100 0.100 70.800 0.100 0.020
max 1740.00 1730.00 2570.00 2380.00 3470.00 3470.00
Water Well Depth

Sodium
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
.
1
1
8
0
3
8
0
5
8
0
7
8
0
9
8
0
1
1
8
0
1
3
8
0
1
5
8
0
1
7
8
0
1
9
8
0
2
1
8
0
2
3
8
0
2
5
8
0
2
7
8
0
2
9
8
0
3
1
8
0
3
3
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Sodium
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
.
1
9
0
1
9
0
2
9
0
3
9
0
4
9
0
5
9
0
6
9
0
7
9
0
8
9
0
9
9
0
1
0
9
0
1
1
9
0
1
2
9
0
1
3
9
0
1
4
9
0
1
5
9
0
1
6
9
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41114.1 Sodium Summary Statistics

Sodium
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
.
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
3
2
0
4
3
0
5
4
0
6
5
0
7
6
0
8
7
0
9
8
0
1
0
9
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
1
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
3
0
1
6
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Sodium
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
.
1
1
6
0
3
4
0
5
2
0
7
0
0
8
8
0
1
0
6
0
1
2
4
0
1
4
2
0
1
6
0
0
1
7
8
0
1
9
6
0
2
1
4
0
2
3
2
0
2
5
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Sodium
>100 mbgs
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
.
1
1
4
0
3
0
0
4
6
0
6
2
0
7
8
0
9
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
6
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
8
0
1
7
4
0
1
9
0
0
2
0
6
0
2
2
2
0
2
3
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41114.2 Sodium Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41114.3 Sodium Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 41114.6 Sodium Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 41114.7 Sodium Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41115.1 Total Alkalinity Summary Statistics

Total Alkalinity All Data All Data
n 2982 2368 1037 214 8403 10029
n >CDWQG - - - - - -
CDWQG: AO - - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% >CDWQG - - - - - -
n <mdl 4 0 2 1 8 7
M 504.00 532.50 530.00 505.50 512.00 514.00
Q1 402.000 415.000 398.000 418.250 398.000 399.000
Q3 613.75 638.00 621.00 590.75 620.00 622.00
min 4.000 5.100 4.000 4.000 4.000 0.500
max 2073.00 2190.00 1530.00 2060.00 2730.00 1575878.00
Water Well Depth

Total Alkalinity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
.
1
1
2
0
2
6
0
4
0
0
5
4
0
6
8
0
8
2
0
9
6
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
4
0
1
3
8
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
6
0
1
8
0
0
1
9
4
0
2
0
8
0
2
2
2
0
2
3
6
0
2
5
0
0
2
6
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Tot al Alkalinit y
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
.
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
3
2
0
4
3
0
5
4
0
6
5
0
7
6
0
8
7
0
9
8
0
1
0
9
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
1
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
3
0
1
6
4
0
1
7
5
0
1
8
6
0
1
9
7
0
2
0
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41115.1 Total Alkalinity Summary Statistics

Tot al Alkalinit y
30.01 - 60mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
.
1
1
2
0
2
5
0
3
8
0
5
1
0
6
4
0
7
7
0
9
0
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
6
0
1
2
9
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
5
0
1
6
8
0
1
8
1
0
1
9
4
0
2
0
7
0
M
o
r
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Tot al Alkalinit y
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
.
1
1
0
0
2
2
0
3
4
0
4
6
0
5
8
0
7
0
0
8
2
0
9
4
0
1
0
6
0
1
1
8
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Total Alkalinity
>100 mbgs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
.
1
1
2
0
2
6
0
4
0
0
5
4
0
6
8
0
8
2
0
9
6
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
4
0
1
3
8
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
6
0
1
8
0
0
1
9
4
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41115.2 Total Alkalinity Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41115.3 Total Alkalinity Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 41115.6 Total Alkalinity Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 41115.7 Total Alkalinity Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 41116.1 TDS Summary Statistics

TDS All Data All Data
n 2983 2370 1037 214 8407 10011
n > CDWQG 2680 2267 975 202 7792 9296
CDWQG: AO 500 500 500 500 500 500
CDWQG: MAC - - - - - -
% > CDWQG 90% 96% 94% 94% 93% 93%
n < mdl 5 4 5 1 17 -
M 915.00 968.00 849.00 833.00 920.00 581.00
Q1 667.500 750.000 668.000 618.750 696.000 699.000
Q3 1330.00 1380.00 1200.00 1057.50 1320.00 1330.00
min 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
max 6770.00 5270.00 9730.00 8900.00 13700.00 13700.00
Water Well Depth

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
.
1
6
4
0
1
3
0
0
1
9
6
0
2
6
2
0
3
2
8
0
3
9
4
0
4
6
0
0
5
2
6
0
5
9
2
0
6
5
8
0
7
2
4
0
7
9
0
0
8
5
6
0
9
2
2
0
9
8
8
0
1
0
5
4
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
1
8
6
0
1
2
5
2
0
1
3
1
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Tot al Dissolved Solids
0.1 - 30mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
.
1
3
4
0
7
0
0
1
0
6
0
1
4
2
0
1
7
8
0
2
1
4
0
2
5
0
0
2
8
6
0
3
2
2
0
3
5
8
0
3
9
4
0
4
3
0
0
4
6
6
0
5
0
2
0
5
3
8
0
5
7
4
0
6
1
0
0
6
4
6
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41116.1 TDS Summary Statistics

