BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

VINAYAK KALLURI

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Introduction
The static load is a stationary force or couple applied to a member. Stationary means, the load should be unchanging in
magnitude point or points of application direction or in any other manner

A stationary force may cause axial tension or compression, shear load or bending moment or a torsional load or any combination of these
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Introduction
Failure means a part has had: separated into two or more pieces become permanently distorted and thus ruined its geometry its reliability downgraded its function compromised
Focus of this chapter is on first two cases i.e. predictability of permanent distortion or separation

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Introduction
Static strength data of various materials may be available in two forms
Data obtained in tests conducted in the similar conditions as the actual service life Data collected in tests conducted in certain ideal conditions that may not necessary simulate the exact service conditions

The first type of data is always desirable but difficult to produce When second type of data is used, then the engineer must be clever enough to apply suitable factors

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Failure Theories
There is no general theory that is inviolable and unique; hence we call them failure theories Rather it is a choice based on the design requirement and nature of material, whether ductile or brittle
Ductile materials are designed based on yield criteria Maximum shear stress (MSS) theory Distortion energy (DE) theory Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM) theory Brittle materials, are designed based on fracture criteria Maximum normal stress (MNS) theory Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) theory
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Failure Theories
How do we know that the given material is ductile? The judgment is based on the fracture strain. Ductile materials Fracture strain, f 0.05 and identifiable yield strength is often the same in compression as in tension i.e. Syt = Syc = Sy Brittle materials Fracture strain f < 0.05

and
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Sut S uc
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Maximum-Shear-Stress (MSS) Theory

Also referred to as the Tresca or Guest theory. Theory predicts that yielding begins whenever the maximum shear stress in any element equals or exceeds the maximum shear stress in a tension test specimen of the same material when that specimen begins to yield For a general state of stress, the maximum-shear-stress theory predicts yielding when

max =
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1 3 S y
2 2

or 1 3 S y

The yield strength in shear is given by, S sy = 0.5 S y

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Maximum-Shear-Stress (MSS) Theory

For design purposes, Equation can be modified to incorporate a factor of safety, n.

max =

Sy 2n

or 1 3 =

Sy n

for plane stress (one of the principal stresses is zero) and assuming that A B:
Case 1: A B 0. S For this case, 1 = A and 3 = 0. Equation reduces to a yield condition of A y

n Case 3: 0 A B . Sy For this case, 1 = 0 and 3 = B and Equation gives B n 9/5/2012

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Case 2: A 0 B . Here, 1 = A and 3 = B , and Equation becomes

Sy

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Maximum-Shear-Stress (MSS) Theory

A B 0, 1 = A, 2 = B, 3 = 0 1 3
Sy n ,
A

Sy n

1 = 0, 2 = A, 3 =B 1

B 3

S n
y

A 0 B, 1 = A , 2 = 0, 3 = 1 3
Sy n ,
A

S n

Sy n
10

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unmarked lines are cases for B A

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Problem
The figure shows a shaft mounted in bearings at A and D and having pulleys at B and C. The forces shown acting on the pulley surfaces represent the belt tensions. The shaft is to be made of AISI 1035 CD steel using a design factor of 2. Based on Maximum shear stress theory, What diameter should be used for the shaft?

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Table A20; Page: 1040

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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory Other names of distortional energy criterion The Hencky von- Mises or von-Mises theory The shear energy theory The octahedral shear stress theory

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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

ij

ij p

' Sij orij

ij = ij p + S ij
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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

The strain energy per unit volume for simple tension

1 u = 2
For tri-axial stress, the strain energy per unit volume is

1 u = [1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 ] 2

Substituting for the principal strains gives

1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) i . e . = [ + ] ; = [ + ] and = [ + ] 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 2 E E E

1 2 u= 12 + 2 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) 2E

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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

The strain energy for producing only volume change is
2 3 av uv = (1 2 ) 2E

[ by substituting av for 1 , 2 and 3 ]

Substituting av = (1 + 2 + 3)/3 gives

1 2 2 2 2 uv = 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 1 2 + 2 2 3 + 2 3 1 6E

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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

Then the distortion energy is

1 2 12 + 2 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) ud = u uv = 2E 1 2 2 2 + 32 + 2 1 2 + 2 2 3 + 2 3 1 1 + 2 6E 2 2 2 1 + ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) ud = 3E 2

For the simple tension test , at yield 1 = S y and 2 = 3 = 0 1 + 2 the distortion energy , u d = Sy 3E
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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

Theory predicts that yielding occurs when the distortion strain energy per unit volume reaches or exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit volume for yield in simple tension or compression of the same material For a general state of stress, the Distortion-Energy Theory predicts yielding when

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 ' S or Sy y 2
is a single, equivalent, or effective stress called von-Mises stress
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1 2

Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

For plane stress, let A and B be the two nonzero principal stresses, then the von Mises stress is

