America in World War II

Early in the war, Germany, Japan, and Italy have considerable military success. The allies, except for France, which had surrenders in 1940, are fortunate not to be overwhelmed completely. Fearing they will be disloyal, FDR orders the detention of Japanese Americans, a serious violation of basic American civil rights. Millions die in the Holocaust, a systematic attempt by the Nazis to destroy those they consider to be inferiorSlavs, the mentally ill, homosexuals, political prisoners, and, especially Jews. The war encourages extensive demographic changes across the country. Blacks contribute significantly in WWII despite obstacles. Considerable financial resources needed to wage war drive up the national dept. New Deal spending down compared to war-time spending. The success of D-Day affords the Allies a bridgehead in France from which they can move inland and ultimately invade Germany itself. With the Soviets counterattacking from the east, Hitlers Third Reich is doomed. With the war in Europe over, the Allies turn all their attention to defeating Japan. After bloody battles in the Pacific, President Truman orders atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan soon surrenders.

I. Military Mobilization
A.
1. 2.

Declaration of War
Congress 12/8/41-Japan and 12/11//41Germany UN: 1/1/42 pledge to principles of Atlantic Charter

B.
1. 2.

Objectives
Hitler first! Japan 2nd

C.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Raising an Army
Selective Service
a. b. 72,000 conscientious obj. Segregation

15,000,000 enlisted men 216,000 women (WAC, WAVES, SPARs) 1,000,000 African Americans 25,000 Native Americans helped Off o f Scientific Research and Development
a. Manhattan Project

II. Economic Mobilization

A. Government Response
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. War Production Board regulated raw materials
a. Henry Kaiser

Office of Price Adm. froze prices

a. rationing

War Labor Board maintained workers standard of living Smith-Connolly Anti. Act, 1943 prevented strikes
a. a. b. United Mine Workers Although income taxes up, still had to borrow 3/5s of the cost of the war Conservatives elected in 1942 wiped out much of New Deal to fight the war

National Debt

B.

Private Sector
1. 2. Rosie the Riveter (over 5 million women joined labor force)
a. Women increased industrial wages

Population shift away from Northeast to Sunbelt states

III. Cultural Mobilization

A. African Americans
1. 2. 3. A. Philip Randolph CORE and NAACP Fair Employment Practices Committee Bracero program Zoot Suit riots, 1943 Exec. Order 9066 authorized War Department declare West Cost a theatre of war
a. 110,000

B. C.

Mexican Americans
1. 2. 1.

Japanese Americans

2. 3.

Gen. John DeWitt moved JapaneseAmericans to one of 10 locations Korematsu v. U.S. SC upholds internment Urbanization Navajo Code Talkers

D.

Native Americans
1. 2.

War and Diplomacy Timeline

A.
1.

1942
Loss of Philippines

a. b.
2. 3. 4.

MacArther, I shall return Bataan Death March

Doolittles Raid Battle of Coral Sea and Midway in Pacific Battle of Stalingrad-1st major German defeat

B.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1943
Operation Torch led by Eisenhower British win El Alamein Island Hopping in Pacific Allies invade Italy and Italy surrenders Casablanca Conference-FDR and Churchill agree unconditional surrender and invasion of Italy Tehran Conference-1st meeting of Big Three. Agreed to an invasion of Western Europe in 1944.

C.
1.

1944
D-Day at Normandy led by Eisenhower

a. b.
2. 3. 4.

120,000 Allied troops land 5 beaches and paratroopers Establishes 2nd Front General Patton helps stop.

Battle of Bulge was last major offensive by Nazis

a.
D.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa in Pacific FDR defeats Dewey

1945
Yalta Conference-Big Three discuss post-war. Stalin agrees to liberated Europe. Called for creation of UN. Germany divided into 4 zones FDR dies and Truman takes over Germany surrenders, May 7, 1945 Atomic Bomb tested, July Potsdam Conference Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9) Japanese Surrender (September 2)

Axis Europe, 1941

Ch. 35 Vocabulary
Harry Stimson A. Philip Randolph Douglas MacArthur Bernard Montgomery George Patton Chester Nimitz Dwight Eisenhower Joseph Stalin Chiang Kai-shek Thomas Dewey Admiral William Bull Halsey Harry Truman Albert Einstein Robert Oppenheimer War Production Board Office of Price Administration WAACs Rosie the Riveter Braceros Fair Employment Practices Commission Casablanca Conference Second front Teheran Conference D-Day Battle of the Bulge Potsdam Conference Manhattan Project