30.01 - 60mbgs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
.
1
3
0
0
6
2
0
9
4
0
1
2
6
0
1
5
8
0
1
9
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
5
4
0
2
8
6
0
3
1
8
0
3
5
0
0
3
8
2
0
4
1
4
0
4
4
6
0
4
7
8
0
5
1
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Tot al Dissolved Solids
60.01 - 100 mbgs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
.
1
6
2
0
1
2
6
0
1
9
0
0
2
5
4
0
3
1
8
0
3
8
2
0
4
4
6
0
5
1
0
0
5
7
4
0
6
3
8
0
7
0
2
0
7
6
6
0
8
3
0
0
8
9
4
0
9
5
8
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Total Alkalinity
>100 mbgs
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
.
1
5
2
0
1
0
6
0
1
6
0
0
2
1
4
0
2
6
8
0
3
2
2
0
3
7
6
0
4
3
0
0
4
8
4
0
5
3
8
0
5
9
2
0
6
4
6
0
7
0
0
0
7
5
4
0
8
0
8
0
8
6
2
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 41116.2 TDS Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 41116.3 TDS Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 41116.6 TDS Concentration Water Wells > 100 meters in depth

Figure 41116.7 TDS Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

APPENDIX B

Figures 4211.1 to 4211.7 ............................... E. coli Counts
Figures 4212.1 to 4212.8 .................. Fecal Coliform Counts
Figures 4213.1 to 4213.8 .................. Total Coliform Counts
Figures 4214.1 to 4214.7 ................................. SRB Counts
Figures 4215.1 to 4215.8 ................................... IRB Counts

Figure 4211.1 E. coli Frequency

Figure 4211.2 E. coli Summary Statistics

E. coli
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
No
Depth
All
Data
n >CDWQG 10 6 5 1 31 53
CDWQG: AO - - - - -
CDWQG:
MAC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
% >CDWQG 0.12% 0.07% 0.06% 0.01% 0.37% 0.63%
M 8 2.5 8 1 10 8
Q1 2.25 2 2 1 2.5 2
Q3 15.75 10.5 20 1 41 30
min 1 1 1 1 1 1
max 1000 74 730 1 6800 6800
Note: Total number of analyses including non detected bacteria results is taken to be 8,407
Total number of E. coli analyses with depth associated with sample is 27

Figure 4211.3 E. coli Counts All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4211.4 E. coli Counts Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4211.7 E. coli Counts Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4212.1 Fecal Coliform Frequency

Figure 4212.2 Fecal Coliform Summary Statistics

Fecal Coliform
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
No
Depth
All
Data
n >CDWQG 35 68 34 4 246 387
CDWQG: AO - - - - -
CDWQG:
MAC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
% >CDWQG 0.4% 0.8% 0.4% 0.0% 2.9% 4.6%
M 2 1 1 1 3 1
Q1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Q3 11.5 3.25 2 1 15 11.5
min 1 1 1 1 0.7 0.7
max 112 2420 700 1 2300 2420

Figure 4212.3 Fecal Coliform Counts All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4212.4 Fecal Coliform Counts Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4212.7 Fecal Coliform Counts Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4212.8 Fecal Coliform Counts No Depth Data

Figure 4213.1 Total Coliform Frequency

Figure 4213.2 Total Coliform Summary Statistics

Total Coliform
Stats 0.1-30 mbgs 30.01-60 mbgs 60.01-100mbgs >100mbgs No Depth All Data
n >CDWQG 338 748 384 67 1453 2990
CDWQG: AO - - - - -
CDWQG: MAC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
% >CDWQG 4.0% 8.9% 4.6% 0.8% 17.3% 35.6%
M 12 10 9 10 13 11
Q1 3 2 2 3 3 2
Q3 94.5 50 37 185 93 72
min 1 1 1 1 1 1
max 28000 700000 240000 193000 93000000 93000000

Figure 4213.3 Total Coliform Counts All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4213.4 Total Coliform Counts Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4213.7 Total Coliform Counts Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4213.8 Total Coliform Counts Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4214.1 SRB Frequency

Figure 4214.2 SRB Summary Statistics

Sulphur Reducing Bacteria
Stats 0.1-30 mbgs 30.01-60 mbgs 60.01-100mbgs >100mbgs
No
Depth All Data
n >0.1 552 1306 637 124 2178 4797
% >
0.1 6.57% 15.53% 7.58% 1.47% 25.91% 57.06%
M 1200 500 700 480 1200 1200
Q1 24 9.3 43 21.3 75 24
Q3 100000 18000 18000 6000 700000 100000
min 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3
max 7000000 6800000 6800000 6800000 6800000 7000000

Figure 4214.3 SRB Counts All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4214.4 SRB Counts Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4214.7 SRB Counts Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4214.8 SRB Counts Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4215.1 IRB Frequency

Iron Rel ated Bacteri a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 50 500 5000 50000 500000
Concentrati on (uni ts/100mL)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Figure 4215.2 IRB Summary Statistics

Iron Related Bacteria
Stats
0.1-30
mbgs
30.01-60
mbgs
60.01-
100mbgs >100mbgs
No
Depth All Data
n >0.1 979 2303 1063 195 3707 8247
% >0.1 11.65% 27.39% 12.64% 2.32% 44.09% 98.10%
M 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000
Q1 2300 580 1800 2300 2300 2300
Q3 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000
min 1 0 1 1 0.2 0
max 700000 900000 540000 540000 900000 900000