= ( A B +
' 2 A

1 2 2 B

The above equation is a rotated ellipse in the A, B plane with = Sy

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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

Using xyz components of three-dimensional stress, the von Mises stress can be written as

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) + 6 xy + yz + zx 2
'

)]

1 2

and for plane stress

= x x y + y + 3
' 2 2
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1 2 2 xy

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Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory

SHEAR YIELD STRENGH: According to DE (von Mises) criterion, substituting the pure shear state of stress in the 2-D DE criterion, the two normal stresses being zero, Sy 2 3 xy = S y xy = = 0.577 S y 3 At yield , S sy = 0.577 S y
According to the MSS criterion,

S sy = 0.5S y
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DE criterion predicts the shear yield strength to be 15 percent more than that predicted by the MSS criterion. Hence MSS is more conservative.
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Problem
The figure shows a shaft mounted in bearings at A and D and having pulleys at B and C. The forces shown acting on the pulley surfaces represent the belt tensions. The shaft is to be made of AISI 1035 CD steel using a design factor of 2. Based on von-Mises theory, What diameter should be used for the shaft?

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Table A20; Page: 1040

= x x y + y + 3
' 2 2

1 2 2 xy

d= 22.04 = 25 mm

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Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
The maximum-normal-stress (MNS) theory states that failure occurs whenever one of the three principal stresses equals or exceeds the strength. For the principal stresses for a general stress state in the ordered form 1 2 3; This theory then predicts that failure occurs whenever 1 Sut or 3 Suc
where Sut and Suc are the ultimate tensile and compressive strengths, respectively, given as positive quantities.

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Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
For plane stress, with A B, A Sut or B Suc

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Problem
The figure shows a shaft mounted in bearings at A and D and having pulleys at B and C. The forces shown acting on the pulley surfaces represent the belt tensions. The shaft is to be made of ASTM grade 25 cast iron using a design factor of 2. Based on maximum normal stress theory, What diameter should be used for the shaft?

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(a) Typical Properties of Gray Cast Iron

Table A24 ; Page :1046-1047 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel (Gray cast iron, Aluminum, Titanium Alloy) Metals
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Ductile/Brittle Coulomb-Mohr Theory

To be applied when the material has unequal strength in tension and S yt S yc compression,

S yc 0 . 5 S yt Examples: magnesium alloy materials, for whichS uc 3 4 times of S u t

Gray Cast iron materials, for which DCM is a simplification of the Coulomb- Mohr yield criteria.
Sec. 4.5.1 (page : 126) of Arthur P. Boresi and Richard J. Schmidt, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003,

OR

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where either yield strength or ultimate strength can be used

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Ductile Coulomb-Mohr Theory or Internal friction theory

For design equations, incorporating the factor of safety n, divide all strengths by n. 1
1

St

Sc

n
St n B
Sc

for plane stress (one of the principal stresses is zero) and assuming that A B: Case 1: A B 0. Here, 1 = A and 3 = 0. Equation reduces to A Case 2: A 0 B . Here, 1 = A and 3 = B , Equation reduces to
A
St

1 n

Case 3: 0 A B . Here, 1 = 0 and 3 = B, Equation reduces to B S c

n

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Problem
The figure shows a shaft mounted in bearings at A and D and having pulleys at B and C. The forces shown acting on the pulley surfaces represent the belt tensions. The shaft is to be made of ASTM grade 25 cast iron using a design factor of 2. Based on Brittle Coulomb Mohr theory, What diameter should be used for the shaft?

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

(a) Typical Properties of Gray Cast Iron

Table A24 ; Page :1046-1047 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel (Gray cast iron, Aluminum, Titanium Alloy) Metals
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Problem
A ductile hot-rolled steel bar has minimum yield strength in tension and compression of 350MPa. Using the distortion energy theory, determine the factors of safety for the following plane stress states: (a) x = 100 MPa, y = 50 MPa (b) x = 100 MPa, xy = 75 MPa (c) x = 50 MPa, y = 75MPa, xy = 50 MPa (d) x = 100 MPa, y = 20 MPa, xy = 20 MPa

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Problem
The clevis pin shown in the figure is 12 mm in diameter and has the dimensions a = 12 mm and b = 18 mm. The pin is machined from AISI 1018 hot-rolled steel and is to be loaded to no more than 4.4 kN. Determine the factor of safety based on Distortion Energy (DE) theory equivalent diagram shown in figure c.
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Problem
The figure shows a crank loaded by a force F = 800 N which causes twisting and bending of the 20 mm-diameter shaft fixed to a support at the origin of the reference system. In actuality, the support may be an inertia which we wish to rotate, but for the purposes of a strength analysis we can consider this to be a statics problem. The material of the shaft AB is ASTM grade 40 cast iron. Using the maximum normal stress theory, find the factor of safety based on the stress at point A.
F

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