Figure 4215.3 IRB Counts All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4215.4 IRB Counts Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4215.7 IRB Counts Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4215.8 IRB Counts Water Wells with No Depth Data

APPENDIX C

Figures 4311.1 to 4311.7 ........................................ Methane Concentration
Figures 4312.1 to 4312.7 .......................................... Ethane Concentration
Figures 4313.1 to 4313.7 ........................................ Propane Concentration
Figures 4314.1 to 4314.2 .......................................... Butane Concentration
Figures 4315.1 to 4315.7 ............................. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Figures 4316.1 to 4316.7 .................................... Iso-Butane Concentration
Figures 4321.1 to 4321.7 ............................... Methane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4322.1 to 4322.7 .................................. Ethane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4323.1 to 4323.7 ............................... Propane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4324.1 to 4324.2 ............................ Iso-Butane Gas 13C/12C Ratio
Figures 4325.1 to 4325.7 .................... Carbon Dioxide 13C/12C Ratio Gas
Figure 4410.1 .................................................. Change in Gas Production
Figure 4421.1 ..................................... Methane PPM Change for Retests
Figure 4421.2 ........................ Methane 13C Change (in )from Retests
Figure 4422.1 ........................................ Ethane PPM Change for Retests
Figure 4422.2 ......................... Ethane 13C Change (in ) from Retests
Figure 4423.1 ........................... Carbon Dioxide PPM Change for Retests
Figure 4423.2 ............ Carbon Dioxide 13C Change (in ) from Retests

Figure 4311.1 Methane Concentration Statistics

Water Well Depth
Methane
Concentration
in PPM
All Data In
Criteria
0 to 30
meters
30 to 60
Meters
60 to 100
meters
More than
100 Meters
Total samples
without Non-
Detects
Median 436085 1812 239400 725950 847500 68185
Mode 150 #N/A 160 720000 210000 150
Range 999995 750892 999989 989990 970977 1499995
Minimum 5 8 11 10 123 5
Maximum 1000000 750900 1000000 990000 971100 1500000
Sum 275878029 3121514 44625521 86999344 40486347 408674505
Count 636 17 130 160 58 1254
25th Percentile 1584.5 222 1200 64777.5 582600 360
75th Percentile 830225 371600 666040 853975 898400 721425


Methane Concentrati on Frequency Di stri buti on for al l
Wel l s wi thi n Cri teri a
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
Concent r at ion
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Methane Concentration Frequency
Distribution for all Wells 0 to 30 meters Deep
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concent r at ion
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Methane Concentrati on Frequency Di stri buti on for
al l Wel l s 30 to 60 meters Deep
0
5
10
15
20
25
Conc ent r at i on
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for all Wells 60 to 100 meters
Deep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Conc ent r at i on
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)


Distribution for all Wells more than 100
meters Deep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
Concent r at ion
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

meters Deep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
Concent r at ion
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Methane Concentration Frequency Distribution for all
Wells with Results above Non-detect
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Conc ent r at i on
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4311.2 Methane Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4311.3 Methane Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4311.6 Methane Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4311.7 Methane Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4312.1 Ethane Concentration Statistics

Water Well Depth
Ethane
Concentration
in PPM
All Data In
Criteria
0 to 30
meters
30 to 60
meters
60 to 100
meters
More than
100
meters
No Depth
Data
Total samples
without non-
detects
Median 1200 400 1200 2086 320 995 1600
Mode 100 #N/A 2600 2500 100 100 100
Range 367994 2070 367990 367993 36960 26994 367999
Minimum 6 100 10 7 40 6 1
Maximum 368000 2170 368000 368000 37000 27000 368000
Sum 1494229 4148 498697 748676 68743 173965 2824176
Count 267 5 49 87 32 94 481
25th Percentile 228 278 226 455 100 233 260
75th Percentile 3000 1200 3100 3240 1600 2892 3300

Figure 4312.1 Ethane Concentration Statistics - continued
Ethane Concentration Frequency
Distribution for all Wells within Criteria
0
20
40
60
80
100
1
0
2
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Deep
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1
1
0
0
0
7
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for all Wells 30 to 60
meters Deep
0
5
10
15
20
1
1
0
0
0
7
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for all Wells 60 to 100
meters Deep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
1
0
0
0
7
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4312.1 Ethane Concentration Statistics - continued
meters Deep
0
5
10
15
20
1
1
0
0
0
7
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Distribution for all Wells with no Depth
Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1
1
0
0
0
7
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Distribution for all Wells with Results
above Non-detect
0
50
100
150
1
0
2
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4312.2 Ethane Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4312.3 Ethane Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4312.6 Ethane Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4312.7 Ethane Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4313.1 Propane Concentration Statistics

Water Well Depth
Propane
Concentration in
PPM
All Data In
Criteria
30 to 60
meters
60 to 100
meters
more
than 100
meters
No depth
Data
Total samples
without Non-
Detects
Median 60 80 180 30 20 80
Mode 10 30 10 #N/A 10 10
Range 11929 7699 11920 167 727 49999
Minimum 1 1 10 3 3 1
Maximum 11930 7700 11930 170 730 50000
Sum 41998 14011 25250 377 2360 175029.9
Count 58 20 15 6 17 99
25th Percentile 20 27 60 5 10 20
75th Percentile 300 430 545 117 140 300

Figure 4313.1 Propane Concentration Statistic- continued

Propane Concentration Frequency Distribution for all
Wells within Criteria
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concent r at ion
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
yFrequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Wells 30 to 60 meters Deep
0
2
4
6
8
10
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concent r at ion
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
yFrequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Propane Concentration Frequency
Deep
0
2
4
6
8
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov.
Avg.
(Frequency)

Wells more than 100 meters Deep
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4313.1 Propane Concentration Statistics - continued

Wells with no Depth Data
0
2
4
6
8
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Wells with Results above Non-Detect
0
10
20
30
40
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4313.2 Propane Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4313.3 Propane Concentration Water Wells 30 - 60 meters in depth

Figure 4313.4 Propane Concentration Water Wells 60 - 100 meters in depth

Figure 4313.5 Propane Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4313.6 Propane Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4314.1 Butane Concentration Statistics

Butane Concentration PPM within
Criteria
Median 20.0
Mode #N/A
Range 198.0
Minimum 2.0
Maximum 200.0
Sum 242.0
Count 4.0
25th Percentile 8.5
75th Percentile 25

Butane Concentration Frequency Distribution for all
Wells
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 More
Concentration
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4314.2 Butane Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4315.1 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Statistics

Water Well Depth
Carbon
Dioxide
Concentration
in PPM
All Data In
Criteria
0 to 30
meters
30 to 60
meters
60 to 100
meters
More than
100
meters
No Depth
Data
Total samples
without non-
detects
Median 1100 3280 1300 800 725 1300 1200
Mode 1300 #N/A 1300 200 400 1300 1300
Range 499960 29710 499890 119890 62960 155330 859960
Minimum 40 290 110 110 40 70 40
Maximum 500000 30000 500000 120000 63000 155400 860000
Sum 4987474.7 121952.8 1826579 448809.2 219042.7 2371091 12352337.7
Count 638 17 131 161 57 272 1270
25th Percentile 530 987.8 620 435 337.75 600 560
75th Percentile 3400 11140 3900 1525 1600 5615 4000


Carbon Dioxide Concentration Frequency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Distribution for Wells with a Depth of 0 to 30
meters
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Distribution for Wells with a Depth of 30 to 60
meters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for Wells with a Depth of 60 to
100 meters
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
yFrequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)


Distribution for Wells with a Depth of more
than 100 meters
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for Wells with no Depth Data
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Distribution for Results above the Detection
Limit
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4315.2 Carbon Dioxide Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4315.3 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4315.6 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4315.7 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4316.1 Iso-Butane Concentration Statistics

Well Depth
I-Butane
Concentration
in PPM within Criteria
0 to 30
meters 30 to 60 meters
60 to 100
meters
more than 100
meters no depth
All results
without non
detects
Median 30 70 40 20 30 30
Mode 10 100 10 1 10 10
Range 2399 1299 2390 49 365 19999
Minimum 1 1 10 1 10 1
Maximum 2400 1300 2400 50 375 20000
Sum 5924 2151 2956 112 705 32474
Count 39 13 12 5 9 64
25th Percentile 10 20 17 1 10 10
75th Percentile 100 100 100 40 80 92

Figure 4316.1 Iso-Butane Concentration Statistics - continued

Iso-Butane Concentration Frequency
0
10
20
30
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for all Wells with a Depth
of 30 to 60 meters
0
5
10
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

of 60 to 100 meters
0
5
10
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

of More than 100 meters
0
2
4
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4316.1 Iso-Butane Concentration Statistics - continued

Data
0
2
4
6
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
above Non-Detect
0
10
20
30
40
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
Concentrati on
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4316.2 Iso-Butane Concentration All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4316.3 Iso-Butane Concentration Water Wells 30 - 60 meters in depth

Figure 4316.4 Iso-Butane Concentration Water Wells 60 - 100 meters in depth

Figure 4316.5 Iso-Butane Concentration Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4316.6 Iso-Butane Concentration Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4321.1 Methane Gas 13C Ratio Statistics

Methane 13C
Within
Criteria
0 To 30
Meters
30 To 60
Meters
60 To
100
Meters
More
Than 100
Meters
No
Depth
Data
Total Water
Water Wells
With Results
Median -67.2 -71.1 -68.7 -67.6 -65.0 -66.7 -66.3
Mode -64.1 #N/A -71.8 -61.9 #N/A -69.1 -70.2
Range 112.2 25.4 112.2 64.4 61.6 65.6 112.2
Minimum -117.6 -84.6 -117.6 -81.3 -77.7 -80.9 -117.6
Maximum -5.3 -59.1 -5.3 -16.9 -16.1 -15.4 -5.3
Sum -25506.5 -500.7 -5722.0 -7453.0 -2514.7 -9316.2 -47780.6
Count 396.0 7.0 87.0 114.0 40.0 148.0 758.0
25th Percentile -71.5 -77.7 -73.0 -70.9 -69.3 -71.3 -71.0
75th Percentile -62.9 -65.2 -63.2 -64.0 -61.7 -61.3 -60.5

Figure 4321.1 Methane Gas 13C Ratio Statistics

Methane Isotope 13C Frequency
Distribution for all Wells within the
Criteria
0
50
100
150
-
1
0
0
-
8
5
-
7
0
-
5
5
-
4
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

of 0 to 30 meters
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-
1
0
0
-
8
5
-
7
0
-
5
5
-
4
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

of 30 to 60 meters
0
10
20
30
-
1
0
0
-
8
5
-
7
0
-
5
5
-
4
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Distribution for all Wells with a Depth of 60
to 100 meters
0
10
20
30
40
50
-
1
0
0
-
8
5
-
7
0
-
5
5
-
4
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4321.1 Methane Gas 13C Ratio 13C Ratio Statistics

of More than 100 meters
0
5
10
15
-
1
0
0
-
8
5
-
7
0
-
5
5
-
4
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Data
0
10
20
30
40
50
-
1
0
0
-
8
5
-
7
0
-
5
5
-
4
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4321.2 Methane Gas 13C Ratio All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4321.3 Methane Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4321.6 Methane Gas 13C Ratio 13C Ratio Water Wells >100 meters in
depth

Figure 4321.7 Methane Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4322.1 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio 13C Ratio Statistics

Well Depth
Ethane
Total
Water
Wells
within
Criteria
0 to 30
meters
30 to 60
meters
60 to
100
meters
more
than
100
meters
no
Depth
data
Total Well
Results
above
Detection
limit
Median -49.515 -47.49 -49.96 -49.24 -51.28 -49 -48.79
Mode -49 #N/A -54.17 -54.71 -51.11 -47.39 -49
Range 127.08 27.86 35.21 118.61 46.19 65.37 127.08
Minimum -79.05 -64.31 -70.58 -70.58 -79.05 -69.52 -79.05
Maximum 48.03 -36.45 -35.37 48.03 -32.86 -4.15 48.03
Sum -14928.3 -242.91 -2953.5 -4714.51 -1921.05 -5096.33 -25189.84
Count 300 5 59 95 36 105 518
25th Percentile -54.1975 -48.18 -53.895 -54.5725 -58.75 -52.78 -52.3575
75th Percentile -45.8975 -46.48 -44.945 -46.835 -48.46 -45.7 -45.6925

Figure 4322.1 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio Statistics

Ethane Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution
for all Wells within the Criteria
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-
8
0
-
6
5
-
5
0
-
3
5
-
2
0
-
5
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov.
Avg.
(Frequency)

for all Wells with a Depth of 0 to 30 meters
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0 0
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

for all Wells with a Depth of 30 to 60 meters
0
5
10
15
20
25
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0 0
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Ethane Isotope 13C Frequency
of 60 to 100 meters
0
10
20
30
40
-
8
0
-
6
5
-
5
0
-
3
5
-
2
0
-
5
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4322.1 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio 13C Ratio Statistics

for all Wells with a Depth of More than 100
meters
0
5
10
15
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
00
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Data
0
10
20
30
40
50
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0 0
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

above the Detection Limit
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
8
0
-
6
5
-
5
0
-
3
5
-
2
0
-
5
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4322.2 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4322.3 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4322.6 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4322.7 Ethane Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure 4323.1 Propane Gas 13C Ratio Statistics
Propane
Results
within the
Criteria
Total Results
above the
Detection Limit
Median -33.67 -32.27
Mode #N/A #N/A
Range 38.52 57.35
Minimum -57.35 -57.35
Maximum -18.83 0.00
Sum -565.13 -1054.41
Count 16.00 32.00
25th Percentile -38.29 -37.16

Figure 4323.1 Propane Gas 13C Ratio Statistics - continued
Propane Isotope 13C Frequency
Distribution for all Wells within the Criteria
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Propane Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution
for all Wells with Results above Detection
Limit
0
2
4
6
8
10
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov.
Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4323.2 Propane Gas 13C Ratio All Water Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4324.1 Butane Gas 13C Ratio 13C Ratio Statistics

Well Depth
Butane
Total Water
Wells within
Criteria
Total Well Results
above Detection limit
Median -27.3 -27.9
Mode #N/A #N/A
Range 5.2 12.7
Minimum -30.3 -32.2
Maximum -25.1 -19.5
Sum -274.0 -493.4
Count 10.0 18.0

Butane Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution for
all Wells with Results above Detection Limits
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
3
5
-
3
3
-
3
1
-
2
9
-
2
7
-
2
5
-
2
3
-
2
1
-
1
9
-
1
7
-
1
5
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Butane Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution for
all Wells within the Criteria
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
-35 -33 -31 -29 -27 -25 -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 More
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4324.2 IsoButane Gas 13C Ratio 13C Ratio Statistics

Well Depth
IsoButane
Total Water
Wells within
Criteria
Total Well Results
above Detection limit
Median -27.7 -27.6
Mode #N/A -27.0
Range 11.6 11.6
Minimum -36.8 -36.8
Maximum -25.1 -25.1
Sum -259.4 -455.3
Count 9.0 16.0

Iso-Butane Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution
for all Wells with Results above Detection Limits
0
2
4
6
8
10
-38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 More
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Iso-Butane Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution for
all Wells within Criteria
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
-
3
8
-
3
6
-
3
4
-
3
2
-
3
0
-
2
8
-
2
6
-
2
4
-
2
2
-
2
0
M
o
r
e
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4324.3 Butane Gas 13C Ratio - All Water Wells in the BWWT Database

Figure 4324.4 Iso-Butane Gas 13C All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4325.1 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio Statistics

Well Depth
Carbon Dioxide
13C
Within
Criteria
0 to 30
meters
30 to 60
meters
60 to 100
meters
More
than 100
meters
no Depth
Data
Total Results
above
Detection
Limit
Median -22.4 -22.8 -22.6 -23.0 -21.8 -21.3 -21.1
Mode -12.9 #N/A #N/A -14.1 #N/A -20.3 -22.2
Range 96.8 15.2 64.0 55.8 52.4 96.8 108.3
Minimum -71.2 -30.5 -64.1 -55.0 -51.2 -71.2 -74.6
Maximum 25.7 -15.3 -0.1 0.9 1.2 25.7 33.7
Sum -8909.6 -188.3 -2070.1 -2616.2 -839.0 -3196.0 -16691.7
Count 376.0 8.0 83.0 105.0 34.0 146.0 739.0
25
th
Percentile -28.5 -27.7 -27.5 -30.8 -30.6 -26.7 -26.1
75
th
Percentile -17.0 -21.4 -18.1 -17.4 -16.9 -15.2 -16.8

Figure 4325.1 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio Statistics continued

Carbon Dioxide Isotope 13C Frequency Distribution
for all Wells within Criteria
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

for Wells with a Depth of 0 to 30 Meters
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

for Wells with a Depth of 30 to 60 Meters
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

for Wells with a Depth of 60 to100 Meters
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4325.1 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio Statistics - continued

for Wells with a Depth of More than 100 Meters
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

for Wells with no Depth Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Carbon Dioxide Isotope 13C Frequency
Distribution for all Wells with Results above
Detection Limits
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
7
5
-
6
5
-
5
5
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
13C
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4325.2 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio All Water Wells in BWWT Database

Figure 4325.3 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells 0 - 30 meters in depth



Figure 4325.6 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells >100 meters in depth

Figure 4325.7 Carbon Dioxide Gas 13C Ratio Water Wells With No Depth Data

Figure

e 4410.1 C Change in G Gas Produc ction from WWater Wellss

Figure 4421.1 Methane PPM Change for Re-Tests

Figure 4421.2 Methane D13CChange for Re-Tests

Figure 4422.1 Ethane PPM Change for Re-Tests

Figure 4422.2 Ethane D13CChange for Re-Tests

Figure 4423.1 Carbon Dioxide PPM Change for Re-Tests

Figure 4423.2 Carbon Dioxide D13CChange for Re-Tests

APPENDIX D

Figures 4411.1 to 4411.2 .................... Bicarbonate Change
Figures 4412.1 to 4412.2 ........................... Calcium Change
Figures 4413.1 to 4413.2 ....................... Carbonate Change
Figures 4414.1 to 4414.2 .......................... Chloride Change
Figures 4415.1 to 4415.2 .................... Conductivity Change
Figures 4416.1 to 4416.2 ...........................Fluoride Change
Figures 4417.1 to 4417.2 ................. Dissolved Iron Change
Figures 4418.1 to 4418.2 ..................... Magnesium Change
Figures 4419.1 to 4419.2 ..................... Manganese Change
Figures 4420.1 to 4420.2 ........................ Total Iron Change
Figures 44110.1 to 44110.2 ........... Nitrate + Nitrite Change
Figures 44111.1 to 44111.2 ......................... Nitrate Change
Figures 44112.1 to 44112.2 .......................... Nitrite Change
Figures 44113.1 to 44113.1 ............................... pH Change
Figures 44114.1 to 44114.2 ................... Potassium Change
Figures 44115.1 to 44115.2 ....................... Sodium Change
Figures 44116.1 to 44116.2 ..................... Sulphate Change
Figures 44117.1 to 44117.2 ............................ TDS Change
Figures 44118.1 to 44118.2 ............ Total Alkalinity Change
Figure 4411.1 Bicarbonate Change Statistics

Bicarbonate Retest Change mg/L Bicarbonate Retest Change mg/L >25%
Median 2.00 Median 126.00
Mode 0.00 Mode 172.00
Range 1152.00 Range 1152.00
Minimum -650.00 Minimum -650.00
Maximum 502.00 Maximum 502.00
Sum -518.86 Sum 1038.83
Count 448.00 Count 28.00
Percentile 25% -20.25 Percentile 25% -173.50
Percentile 75% 21.00 Percentile 75% 181.21

Bicarbonate Retest Change in mg/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Concent r at i on Change
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Bicarbonate Retest Change in mg/L
(>25%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-
6
5
0
-
5
7
5
-
5
0
0
-
4
2
5
-
3
5
0
-
2
7
5
-
2
0
0
-
1
2
5
-
5
0
2
5
1
0
0
1
7
5
2
5
0
3
2
5
4
0
0
4
7
5
M
o
r
e
Concentration Change
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4411.2 Bicarbonate Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4411.3 Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled
More Than Once in BWWT

Figure 4412.1 Calcium Change Statistics
Calcium Retest Change mg/L Calcium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 2.40
Range 471.20 Range 471.20
Sum 167.63 Sum 142.23
25th Percentile -0.5775 25th Percentile 0.52
75th Percentile 2.80 75th Percentile 5.52

Calcium Retest Change in mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-
2
7
0
-
2
2
0
-
1
7
0
-
1
2
0
-
7
0
-
2
0
3
0
8
0
1
3
0
1
8
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration Change mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Calcium Retest Change in mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Conc ent r at i on Change mg/ L
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4412.2 Calcium Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4412.3 Calcium Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once in
BWWT

Figure 4413.1 Carbonate Change Statistics

Carbonate Retest Change mg/L Carbonate Retest Change mg/L >25%
Mode 0.00 Mode -6.00
Sum 478.23 Sum 547.03
25th Percentile -3.00 25th Percentile -8.00

Carbonate Retest Change in mg/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
Concentrati on Change mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
yFrequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Carbonate Retest Change in mg/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-
4
5
-
3
5
-
2
5
-
1
5
-
5 5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
Concentrati on Change mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
yFrequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Figure 4413.2 Carbonate Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4413.3 Carbonate Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 4414.1 Chloride Change Statistics

Chloride Retest Change mg/L
Chloride Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.0 Mode 0.6
Sum 1105.1 Sum 1128.9

Chloride Retest Change in mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
-
1
1
0
-
5
0
1
0
7
0
1
3
0
1
9
0
2
5
0
3
1
0
3
7
0
4
3
0
4
9
0
5
5
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Chloride Retest Change in mg/L
(>25%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-
1
1
0
-
7
0
-
3
0
1
0
5
0
9
0
1
3
0
1
7
0
2
1
0
2
5
0
2
9
0
3
3
0
3
7
0
4
1
0
4
5
0
4
9
0
5
3
0
5
7
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Figure 4414.2 Chloride Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4414.3 Chloride Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
in BWWT

Figure 4415.1 Conductivity Change Statistics

Conductivity Retest Change S/cm

Conductivity Retest Change S\cm
(>25%)
Median -7.0 Median -380.0
Mode 40.0 Mode
Sum -990.0 Sum 409.0

Conductivity Retest Change in S/cm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-
2
4
0
0
-
2
0
0
-
1
6
0
-
1
2
0
-
8
0
-
4
0 0
4
0
8
0
1
2
0
1
6
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
Conductivity Change in S/cm
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Conductivity Retest Change S\cm (>25%)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-
2
4
0
0
-
2
0
0
-
1
6
0
-
1
2
0
-
8
0
-
4
0 0
4
0
8
0
1
2
0
1
6
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
Conductivity Change in S\cm
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4415.2 Conductivity Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
All BWWT

Figure 4415.3 Conductivity Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 4416.1 Fluoride Change Statistics

Fluoride Retest Change mg/L

Fluoride Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 0.20
Sum 7.97 Sum 11.54

Fluor ide Ret est Change in mg/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Conc ent r at i on Change mg/ L
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Fluor ide Ret est Change in mg/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
C o n c e n t r a t i o n C h a n g e mg / L
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4416.2 Fluoride Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4416.3 Fluoride Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
in BWWT

Figure 4417.1 Dissolved Iron Change Statistics

Dissolved Iron Retest Change mg/L

Dissolved Iron Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 0.02
Sum -19.22 Sum -18.30

Dissolved Iron Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-
8
.
5
-
2
.
3
-
1
.
9
-
1
.
5
-
1
.
1
-
0
.
7
-
0
.
3
0
.
1
0
.
5
0
.
9
1
.
3
1
.
7
2
.
1
2
.
5
Cocentration Change in mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Dissolved Iron Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
2
.
5
-
2
.
1
-
1
.
7
-
1
.
3
-
0
.
9
-
0
.
5
-
0
.
1
0
.
3
0
.
7
1
.
1
1
.
5
1
.
9
2
.
3
M
o
r
e
Concentration Change in mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4417.2 Dissolved Iron Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
All BWWT

Figure 4417.3 Dissolved Iron Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 4418.1 Magnesium Change Statistics

Magnesium Retest Change mg/L

Magnesium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Sum -202.13 Sum -271.11

Magnesium Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
2
0
0
-
9
0
-
7
0
-
5
0
-
3
0
-
1
0
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Magnesium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-
2
0
0
-
9
0
-
7
0
-
5
0
-
3
0
-
1
0
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 4418.2 Magnesium Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4418.3 Magnesium Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 4419.1 Manganese Change Statistics

Manganese Retest Change mg/L
Manganese Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Median 0.00 Median -0.01
Sum -2.33 Sum -2.05

Manganese Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
0
.
6
5
-
0
.
5
5
-
0
.
4
5
-
0
.
3
5
-
0
.
2
5
-
0
.
1
5
-
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
5
0
.
6
5
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Manganese Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-
0
.
6
5
-
0
.
5
5
-
0
.
4
5
-
0
.
3
5
-
0
.
2
5
-
0
.
1
5
-
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
5
0
.
6
5
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Figure 4419.2 Manganese Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 4419.3 Manganese Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 44110.1 Nitrate +Nitrite Change Statistics

Nitrate + Nitrite Retest Change mg/L

Nitrate + Nitrite Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 0.02
Sum -8.58 Sum -9.24
25th Percentile 0.00 25th Percentile -0.05

Nitrate + Nitrite Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-
2
7
-
4
.
7
-
3
.
8
-
2
.
9
-
2
-
1
.
1
-
0
.
2
0
.
7
1
.
6
2
.
5
3
.
4
4
.
3
1
5
Concentraion Chnage mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Nitrate + Nitrite Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
2
7
-
4
.
7
-
3
.
8
-
2
.
9
-
2
-
1
.
1
-
0
.
2
0
.
7
1
.
6
2
.
5
3
.
4
4
.
3
1
5
Concentration Change mg/l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44110.2 Nitrate +Nitrite Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
All BWWT

Figure 44110.3 Nitrate +Nitrite Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 44111.1 Nitrate Change Statistics

Nitrate Retest Change mg/L

Nitrate Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 0.04
Sum -47.74 Sum -48.95

Nitrate Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
-
3
6
-
4
.
7
-
3
.
8
-
2
.
9
-
2
-
1
.
1
-
0
.
2
0
.
7
1
.
6
2
.
5
3
.
4
4
.
3
1
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Nitrate Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
3
6
-
4
.
7
-
3
.
8
-
2
.
9
-
2
-
1
.
1
-
0
.
2
0
.
7
1
.
6
2
.
5
3
.
4
4
.
3
1
5
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Figure 44111.2 Nitrate Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 44111.3 Nitrate Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once in
BWWT

Figure 44112.1 Nitrite Change Statistics

Nitrite Retest Change mg/L

Nitrite Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 0.05
Sum -2.17 Sum -2.14

Nitrite Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-
3
-
2
-
1
-
0
.
9
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
7
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
5
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
3
-
0
.
2
-
0
.
10
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)
Nitrite Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-
3
-
1
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
2 0
0
.
2
0
.
4
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44112.2 Nitrite Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 44112.3 Nitrite Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once in
BWWT

Figure 44113.1 pH Change Statistics

pH Retest Change in pH units

Median 0.02
Mode 0.00
Range 2.39
Minimum -1.06
Maximum 1.33
Sum 16.38
Count 447.00
25th Percentile -0.08
75th Percentile 0.11

pH Retest Change in pH units
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
1
.
1
-
0
.
9
-
0
.
7
-
0
.
5
-
0
.
3
-
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
3
0
.
5
0
.
7
0
.
9
1
.
1
1
.
2
1
.
3
1
.
4
M
o
r
e
pH unit s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44113.2 pH Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All BWWT

Figure 44114.1 Potassium Change Statistics

Potassium Retest Change mg/L

Potassium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode 0.20
Sum -96.93 Sum -89.16

Potassium Retest Change mg/L
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
5
0
-
1
0
-
5
-
4
.
5
-
4
-
3
.
5
-
3
-
2
.
5
-
2
-
1
.
5
-
1
-
0
.
5 0
0
.
5 1
1
.
5 2
2
.
5 3
3
.
5 4
4
.
5 5
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Potassium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-
5
0
-
1
0
-
5
-
4
.
5
-
4
-
3
.
5
-
3
-
2
.
5
-
2
-
1
.
5
-
1
-
0
.
5 0
0
.
5 1
1
.
5 2
2
.
5 3
3
.
5 4
4
.
5 5
M
o
r
e
Concentration Change mg/l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44114.2 Potassium Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 44114.3 Potassium Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

Figure 44115.1 Sodium Change Statistics

Sodium Retest Change mg/L

Sodium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Median -4.00 Median 18.75
Mode 0.00 Mode -126.00
Range 2050.00 Range 2050.00
Sum -3627.50 Sum -1267.10

Sodium Retest Change mg/L
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-
1
2
0
0
-
6
0
0
-
2
0
0
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
-
5 0 5
1
0
2
5
5
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration in mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov.
Avg.
(Frequency)

Sodium Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
-
1
2
0
0
-
6
0
0
-
2
0
0
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
-
505
1
0
2
5
5
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44115.2 Sodium Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 44115.3 Sodium Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once in
BWWT

Figure 44116.1 Sulphate Change Statistics

SO4 Diff of first to second sample

Sulphate Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Median -0.90 Median -3.14
Mode 0.00 Mode
Range 3875.00 Range 3875.00
Sum -3011.58 Sum -2052.71

Sulphate Retest Change mg/L
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-
1
7
0
0
-
5
0
0
-
2
0
0
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
-
5
-
1 0 1 5
1
0
2
5
5
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
2
5
0
0
M
o
r
e
Concentration mg/L
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov.
Avg.
(Freq enc )

Sulphate Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
-
1
7
0
0
-
5
0
0
-
2
0
0
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
-
2
5
-
1
0
-
5
-
1015
1
0
2
5
5
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
2
5
0
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov.
Avg

Figure 44116.2 Sulphate Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 44116.3 Sulphate Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
in BWWT

Figure 44117.1 TDS Change Statistics

TDS Retest Change mg/L TDS Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Median -2.50 Median 160.00
Mode 0.00 Mode -314.00
Range 5698.00 Range 5698.00
Sum -5030.00 Sum -2556.00

TDS Retest Change mg/L
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-
2
5
0
0
-
5
0
0
-
5
0
-
1
0
-
1 1
1
0
5
0
5
0
0
2
5
0
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

TDS Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-
2
5
0
0
-
5
0
0
-
5
0
-
1
0
-
1 1
1
0
5
0
5
0
0
2
5
0
0
M
o
r
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44117.2 TDS Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once All
BWWT

Figure 44117.3 TDS Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once in
BWWT

Figure 44118.1 Total Alkalinity Change Statistics

Total Alkalinity Retest Change mg/L Total Alkalinity Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
Mode 0.00 Mode
Sum 696.00 Sum 104.00

Total Alkalinity Retest Change mg/L
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-500 -100 -50 -25 -10 -5 -1 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 500 More
Concent r at i on Change mg/ L
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Total Alkalinity Retest Change mg/L (>25%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
-
5
0
0
-
5
0
-
1
0
-
1 1
1
0
5
0
5
0
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Frequency
2 per. Mov. Avg.
(Frequency)

Figure 44118.2 Total Alkalinity Change on Water Wells Sampled More Than Once
All BWWT

Figure 44118.3 Total Alkalinity Change >25% on Water Wells Sampled More Than
Once in BWWT

ESRD - Baseline Water Well Testing Report

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ESRD - Baseline Water Well Testing Report

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BASELINE WATER WELL

TESTING DATA ASSESSMENT

Figure 4411.1 Bicarbonate Change Statistics

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